The Reconstruction era was a period in United States history and Southern United States history that followed the American Civil War and was dominated by the legal,social,and political challenges of the abolition of slavery and the reintegration of the eleven former Confederate States of America into the United States. During this period,three amendments were added to the United States Constitution to grant citizenship and equal civil rights to the newly freed slaves. To circumvent these legal achievements,the former Confederate states imposed poll taxes and literacy tests and engaged in terrorism to intimidate and control black people and to discourage or prevent them from voting.
Claiborne County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census,the population was 9,135. Its county seat is Port Gibson. The county is named after William Claiborne,the second governor of the Mississippi Territory.
From the first United States Congress in 1789 through the 116th Congress in 2020,162 African Americans served in Congress. Meanwhile,the total number of all individuals who have served in Congress over that period is 12,348. Between 1789 and 2020,152 have served in the House of Representatives,nine have served in the Senate,and one has served in both chambers. Voting members have totaled 156,while six others have served as delegates. Party membership has been 131 Democrats and 31 Republicans. While 13 members founded the Congressional Black Caucus in 1971 during the 92nd Congress,in the 116th Congress (2019-2020),56 served,with 54 Democrats and two Republicans.
Blanche Kelso Bruce was an American politician who represented Mississippi as a Republican in the United States Senate from 1875 to 1881. Born into slavery in Prince Edward County,Virginia,he went on to become the first elected African-American senator to serve a full term.
Hiram Rhodes Revels was an American Republican politician,minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church,and college administrator. Born free in North Carolina,he later lived and worked in Ohio,where he voted before the Civil War. Elected by the Mississippi legislature to the United States Senate as a Republican to represent Mississippi in 1870 and 1871 during the Reconstruction era,he was the first African American to serve in either house of the U.S. Congress.
The North Carolina Senate is the upper chamber of the North Carolina General Assembly,which along with the North Carolina House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the state legislature of North Carolina. The Senate has 50 members,and the term of office for each senator is two years.
In the history of the United States,carpetbagger is a largely historical pejorative used by Southerners to describe allegedly opportunistic or disruptive Northerners who came to the Southern states after the American Civil War and were perceived to be exploiting the local populace for their own financial,political,or social gain. The term broadly included both individuals who sought to promote Republican politics and individuals who saw business and political opportunities because of the chaotic state of the local economies following the war. In practice,the term carpetbagger often was applied to any Northerners who were present in the South during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). The word is closely associated with scalawag,a similarly pejorative word used to describe native white Southerners who supported the Republican Party-led Reconstruction.
John Roy Lynch was an American writer,attorney,military officer,author,and Republican politician who served as Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives and represented Mississippi in the United States House of Representatives.
The Georgia Republican Party (GAGOP) is the affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Georgia and one of the two major political parties. It is currently the dominant party in the state and is chaired by Joshua McKoon.
The South Carolina Republican Party (SCGOP) is the state affiliate of the national Republican Party in South Carolina. It is one of two major political parties in the state,along with the South Carolina Democratic Party,and is the dominant party. Incumbent governor Henry McMaster,as well as senators Tim Scott and Lindsey Graham,are members of the Republican party. Graham has served since January 3,2003,having been elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2008,2014,and 2020;Tim Scott was appointed in 2013 by then-governor Nikki Haley,who is also a Republican.
South Carolina's 1st congressional district is a coastal congressional district in South Carolina,represented by Republican Nancy Mace since January 3,2021. She succeeded Democrat Joe Cunningham,having defeated him in the 2020 election. Cunningham was the first Democrat to represent the district since the 1980s.
The Republican Party of Louisiana(LAGOP) (French:Parti républicain de Louisiane,Spanish:Partido Republicano de Luisiana) is the affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Its chair is Derek Babcock who was elected in 2024. It is currently the dominant party in the state,controlling all but one of Louisiana's six U.S. House seats,both U.S. Senate seats,all statewide executive offices,and both houses of the state legislature.
Calvin Smyre is an American politician who served as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives. Elected in 1974,he was the longest-serving member of the Georgia Legislature. In May 2022,his nomination to serve as the United States ambassador to the Dominican Republic was withdrawn and he was instead nominated to serve as the United States ambassador to the Bahamas.
The Government of Mississippi is the government of the U.S. state of Mississippi. Power in Mississippi's government is distributed by the state's Constitution between the executive and legislative branches. The state's current governor is Tate Reeves. The Mississippi Legislature consists of the House of Representatives and Senate. Mississippi is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd numbered years. Mississippi holds elections for these offices every four years in the years preceding Presidential election years.
Christopher R. Brown is an American businessman,serving as a member of the Mississippi Public Service Commission for the Northern District since 2024. A Republican,he is a former member of the Mississippi House of Representatives for the 20th district from 2012 to 2024. His district represented Monroe,Itawamba,and Lee counties.
The State government of Arkansas is divided into three branches:executive,legislative and judicial. These consist of the state governor's office,a bicameral state legislature known as the Arkansas General Assembly,and a state court system. The Arkansas Constitution delineates the structure and function of the state government. Since 1963,Arkansas has had four seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. Like all other states,it has two seats in the U.S. Senate.
Jason Mark White is an American politician. He is the Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives,being elected in 2024. He represents the 48th district,being first elected in 2011. He is a member of the Republican party.
Kenneth Paschal is an American politician from the state of Alabama. A member of the Republican Party,Paschal was elected to represent District 73 in the Alabama House of Representatives in a July 2021 special election. He is the first black Republican elected to the Alabama Legislature in almost 140 years,and the first to serve in the state legislature since W. P. Williams of Madison County served a two-year term from 1882 to 1884.
United States Army 
Lieutenant Colonel