Robert Arp

Last updated

Robert Arp
Arp09062019jpg.jpg
Arp in September 2019
Born (1970-03-20) March 20, 1970 (age 54)
Chicago, Illinois, US
Occupation(s)Philosopher, writer
Main interests
 Modern philosophy
Ethics
Ontology
Philosophy of biology
Cognitive science
Evolutionary psychology
Religious studies

Robert Arp (born March 20, 1970) is an American philosopher known for his work in ethics, modern philosophy, ontology, philosophy of biology, cognitive science, evolutionary psychology, religious studies, and philosophy and popular culture. He currently works as an adjunct professor teaching philosophy courses in the classroom and online at numerous schools in the Kansas City, Missouri area and other areas of the United States.

Contents

Education

Arp completed his undergraduate degree in philosophy at The Catholic University of America (CUA) in 1992, [1] his master's degree in philosophy at CUA in 1993, [2] and PhD in philosophy at Saint Louis University (SLU) during the 2004–2005 school year. [3] [4] He was awarded a prestigious Theodore B. Basselin Scholarship while at CUA, and was a teaching fellow, research fellow, and dissertation fellow during his time at SLU. [5] Arp taught as an assistant professor of philosophy at Southwest Minnesota State University (2005–2006) [6] and then as a Visiting Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Florida State University for a year with Michael Ruse (2006–2007), [6] as well as at many schools in the St. Louis, Missouri area as an adjunct professor of philosophy (1996–2005), before doing postdoctoral research in ontology through the National Center for Biomedical Ontology with Mark Musen and Barry Smith at the University at Buffalo (2007–2009). [7]

Work in ethics

Arp's paper in International Philosophical Quarterly titled "Vindicating Kant's Morality" offers a defense of Immanuel Kant's position against those who would claim that Kant's moral position lacks a motivational component, ignores the spiritual dimensions of morality espoused by a virtue-based ethics, overemphasizes the principle of autonomy in neglecting the communal context of morality, and lacks a theological foundation. [8]

With Arthur Caplan, Arp edited Contemporary Debates in Bioethics [9] through John Wiley & Sons, containing new papers written by experts in bioethics and applied ethics such as Don Marquis, Tom Beauchamp, Mark Cherry, William J. Winslade, Jane Maienschein, Edwin Black, Richard Arneson, and others.

Work in philosophy of biology

Concerning biological function, Arp has put forward a middle position between the two viable accounts of function today—namely, the organizational account of function (usually attributed to Robert Cummins) and the modern history account of function (usually attributed to Paul Griffiths and Peter Godfrey-Smith) [10] —and his position has been called "reconciliatory" and "pluralist." [11] His article with Barry Smith titled "Function, role and disposition in basic formal ontology" published in Nature Precedings has been cited more than 140 times, according to Google Scholar. [12]

Besides his work in functions and teleology, Arp has attempted a definition of life, arguing that the "components and attending processes of an organism must be considered as living, emergent phenomena because of the way in which the components are organized to maintain homeostasis of the organism at the various levels in the organismic hierarchy." He calls this position the homeostatic organization view of biological phenomena. [13] With Alexander Rosenberg, Arp has edited Philosophy of Biology: An Anthology (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), [14] with Francisco J. Ayala, he has edited Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), [15] and with George Terzis, he has edited Information and Living Systems: Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives (MIT Press, 2011). [16]

Arp has also offered suggestions for the interactions of philosophers and scientists as they go about their work in philosophy of science. [17]

Work in cognitive science and evolutionary psychology

In his first book published through MIT Press, Scenario Visualization: An Evolutionary Account of Creative Problem Solving, Arp adds to Steven Mithen's cognitive fluidity view by arguing that such fluidity would be random and chaotic without mechanisms of selection and integration. Thus, what he calls "scenario visualization" [18] is a necessary ingredient in creative problem solving, and likely was one of the first things that emerged in human consciousness. Scenario visualization is defined by Arp as a "conscious ability to segregate and integrate visual images in future scenarios." [18] [19] [20]

While this view has been applauded as "innovative and interesting," [21] a "valuable resource and a stimulating contribution," [22] and even "ambitious," [23] [24] there are those who critique Arp's position as "saying nothing new" [25] and suffering from "a form of selectivity deficit – an inability to judge what is and isn't relevant to his claims." [26]

Arp's view continues to be referred to as plausible by cognitive scientists [27] [28] [29] and others doing work in artificial intelligence, [30] [31] [32] [33] philosophical psychology, [34] and other areas of study. [35] [36] [37] [38]

Work in ontology

Arp has worked as an ontologist with the CGI Group and BAE Systems on projects for the United States Air Force, National Institutes of Health, and United States Army. He has published papers dealing with philosophy of science and conceptual models and produced numerous technical documents as a technical writer. Arp has also used RDF, RDFS, OWL, and SPARQL to assist in building ontologies for the Next Generation Air Transportation System, making use of ontology-building tools such as TopBraid and Protégé. He was part of the initial steps in developing the world's first weather ontology with other ontologists at Lincoln Laboratory. [39] He was also part of the genesis of the Infectious Disease Ontology [40] through meetings and discussions in 2007 [41] [42] and 2008. [43] The Infectious Disease Ontology is one of the ontologies in the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies Foundry, also known as the OBO Foundry.

As a theoretical ontologist, having worked closely with Barry Smith (also a philosopher/ontologist), Arp has contributed to Smith's Basic Formal Ontology in the areas of function, role, and disposition. [44] Arp's book with Smith and Andrew Spear published in 2015 through MIT Press, Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology, [45] has been cited more than 1300 times on Google Scholar as of 1 July 2024. [46] Within the context of Basic Formal Ontology, biology, and bioinformatics, although Arp's definition of function has been criticized as inapplicable to "entities above or below a certain size," [47] the definition not only offers an attempt at a "coherence between the concepts of biological function and technical function," [48] but it also has been used by researchers doing work in biochemical processes, [49] hypersensitivity conditions, [50] service systems, [51] and domain conceptual modeling in general. [12] [52] [53]

Like Barry Smith, Arp also has sought to defend a common sense realist position concerning the construction of domain ontologies (essentially, scientific realism) whereby a domain ontology should, if possible and appropriate, represent the actual entities out there in the world that fall under the purview of science. [54] One argument Arp puts forward is a restatement of the "no-miracles argument" for scientific realism which states that it would be miraculous if scientific theories were not at least approximately true descriptions of the world, since they are so (seemingly) successful at prediction and control. He has argued for this position in the past. [55]

However, cognizant of the difficulties surrounding a realist position (especially for practical, working ontologists), [56] Arp has argued for a form of as-if philosophical realism, along the lines of Immanuel Kant and Hans Vaihinger whereby the "commitment to the pursuit of abstract objects could become instrumental in guiding the life of philosophy and science in a limited as if manner." [55] [57]

Just as Kant spoke of the value of the regulative ideas as aiding in, not only the rounding off of our systematic picture of reality, but also prompting us to do further research and investigation, so too, according to Arp thinkers are to act as if there is a reality "out there" (the ding-an-sich or noumenon, as it were) when they construct domain ontologies or engage in any other kind of scientific endeavor. Given the as-if nature of this position, similar to that of Hans Vaihinger, there is always the possibility that there may be practical or pragmatic concerns in building domain ontologies which actually trump the realist pursuit, and Arp is mindful of this possibility. [54]

Also, following other ontologists he has drawn a distinction between philosophical ontology (physical ontology), domain ontology, and upper ontology (also known as top-level or formal) ontology, [58] [59] and has attempted to articulate principles for best practices in the building of domain ontologies in radiology, [60] cell signaling, [61] bioethics, [62] and finance. [63]

Work in religious studies

Arp has added to the discussion concerning the issue of classifying mystical union with the One in the Neoplatonism of Plotinus, a topic in mysticism with a crossover in religious experience and spirituality more generally. In contradistinction to the theistic union view (where the soul retains its identity in union with the One) on one hand, [64] and the monistic identity view (where the soul loses its identity in union with the One) on the other, [65] Arp has argued in a much-cited paper titled "Plotinus, Mysticism, and Mediation" in the prestigious journal Religious Studies for what he calls a "mediated union" position in the doctrines of Plotinus where the noetic part of the soul is not fully transcended in union with the One. [66]

Arp also has published on mystics such as Lydwina of Schiedam, Margaret of Castello, Saint Benedict Joseph Labre, Saint Rita of Cascia, and others who claim that God's goodness and love can be experienced through, or in the midst of, pain and suffering. Drawing on the work of Simone Weil and Diogenes Allen, he offers a unique theodicy as a response to the problem of evil in his paper titled "Suffering as Theodicy" from the journal Cahiers Simone Weil. [67]

Borrowing the concept of solidarity as used by the famous environmental ethicist Robin Attfield in his view known as biocentric consequentialism, Arp has sought to establish a Ubiquitous Ethical Principle of Solidarity. Deriving its modern usage from the French solidarité meaning "communion of interests and responsibilities" or "mutual responsibility," the concept of solidarity was championed by Émile Durkheim in his De la division du travail social: étude sur l'organisation des sociétés supérieures (The Division of Labor in Society, 1893). There, Durkheim envisions solidarité as a kind of human fraternity dependent upon the existence of personal bonds, which are needed for the realization of common goals or ideals within groups. Unlike justice, which tends to focus on rules and principles without specific references to personal bonds, solidarity requires an acknowledgement of subjective ties; it involves a degree of sentiment de camaraderie, or fellow feeling, which is shared by subjects within or between groups. Durkheim was part of numerous Judeo-Christian ethical and political systems that responded to the Industrial Revolution at the close of the 19th century. Arp tries to extend Attfield's notion of solidarity and show how, in addition to the Judeo-Christian tradition, solidarity as an ethical principle may be found in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Confucianism, Daoism, Islam, as well as in certain traditional African religions, and Native American religions and among the religions of Indigenous Australians. It is through the ubiquitousness of solidarity, then, that issues having to do with local, national, and global forms of environmental justice (for example, poverty, human rights deprivation, environmental racism) may be confronted. Religious beliefs are part of the very fabric of human existence, so if a religious-based ethical sentiment can be harnessed—as one finds in solidarity—and used as a motivator for confronting environmental injustice, then it is more likely to be enduring. So claims Arp. [68] [69]

Arp has chapters in more than 40 books in the genre known colloquially as Philosophy and Popular Culture, including Metallica and Philosophy, Family Guy and Philosophy, Lost and Philosophy, 24 and Philosophy, The Office and Philosophy, Battlestar Galactica and Philosophy, Watchmen and Philosophy, Final Fantasy and Philosophy, Alice in Wonderland and Philosophy, True Blood and Philosophy, 30 Rock and Philosophy, and others. He has worked numerous times with William Irwin, General Editor of The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture series [70] through Wiley-Blackwell (publisher). In 2006 Arp edited the flagship book in that series, South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today , which has been translated into the Italian, [71] the Turkish, and Portuguese. [72]

He also co-edited Batman and Philosophy: The Dark Knight of the Soul with Mark White, soon to be translated into the German language. Arp and White were interviewed in 2008 by The Boston Globe [73] and, when asked by The Globe, "Do some scholars see this kind of thing (i.e., Philosophy and Popular Culture books) as silly?" part of Arp's response was: "At root we are trying to bring philosophy to people and bring people to philosophy." Arp and White also contributed an article to The Globe called "Should Batman Kill the Joker?" in 2008. [74] This article is reprinted in the eighth edition of The Norton Sampler: Short Essays for Composition (in Chapter 12: Argument), [75] published by W. W. Norton & Company.

Arp has also worked with Mark Conard and The Philosophy of Popular Culture series [76] through The University Press of Kentucky, as well as with David Ramsay Steele and the Popular Culture and Philosophy series [77] through Open Court Publishing Company, which has produced titles such as The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer , Star Wars and Philosophy, Star Trek and Philosophy, The Beatles and Philosophy, James Bond and Philosophy, and many others. One of Arp's latest projects is as editor of Tattoos – Philosophy for Everyone: I Ink, Therefore I Am with Fritz Allhoff (General Editor of the Philosophy for Everyone series) [78] and Wiley-Blackwell Publishers.

Arp was Plenary Speaker for Pop Culture and Philosophy Conferences at Eastern Washington University (2010) and Georgia Southern University (2013). [79] [80]

Arp's edited book, 1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think, was published through Simon & Schuster in 2013 and has sold thousands of copies worldwide in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Czechoslovakian. [81] [82] Concerning reviews of the book, The Boston Globe stated, "Editor Robert Arp has produced a reference guide that's fun to browse," while Library Journal claims the book is "highly attractive... recommended" and Booklist notes that it is "entertaining and informative." [82] Of the nearly 50 ratings and 10 reviews of the book on Goodreads, 1001 Ideas has received a rating of 4.35 out of 5.0. [83]

In September 2015, Arp was interviewed by Ed Berliner on his show, The Hard Line with Ed Berliner, through Newsmax TV about South Park (season 19). [84]

On January 22, 2019, Arp appeared with other philosophers on the podcast devoted to philosophy and popular culture titled, I Think, Therefore, I Fan. [85]

Related Research Articles

In ontology, the theory of categories concerns itself with the categories of being: the highest genera or kinds of entities according to Amie Thomasson. To investigate the categories of being, or simply categories, is to determine the most fundamental and the broadest classes of entities. A distinction between such categories, in making the categories or applying them, is called an ontological distinction. Various systems of categories have been proposed, they often include categories for substances, properties, relations, states of affairs or events. A representative question within the theory of categories might articulate itself, for example, in a query like, "Are universals prior to particulars?"

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metaphysics</span> Study of fundamental reality

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is often characterized as first philosophy, implying that it is more fundamental than other forms of philosophical inquiry. Metaphysics is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some modern theorists understand it as an inquiry into the conceptual schemes that underlie human thought and experience.

In metaphysics, ontology is the philosophical study of being. It investigates what types of entities exist, how they are grouped into categories, and how they are related to one another on the most fundamental level. Ontologists often try to determine what the categories or highest kinds are and how they form a system of categories that encompasses the classification of all entities. Commonly proposed categories include substances, properties, relations, states of affairs, and events. These categories are characterized by fundamental ontological concepts, including particularity and universality, abstractness and concreteness, or possibility and necessity. Of special interest is the concept of ontological dependence, which determines whether the entities of a category exist on the most fundamental level. Disagreements within ontology are often about whether entities belonging to a certain category exist and, if so, how they are related to other entities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plotinus</span> Hellenistic founder of Neoplatonism (c. 204 5–270)

Plotinus was a Greek Platonist philosopher, born and raised in Roman Egypt. Plotinus is regarded by modern scholarship as the founder of Neoplatonism. His teacher was the self-taught philosopher Ammonius Saccas, who belonged to the Platonic tradition. Historians of the 19th century invented the term "neoplatonism" and applied it to refer to Plotinus and his philosophy, which was vastly influential during late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. Much of the biographical information about Plotinus comes from Porphyry's preface to his edition of Plotinus' most notable literary work, The Enneads. In his metaphysical writings, Plotinus described three fundamental principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul. His works have inspired centuries of pagan, Jewish, Christian, Gnostic, and early Islamic metaphysicians and mystics, including developing precepts that influence mainstream theological concepts within religions, such as his work on duality of the One in two metaphysical states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reductionism</span> Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts

Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena. It is also described as an intellectual and philosophical position that interprets a complex system as the sum of its parts.

In information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, or entities that pertain to one, many, or all domains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and how they are related, by defining a set of terms and relational expressions that represent the entities in that subject area. The field which studies ontologies so conceived is sometimes referred to as applied ontology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mind–body dualism</span> Philosophical theory

In the philosophy of mind, mind–body dualism denotes either the view that mental phenomena are non-physical, or that the mind and body are distinct and separable. Thus, it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, as well as between subject and object, and is contrasted with other positions, such as physicalism and enactivism, in the mind–body problem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Applied philosophy</span> Branch of philosophy

Applied philosophy is a branch of philosophy that studies philosophical problems of practical concern. The topic covers a broad spectrum of issues in environment, medicine, science, engineering, policy, law, politics, economics and education. The term was popularised in 1982 by the founding of the Society for Applied Philosophy by Brenda Almond, and its subsequent journal publication Journal of Applied Philosophy edited by Elizabeth Brake. Methods of applied philosophy are similar to other philosophical methods including questioning, dialectic, critical discussion, rational argument, systematic presentation, thought experiments and logical argumentation.

The philosophy of biology is a subfield of philosophy of science, which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical issues in the biological and biomedical sciences. Although philosophers of science and philosophers generally have long been interested in biology, philosophy of biology only emerged as an independent field of philosophy in the 1960s and 1970s, associated with the research of David Hull. Philosophers of science then began paying increasing attention to biology, from the rise of Neodarwinism in the 1930s and 1940s to the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering. Other key ideas include the reduction of all life processes to biochemical reactions, and the incorporation of psychology into a broader neuroscience.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman Ingarden</span> Polish philosopher (1893–1970)

Roman Witold Ingarden was a Polish philosopher who worked in aesthetics, ontology, and phenomenology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barry Smith (ontologist)</span> American philosopher

Barry Smith is an academic working in the field of Applied Ontology. Smith is the author of more than 700 scientific publications, including 15 authored or edited books. He is one of the most widely cited living philosophers.

Gnosticism refers to a collection of religious groups originating in Jewish religiosity in Alexandria in the first few centuries AD. Neoplatonism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century, based on the teachings of Plato and some of his early followers. While Gnosticism was influenced by Middle Platonism, neoplatonists from the third century onward rejected Gnosticism. Nevertheless, Alexander J. Mazur argues that many neoplatonic concepts and ideas are ultimately derived from Sethian Gnosticism during the third century in Lower Egypt, and that Plotinus himself may have been a Gnostic before nominally distancing himself from the movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Koepsell</span>

David Richard Koepsell is an American author, philosopher, attorney, and educator whose recent research focuses on how ethics and public policy deal with emerging science and technology. He has been a practicing attorney, been employed as an ontologist, been a university professor, and has lectured worldwide. He is a visiting professor of research ethics at National Autonomous University of Mexico, director of research and strategic initiatives at Comisión Nacional de Bioética (CONBIOETICA) Mexico, an adjunct professor at University at Buffalo and a senior fellow and education director of the Center for Inquiry Transnational, based in Amherst, New York.

Applied ontology is the application of Ontology for practical purposes. This can involve employing ontological methods or resources to specific domains, such as management, relationships, biomedicine, information science or geography. Alternatively, applied ontology can aim more generally at developing improved methodologies for recording and organizing knowledge.

Neoplatonism was a major influence on Christian theology throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages in the East, and sometimes in the West as well. In the East, major Greek Fathers like Basil, Gregory of Nyssa and Gregory of Nazianzus were influenced by Platonism and Neoplatonism, but also Stoicism often leading towards asceticism and harsh treatment of the body, for example stylite asceticism. In the West, St. Augustine of Hippo was influenced by the early Neoplatonists Plotinus and Porphyry. Later on, in the East, the works of the Christian writer Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, who was influenced by later Neoplatonists such as Proclus and Damascius, became a critical work on which Greek church fathers based their theology, like Maximus believing it was an original work of Dionysius the Areopagite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basic Formal Ontology</span>

Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is a top-level ontology developed by Barry Smith and his associates for the purposes of promoting interoperability among domain ontologies built in its terms through a process of downward population. A guide to building BFO-conformant domain ontologies was published by MIT Press in 2015.

Neoplatonism is a version of Platonic philosophy that emerged in the 3rd century AD against the background of Hellenistic philosophy and religion. The term does not encapsulate a set of ideas as much as a series of thinkers. Among the common ideas it maintains is monism, the doctrine that all of reality can be derived from a single principle, "the One".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lawrence Hunter</span>

Lawrence E. Hunter is a Professor and Director of the Center for Computational Pharmacology and of the Computational Bioscience Program at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and Professor of Computer Science at the University of Colorado Boulder. He is an internationally known scholar, focused on computational biology, knowledge-driven extraction of information from the primary biomedical literature, the semantic integration of knowledge resources in molecular biology, and the use of knowledge in the analysis of high-throughput data, as well as for his foundational work in computational biology, which led to the genesis of the major professional organization in the field and two international conferences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scott Sehon</span> American philosopher

Scott Robert Sehon is an American philosopher and the Joseph E. Merrill Professor of philosophy at Bowdoin College. His primary work is in the fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of action, the free will debate, and socialism. He is the author of Teleological Realism: Mind, Agency and Explanation in which he takes a controversial, non-causalist view of action explanation, Free Will and Action Explanation: a Non-Causal, Compatibilist Account, and Socialism: A Logical Introduction.

In metaphysics, object-oriented ontology (OOO) is a 21st-century Heidegger-influenced school of thought that rejects the privileging of human existence over the existence of nonhuman objects. This is in contrast to post-Kantian philosophy's tendency to refuse "speak[ing] of the world without humans or humans without the world". Object-oriented ontology maintains that objects exist independently of human perception and are not ontologically exhausted by their relations with humans or other objects. For object-oriented ontologists, all relations, including those between nonhumans, distort their related objects in the same basic manner as human consciousness and exist on an equal ontological footing with one another.

References

  1. ↑ "Bachelor of Arts diploma". robertarp.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  2. ↑ "Master of Arts diploma". robertarp.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  3. ↑ "PhD diploma". robertarp.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  4. ↑ "Doctoral dissertations 2004–2005 *. – Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  5. ↑ "Graduate Scholarships, Fellowships and Assistantships". www.slu.edu. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  6. 1 2 "RateMyProfessors.com – Find and rate your professor or campus". www.ratemyprofessors.com. Retrieved November 13, 2019.[ page needed ]
  7. ↑ "Ontology Research Group – OLT Researchers". org.buffalo.edu. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  8. ↑ Robert Arp. "Vindicating Kant's Morality" (PDF). Pdcnet.org. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  9. ↑ "Contemporary Debates in Bioethics – Arthur L. Caplan, Robert Arp". Wiley.com. July 1, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  10. ↑ Arp, R. (2010). "Evolution and two popular proposals for the definition of function". Journal for General Philosophy of Science. 38 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1007/s10838-006-9008-3. S2CID   143984978.
  11. ↑ Perlman, M. (2010). "Traits have evolved to function the way they do because of a past advantage". In Ayala, F.; Arp, R. (eds.). Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 53–71. ISBN   978-1-4051-5998-2.
  12. 1 2 "Google Scholar". Scholar.google.com. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  13. ↑ Arp, R. (2008). "Life and the homeostatic organization view of biological phenomena". Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy. 4 (1–2): 260–285.
  14. ↑ "Philosophy of Biology: An Anthology – Alex Rosenberg, Robert Arp". Wiley. June 1, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  15. ↑ "Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology – Francisco J. Ayala, Robert Arp". Wiley. November 1, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  16. ↑ "The MIT Press". Mitpress.mit.edu. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  17. ↑ Arp, R.; J. Watson (2008). "Checks and balances: the welcomed tension between philosophy and science". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 83 (1): 17–28. doi:10.1086/529559. PMID   18481585. S2CID   45765674.
  18. 1 2 Arp, Robert (2008). Scenario Visualization: An Evolutionary Account of Creative Problem Solving. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN   978-0-262-01244-7. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  19. ↑ Arp, R. (2005). "Scenario Visualization: One explanation of creative problem solving". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 12 (3): 31–60. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  20. ↑ Arp, R. (2006). "The environments of our hominin ancestors, tool usage, and Scenario Visualization". Biology and Philosophy. 21 (1): 95–117. doi:10.1007/s10539-005-0443-z. S2CID   13277841.
  21. ↑ Downes, Stephen M. (May 21, 2014) [February 8, 2008]. "Evolutionary Psychology". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2014 ed.). Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  22. ↑ "Book Reviews – Scenario Visualisation: An Evolutionary Account of Creative Problem Solving" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  23. ↑ Nanay, Bence. "Mental Imagery". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 ed.). Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  24. ↑ O'Connor, M.; D. Fauri; F. Netting (2010). "How data emerge as information: A review of Scenario Visualization". The American Journal of Psychology. 123 (3): 371–373. doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.3.0371. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012.
  25. ↑ Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C. (2009). "Book review: Scenario Visualization: An Evolutionary Account of Creative Problem Solving". American Journal of Human Biology. 21: 139–140. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20848. S2CID   57552368.
  26. ↑ Picciuto, E.; Carruthers, P. (2008). "Book Review: Creativity Explained?". Evolutionary Psychology. 6 (3): 147470490800600. doi: 10.1177/147470490800600306 . ISSN   1474-7049.
  27. ↑ Gomila, T.; P. Calvo (2008). Directions for an embodied cognitive science: Toward an integrated approach, in Handbook of cognitive science: An embodied approach (P. Calvo & T. Gomila, eds.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp.  1–26. ISBN   978-0-08-046616-3.
  28. ↑ Weichart, A. (2009). "Sub-symbols and icons". International Journal on Humanistic Ideology. 1 (4): 342–347. doi:10.1007/s12559-009-9027-6. S2CID   9443900.
  29. ↑ Sugu, D.; A. Chatterjee (2010). "Flashback: Reshuffling emotions". Cognitive Computation. 1 (1): 109–133.
  30. ↑ Thomas, Nigel (2014). "The Multidimensional Spectrum of Imagination: Images, Dreams, Hallucinations, and Active, Imaginative Perception". Humanities. 3 (2): 132–184. doi: 10.3390/h3020132 .
  31. ↑ Sloman, A.; J. Chappell (2005). "The altricial-precocial spectrum for robots". Proceedings IJCAI'05: 1–8. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.99.312 .
  32. ↑ Arrabales, R.; A. Ledezma; A. Sanchis (2008). "Criteria for consciousness in artificial intelligent agents" (PDF). ALAMAS+ALAg 2008 – Workshop at AAMAS 2008: 1187–1192. S2CID   53991796. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2020.
  33. ↑ Arrabales, R.; A. Ledezma; A. Sanchis (2010). "ConsScale: A pragmatic scale for measuring the level of consciousness in artificial agents". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 17 (3–4): 131–164. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010.
  34. ↑ Bullot, N. (2011). Attention, information, and epistemic perception, in Information and living systems: Philosophical and scientific perspectives (G. Terzis & R. Arp, eds.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 208–248. ISBN   978-0-262-20174-2.
  35. ↑ Martelli, Antonio (2014). Models of scenario building and planning: Facing uncertainty and complexity. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–320. ISBN   9781137293497.
  36. ↑ "Google Scholar". Scholar.google.com. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  37. ↑ "Google Scholar". Scholar.google.com. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  38. ↑ "Google Scholar". Scholar.google.com. December 22, 2009. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  39. ↑ "MIT Lincoln Laboratory: Software / Communication Architecture: NextGen". Ll.mit.edu. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  40. ↑ "Infectious Disease Ontology". Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
  41. ↑ "Infectious Disease: A Challenge for Biomedical Informatics". 2007 CSHL Meeting on Infectious Disease Ontology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
  42. ↑ "Infectious Disease Ontology – NCBO Wiki". Bioontology.org. May 22, 2015. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  43. ↑ "Infectious Disease Ontology 2008 – NCBO Wiki". Bioontology.org. February 8, 2015. Archived from the original on August 31, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  44. ↑ Arp, R.; B. Smith (2008). "Function, role, and disposition in Basic Formal Ontology". Nature Precedings. 1941 (1): 1–4.
  45. ↑ Arp, Robert; B. Smith; A. Spear (2015). Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN   9780262527811.
  46. ↑ "Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology". scholar.google.com.
  47. ↑ Lord, P. (2009). "An evolutionary approach to function". Nature Precedings. 3228 (1): 1–4. doi: 10.1186/2041-1480-1-S1-S4 . PMC   2903723 . PMID   20626924.
  48. ↑ Borgo, S.; Carrara, M.; Garbacz, P.; Vermaas, P. (2010). "Formalizations of functions within the DOLCE ontology". In Horvath, I.; Mandorli, F.; Rusak, Z. (eds.). Proceedings of the TMCE 2010 symposium. Ancona, IT: Symposium Publications. pp. 113–126. ISBN   978-90-5155-060-3.
  49. ↑ Dumontier, M. (2009). "Situational modeling: Defining molecular roles in biochemical pathways and reactions" (PDF). Scientific Commons. 432: 1–12.
  50. ↑ Hogan, W. (2010). "Towards an ontological theory of substance intolerance and hypersensitivity". Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 44 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2010.02.003. PMC   2888796 . PMID   20152933.
  51. ↑ Sicilia, M.-A.; M. Mora (2010). "On Using the REA Enterprise Ontology as a Foundation for Service System Representations". Ontology, Conceptualization and Epistemology for Information Systems, Software Engineering and Service Science. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Vol. 62. pp. 135–147. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16496-5_10. ISBN   978-3-642-16495-8.
  52. ↑ Da Costa, A.; E. Leclercq; M. Savonnet; M.-N. Terrasse (2008). A methodology for low-cost image annotation based on conceptual modeling: A biological example, in Third international conference on signal-image technologies and Internet-based systems. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 18–25. ISBN   978-0-7695-3122-9.
  53. ↑ "Google Scholar". Scholar.google.com. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  54. 1 2 Arp, R. (2009). "Realism and antirealism in informatics ontologies". American Philosophical Association: Philosophy and Computers. 9 (1): 19–23.[ permanent dead link ]
  55. 1 2 Arp, R. (2005). "The pragmatic value of Frege's Platonism for the pragmatist". The Journal of Speculative Philosophy. 19 (1): 22–41. doi:10.1353/jsp.2005.0002. S2CID   170463289.
  56. ↑ Merrill, G. (2010). "Ontological realism: Methodology or misdirection?". Applied Ontology. 5 (2): 79–108. doi:10.3233/AO-2010-0076. S2CID   8527360. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013.
  57. ↑ Arp, R. (2005). "Frege, as-if platonism, and pragmatism". Journal of Critical Realism. 4 (1): 22–41. doi:10.1163/1572513053889382. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
  58. ↑ Arp, R. (2010). "Philosophical ontology, domain ontology, and formal ontology". In Williamson, J.; Russo, F. (eds.). Key terms in logic. London: Continuum Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN   978-1-84706-114-0.
  59. ↑ Arp, R. (2010). "Ontology: Not just for philosophers anymore". Practical Philosophy. 10 (1): 81–103. Archived from the original on September 22, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  60. ↑ Arp, R.; Chhem, R.; Romagnoli, C.; Overton, J. (2008). "Radiological and biomedical knowledge integration: The ontological way". In Chhem, R.; Hibbert, K.; Van Deven, T. (eds.). Radiology education: The scholarship of teaching and learning. London: Springer. pp. 87–104. ISBN   978-3-540-68987-4.
  61. ↑ Arp, R.; B. Smith (2008). "Ontologies of cellular networks". Science Signaling. 1 (50): mr2. doi:10.1126/scisignal.150mr2. PMC   7141777 . PMID   19091693.
  62. ↑ Koepsell, D.; R. Arp; J. Fostel; B. Smith (2009). "Creating a controlled vocabulary for the ethics of human research: Towards a biomedical ethics ontology". The Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics. 4 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1525/jer.2009.4.1.43. PMC   2725426 . PMID   19374479. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  63. ↑ Arp, R. (2010). "Ontologies just may save your savings accounts". In Tavidze, A. (ed.). Progress in Economics Research. Vol. 16. New York: Nova Publishers. pp. 115–129. ISBN   978-1-61122-437-5.
  64. ↑ Rist, John (1967). "Plotinus: The Road to Reality". Dialogue. 7 (3): 499–502. doi:10.1017/S0012217300031358. S2CID   170642444.
  65. ↑ Meier, P.A. (1992). Plotinus on the Good or the One (Enneads VI, 9): An Analytical Commentary. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben. ISBN   978-9050630825.
  66. ↑ Arp, R. (2004). "Plotinus, Mysticism, and Mediation". Religious Studies. 40 (2): 145–163. doi:10.1017/S0034412504006894. S2CID   170926244.
  67. ↑ Arp, R. (2000). "Suffering as Theodicy". Cahiers Simone Weil. 23 (4): 413–433.
  68. ↑ Arp, R. (2013). Part 1 Are There Universal Ethical Principles That Should Govern the Conduct of Medicine and Research Worldwide?, in Contemporary Debates in Bioethics (A.L. Caplan & R. Arp, eds.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 13–17. ISBN   9781444337143.
  69. ↑ Arp, R. (2016). If the Devil Did Not Exist, It May Be Necessary to Invent Him in Certain Contexts, in Philosophical Approaches to the Devil (B.W. McCraw & R. Arp, eds.). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 180–200. ISBN   978-1138933040.
  70. ↑ "The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series". Wiley. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  71. ↑ "South Park e la filosofia, I Libri di Isbn/Guidemoizzi, Trama libro | Libreria Universitaria". Libreriauniversitaria.it. November 6, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  72. ↑ "Robert Arp (a cura di) – South Park e la filosofia". Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  73. ↑ Bebergal, Peter (July 13, 2008). "A talk with Robert Arp and Mark D. White". The Boston Globe.
  74. ↑ White, Mark D.; Arp, Robert (July 25, 2008). "Should Batman kill the Joker?". The Boston Globe.
  75. ↑ "Contents | The Norton Sampler | W. W. Norton & Company". Books.wwnorton.com. September 11, 2001. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  76. ↑ "The University Press of Kentucky – About the Series". Kentuckypress.com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  77. ↑ "Popular Culture and Philosophy". Opencourtbooks.com. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  78. ↑ "Philosophy for Everyone Series". Wiley. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  79. ↑ "EASTERN WASHINGTON STUDENT PHILOSOPHY CONFERENCE : Theme: "Pop Culture and Philosophy"" (PDF). Nic.edu. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  80. ↑ "Department accepting undergraduate conference submissions through March 1 | College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences | Georgia Southern University". Class.georgiasouthern.edu. January 24, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  81. ↑ "1001 myšlenek: část Psychologie – Robert Arp | Audiokniha MP3 na". Alza.cz. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  82. 1 2 Arp, Robert (October 29, 2013). 1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think | Book by Robert Arp | Official Publisher Page | Simon & Schuster. Books.simonandschuster.com. ISBN   9781476705729 . Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  83. ↑ "1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think by Robert Arp – Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists". Goodreads.com. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  84. ↑ "The Hard Line | Robert Arp, PhD discusses the premiere of South Park's 19th season". YouTube. September 16, 2015. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  85. ↑ "It's Not Turtles All The Way Down!". I Think, Therefore I Fan. January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.