Rusavskia

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Rusavskia
Xanthoria elegans 97571.jpg
Rusavskia elegans
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Teloschistales
Family: Teloschistaceae
Genus: Rusavskia
S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2003)
Type species
Rusavskia elegans
(Link) S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt 2003

Rusavskia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 12 species. [1] It is a member of the subfamily Xanthorioideae. [2] The thallus of Rusavskia is characterized by its foliose (leaf-like) structure with distinct and typically narrow lobes that curve outwards.

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus Rusavskia was proposed by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt in 2003, with Rusavskia elegans assigned as the type species. The initial circumscription of the genus relied predominantly on an evaluation of morphological, anatomical and chemical characteristics, with a notable absence of molecular phylogenetic analysis. [3] For this reason, the reception of the Rusavskia by lichenologists was initially met with cautious appraisal. As several molecular studies in the subsequent years showed, the Rusavskia elegans-group occupies a separate monophyletic branch in the Teloschistaceae; [4] [5] [6] the growing body of molecular evidence led to the acceptance of the genus Rusavskia. [7]

Description

Rusavskia is characterized by its foliose (leaf-like) structure with distinct and typically narrow lobes that curve outwards. These lobes often feature pseudocyphellae – tiny, white porous areas on the lichen's surface. The lichen adheres to surfaces using short, root-like structures called hapters . Its reproductive structures, known as apothecia, are zeorine in form and display a noticeable orange hue. The ascospores produced are ellipsoid in shape, and polardiblastic, with a moderately divided central region (septa). Additionally, Rusavskia may possess pycnidia , which are embedded reproductive structures, and produce ellipsoid-shaped conidia (asexual spores). [7]

Rusavskia was distinguished from Xanthoria due to several unique characteristics. Unlike Xanthoria, Rusavskia has a mesodermate paraplectenchymatous cortex, which contrasts the earlier belief of it being scleroplectenchymatous . While it was believed to lack attachment organs, it was later found that species like R. elegans and R. sorediata have hapters, albeit short ones. The conidia (asexual spores) of Rusavskia are primarily ellipsoid, with only a minority being bacilliform , contrary to earlier descriptions. [7]

In terms of morphology, Rusavskia predominantly differs from Xanthoria by its narrower lobes. When compared to Dufourea , Rusavskia stands out due to its narrow lobes that adhere more closely to surfaces. Although some experts hesitated to accept the distinct classification of Rusavskia, genetic evidence firmly sets it apart from Xanthoria and other related groups. [7]

Species

As of September 2023, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 12 species of Rusavskia. [8]

Rusavskia sorediata Rusavskia sorediata.jpg
Rusavskia sorediata

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teloschistaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Teloschistaceae are a large family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, although members occur predominantly in subtropical and temperate regions. Most members are lichens that either live on rock or on bark, but about 40 species are lichenicolous – meaning they are non-lichenised fungi that live on other lichens. Many members of the Teloschistaceae are readily identifiable by their vibrant orange to yellow hue, a result of their frequent anthraquinone content. The presence of these anthraquinone pigments, which confer protection from ultraviolet light, enabled this group to expand from shaded forest habitats to harsher environmental conditions of sunny and arid ecosystems during the Late Cretaceous.

<i>Rusavskia elegans</i> Species of lichenised fungus

Rusavskia elegans, commonly known as the elegant sunburst lichen, is a lichenized species of fungus in the genus Rusavskia, family Teloschistaceae. Recognized by its bright orange or red pigmentation, this species grows on rocks, often near bird or rodent perches. It has a circumpolar and alpine distribution. It was one of the first lichens to be used for the rock-face dating method known as lichenometry.

Jan Eric Ingvar Kärnefelt is a Swedish lichenologist.

<i>Gallowayella</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Gallowayella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 15 species. The genus was circumscribed in 2012 by Sergey Kondratyuk, Natalya Fedorenko, Soili Stenroos, Ingvar Kärnefelt, Jack Elix, and Arne Thell, with Gallowayella coppinsii assigned as the type species. The generic name honours New Zealand lichenologist David John Galloway (1942–2014).

<i>Ikaeria</i> Genus of fungi

Ikaeria is a genus of two species of crustose lichens in the family Teloschistaceae. Both species grow on twig bark of shrubs and trees. It was circumscribed in 2017 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Dalip Kumar Upreti, and Jae-Seoun Hur, with Ikaeria aurantiellina assigned as the type species. This lichen was previously placed in the genus Caloplaca, but molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that it belonged in a lineage that was genetically distinct from that genus. Ikaeria serusiauxii was added to the genus in 2020.

<i>Squamulea</i> Genus of lichens

Squamulea is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 15 species. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by Ulf Arup, Ulrik Søchting, and Patrik Frödén, with Squamulea subsoluta assigned as the type species. Five species were included in the original account of the genus. The genus name alludes to the squamulose growth form of most of its species. Squamulea has a worldwide distribution; when the genus was originally created, the centre of distribution was thought to be in southwestern North America.

Sirenophila is a genus of crustose lichens in the subfamily Teloschistoideae of the family Teloschistaceae. It has four species with an Australasian distribution.

Alfred Mycolayovych Oxner was a Ukrainian botanist and lichenologist. His research covered various areas: floristics, taxonomy, phylogenetics, phytogeography, and phytosociology. Oxner founded the National Lichenological Herbarium of Ukraine.

Neobrownliella is a genus of crustose lichens in the subfamily Teloschistoideae of the family Teloschistaceae. It has five species. The genus was circumscribed in 2015 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Jack Elix, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and Arne Thell, with Neobrownliella brownlieae assigned as the type species. It is a segregate of the large genus Caloplaca. Characteristics of Neobrownliella include a thallus that is continuous or areolate, the presence of anthraquinones as lichen products, a cortical layer with a palisade paraplectenchyma, and the lack of a thick palisade cortical layer on the underside of the thalline exciple. Two species were included in the original circumscription of the genus; an additional three species were added in 2020.

<i>Gallowayella hasseana</i> Species of lichen

Gallowayella hasseana, the poplar sunburst lichen, is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It occurs in North America.

Rusavskia indica is a species of both corticolous (bark-dwelling) and saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in India, it was formally described as a new species in 2017 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Dalip Kumar Upreti. The type specimens were collected in Jammu-Kashmir.

<i>Opeltia</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Opeltia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has four species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens.

<i>Martinjahnsia</i> Species of lichen

Martinjahnsia is a single-species fungal genus in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains the sole species Martinjahnsia resendei, a saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen.

Marchantiana is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains seven species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens that occur in the Southern Hemisphere.

Orientophila is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 15 species of mostly saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens. All Orientophila species occur in Northeast Asia including China, Japan, South Korea, and the Russian Far East.

Elixjohnia bermaguiana is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in Australia. The lichen is characterised by its varying areoles, which are thin to moderately thick, flat to slightly convex, and range from bright yellow to whitish in colour, sometimes with a greenish-yellow hue. Its apothecia are small, with a distinct orange margin and a raised brownish-orange or yellowish-brown disc.

Elixjohnia gallowayi is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It has a vividly coloured thallus, ranging in hues from bright red to reddish-orange. It is found in Australia.

Oxneriopsis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has four species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens.

Elixjohnia jackelixii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in Australia and New Zealand. The lichen is characterised by its unique multilayered appearance with outer sterile rings that are brownish or greenish-yellow and inner areoles that are whitish, yellowish, or greyish, often cracked to reveal the medulla underneath. Its fruiting bodies, or apothecia, are typically attached directly to the thallus and vary in colour and shape.

References

  1. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [157]. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 . hdl: 10481/76378 . S2CID   249054641.
  2. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Popova, L.P.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Lőkös, L. (2022). "The first enumeration of members of the Teloschistaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycetes) status of which confirmed by three gene phylogeny" (PDF). Studia botanica hungarica. 53 (2): 137–234. doi:10.17110/studbot.2022.53.2.137. S2CID   256569290.
  3. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kärnefelt, I. (2003). "Revision of three natural groups of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota)". Ukrainskiy Botanichnyi Zhurnal. 60 (4): 427–437.
  4. ↑ Fedorenko, Natalya M.; Stenroos, Soili; Thell, Arne; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Kondratyuk, Sergey Y. (2009). "A phylogenetic analysis of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) based on ITS and mtSSU sequences". In Thell, Arne; Seaward, Mark; Feuerer, Tassilo (eds.). Diversity of Lichenology – Anniversary Volume. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 100. J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 49–84. ISBN   978-3-443-58079-7.
  5. ↑ Fedorenko, Natalya M.; Stenroos, Soili; Thell, Arne; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Elix, John A.; Hur, Jae-Seoun; Kondratyuk, Sergij Y. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), with notes on their morphology". In Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Thell, Arne (eds.). Systematics, biodiversity and ecology of lichens. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 108. pp. 45–64. ISBN   978-3-443-58087-2.
  6. ↑ Gaya, Ester; Högnabba, Filip; Holguin, Ángela; Molnar, Katalin; Fernández-Brime, Samantha; Stenroos, Soili; Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Boom, Pieter Van den; Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Lutzoni, François (2012). "Implementing a cumulative supermatrix approach for a comprehensive phylogenetic study of the Teloschistales (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (2): 374–387. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.012. PMID   22306043.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Frödén, Patrik (2013). "A new taxonomy of the family Teloschistaceae". Nordic Journal of Botany. 31 (1): 16–83. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00062.x.
  8. ↑ "Rusavskia". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  9. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.; Yatsyna, A.P.; Lőkös, L.; Galanina, I.; Moniri, M.H.; Hur, J.-S. (2013). "Three new Xanthoria and Rusavskia species (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) from Europe". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 55 (3–4): 351–365. doi:10.1556/ABot.55.2013.3-4.10.
  10. 1 2 Kondratyuk, S. Y.; Upreti, D.K.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S.; Ingle, K.K.; Orlov, O.O.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Woo, J.-J.; Hur, J.-S. (2020). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 10" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 62 (1–2): 69–108. doi:10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.6. S2CID   229155510.
  11. 1 2 Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Roux, C.; Upreti, D.K.; Schumm, F.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S.; Farkas, E.; Park, J.S.; Lee, B.G.; Liu, D.; Woo, J.-J.; Hur, J.-S. (2017). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 6" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 59 (1–2): 137–260. doi:10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.7.
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