Rosa californica

Last updated

California wildrose
Rosa californica 2004-07-20.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rosa
Species:
R. californica
Binomial name
Rosa californica

Rosa californica, the California wildrose, [1] or California rose, is a species of rose native to the U.S. states of California and Oregon and the northern part of Baja California, Mexico. The plant is native to chaparral and woodlands and the Sierra Nevada foothills, and can survive drought, though it grows most abundantly in moist soils near water sources. [2] [3]

Contents

This thorny, flowering, fruit-bearing shrub is also deciduous, and grows vertically up to six feet tall. [4] [5] The meaning of its name is twofold; Rosa, that it resembles or is composed of roses, and californica, that it originates from California. [4]

Description

California wild rose.jpg

Rosa californica is a bush or thicket-forming shrub with prickly, curving stems. The fragrant flowers may grow singly or in inflorescences of several blooms. Each rose is open-faced and generally flat, with five petals in any shade of pink from almost white to deep magenta. The five smooth petals and sepals have a bowl-like bloom, semi-inferior ovaries, and compound veiny and hairy leaves. [4] [5] R. californica also bears fruit called "rose hips," which contain yellow seeds. [2]

Distribution, habitat, and adaptations

Rosa californica is a common plant native to California. It is primarily found in elevations of below 6,000 feet. While most common in moist regions like river banks, the plant can also adapt to various soil textures, develop drought resistance, and has common-pest and disease resistance. [4] [6] [7]

Competition

Rosa californica competes with other vegetation in moist environments because of its lateral spreading rhizomes (horizontally-spreading underground roots) and above-ground, thorny stems. Moreover, the wildroses' stems and shoots can be cut, but will regrow from submerged rhizomes. Thus, R. californica may develop thickets [4] and overwhelm "desirable vegetation" under improper management. However, it does not pose a foreseeable environmental concern. [6]

Cultivation

Rosa californica.jpg

Rosa californica is used in California native gardens and habitat gardens, forming colonies, and attracting wildlife with the bright rose hips in autumn. [8] Hard, dry internal seeds can be extracted by hand from mature, bright red hips. The wildrose can also be propagated with stem or rhizome cuttings. [6]

Uses

Rosa californica is readily acclimated. Its natural propagation helps restore damp areas. Subterranean stems stabilize the surrounding earth. Thorny thickets offer ground cover, shelter, and even nests for organisms. [6]

R. californica's open flowers and nectar attract insects and pollinators. Its lengthened spring to fall blooming period [4] offers food for local bees. R. californica's fruits also persist on thickets through the forage-scarce winter, [5] serving as food for bugs, birds, and hoofed mammals like deer and elk. [6] [7]

The wildroses' hips are related to the Rosaceae family's apricots, apples, and roses. [7] They are fragrant, edible, and look and taste like "small apples." [4] Some indigenous California tribes eat R. californica's hips raw and use the stems and fibers for crafts like coiled baskets, jewelry, and decoration. Other tribes leverage the roses' medicinal properties. They used a mix of rose petals, leaves, and/or rose "hips" in drinks or as medicine to relieve skin and general inflammation, pain, and illness (including fever, stomach pains, and sores). [5] [6] [7]

The rose hips were used during World War II for their high vitamin content. They are dried for tea, or for use in jellies and sauces. The Cahuilla eat the rose buds raw or soaked them in water for drinking. A tea was also made from the roots, and used for colds. Because the rose hips remain on the plant throughout the winter, they provide food for wildlife during times when little forage is available. [9]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Viola pedunculata</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae

Viola pedunculata, the California golden violet, Johnny jump up, or yellow pansy, is a perennial yellow wildflower of the coast and coastal ranges in California and northwestern Baja California. The common name "Johnny jump up" is usually associated with Viola tricolor however, the introduced garden annual.

<i>Salvia spathacea</i> Species of flowering plant

Salvia spathacea, the California hummingbird sage, hummingbird sage, or pitcher sage, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to southern and central California growing from sea level to 610 m (2,001 ft). This fruity scented sage blooms in March to May with typically dark rose-lilac colored flowers. It is cultivated in gardens for its attractive flowering spikes and pleasant scent.

<i>Frangula californica</i> Species of tree

Frangula californica is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family native to western North America. It produces edible fruits and seeds. It is commonly known as California coffeeberry and California buckthorn.

<i>Artemisia californica</i> Species of plant

Artemisia californica, also known as California sagebrush, is a species of western North American shrub in the sunflower family.

<i>Rosa nutkana</i> Species of plant

Rosa nutkana, the Nootka rose, bristly rose, or wild rose is a 0.6–3.0-metre-tall (2–10-foot) perennial shrub in the rose family (Rosaceae).

<i>Rhus integrifolia</i> Species of shrub

Rhus integrifolia, also known as lemonade sumac, lemonade berry, or lemonadeberry, is a shrub to small tree. It is native to the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges and the South Coast regions of Southern California. This extends from Santa Barbara County and the Channel Islands to San Diego County and extending into north-central Pacific coastal Baja California and its offshore islands such as Cedros Island.

<i>Rosa carolina</i> Species of shrub

Rosa carolina, commonly known as the Carolina rose, pasture rose, or prairie rose, is a perennial shrub in the rose family native to eastern North America. It can be found in nearly all US states and Canadian provinces east of the Great Plains. It is common throughout its range and can be found in a wide variety of open habitats, from thickets and open woods to roadsides and along railroads.

<i>Rosa minutifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Rosa minutifolia is a species in the genus Rosa. It is also known by the common names Baja rose, Baja littleleaf rose, and small-leaved rose.

<i>Ephedra californica</i> Species of seed-bearing shrub

Ephedra californica is a species of Ephedra, known by the common names California jointfir, California ephedra, desert tea, Mormon tea, and cañatillo.

<i>Festuca californica</i> Species of grass

Festuca californica is a species of grass known by the common name California fescue.

<i>Arctostaphylos montaraensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Arctostaphylos montaraensis, known by the common name Montara manzanita, is a species of manzanita in the family Ericaceae.

<i>Leymus triticoides</i> Species of flowering plant

Leymus triticoides, with the common names creeping wild rye and beardless wild rye, is a species of wild rye. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to California and Texas.

<i>Oenothera californica</i> Species of flowering plant

Oenothera californica, known by the common name California evening primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family.

<i>Orobanche californica</i> Species of flowering plant

Orobanche californica, known by the common name California broomrape, is a species of broomrape. It is a parasitic plant growing attached to the roots of other plants, usually members of the Asteraceae.

<i>Rhinotropis californica</i> Species of flowering plant

Rhinotropis californica, synonym Polygala californica, is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family known by the common name California milkwort. It is native to southwestern Oregon and northern and central California, where it grows in the coastal mountain ranges in local habitat types such as chaparral and forest. It is a perennial herb producing spreading stems, generally decumbent in form, up to about 35 centimeters in maximum length, lined with narrow oval leaves each a few centimeter long. The upper inflorescences produce several open flowers, and there may be some closed, cleistogamous flowers lower on the plant. The open flowers have pink or white winglike lateral sepals with hairy edges. The petals are similar in color, the central one tipped with a white or yellow beak. The fruit is a flattened green capsule up to a centimeter long containing hairy seeds.

<i>Rosa pisocarpa</i> Species of flowering plant

Rosa pisocarpa is a species of rose known by the common name cluster rose or swamp rose. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to northern California, where it generally grows in moist habitats. It is a shrub sometimes forming a thicket, and growing up to 2.5 meters tall. The stems can be dark red or blackish and are often studded with straight, paired prickles at nodes. The leaves are each made up of several toothed oval leaflets, the terminal leaflet up to 4 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a cyme of up to 10 flowers with pink petals each up to 2 centimeters in length. The fruit is a rose hip about a centimeter wide. The hips are pear- or egg-shaped and borne in clusters, and are decorative in fall and early winter, when they are red or reddish-purple and contrast with yellow foliage. Fall foliage can be yellow or dark red.

<i>Rosa woodsii</i> Species of flowering plant

Rosa woodsii is a species of wild rose known by the common names Woods' rose, interior rose, common wild rose, mountain rose, pear-hip rose, and prairie rose.

<i>Sidalcea malviflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Sidalcea malviflora is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family, known by the common names dwarf checkerbloom, Greek mallow, prairie mallow and dwarf checkermallow.

<i>Rosa setigera</i> Species of shrub

Rosa setigera, commonly known as the climbing rose, the prairie rose, or the climbing wild rose, is a shrub or vine in the Rosaceae (rose) family native to central and eastern North America.

References

  1. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Rosa californica". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  2. 1 2 "R. californica Taxon page". Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
  3. "Rosa californica Plants Profile". USDA . Retrieved 2014-08-12.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "California Wild Rose". Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy. 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "California (Wild) Rose, Rosa californica". nathistoc.bio.uci.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Smither-Kopperl, M. L. (2021). Plant Guide for California wildrose (Rosa californica). United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  7. 1 2 3 4 California Phenology Project: Species profile for California Wildrose (Rosa californica). USA National Phenology Network, National Park Service, UCSB. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  8. Keator, Glenn; Middlebrook, Alrie (2007). Designing California native gardens: the plant community approach to artful, ecologial gardens. University of California Press. p. 290. ISBN   978-0-520-25110-6.
  9. Clarke, Charlotte Bringle (1977). Edible and Useful Plants of California (California Natural History Guides (Paperback)). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 81. ISBN   0-520-03267-5.