| San Bernardino springsnail | |
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| Species: | P. bernardina |
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| Pyrgulopsis bernardina Taylor, 1987 | |
The San Bernardino springsnail (Pyrgulopsis bernardina) is an endangered species of freshwater snail in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to a small number of springs in the USA and northern Mexico.
The species relies on freshwater springs and has also been collected from a springfed brook. It appears to have formerly occurred in at least eight locations on the headwaters of the Rio Yaqui: in Tule Spring in the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge in southeast Arizona, [2] five springs on the John Slaughter Ranch, and two springs in Sonora, Mexico. As of 2012, its presence was only confirmed in one spring on the Slaughter Ranch and the two Sonora locations. Total area of occupancy is thus likely less than 10 km2. [1]
P. bernardina is a small snail that has a height of 1.3–1.7 millimetres (0.051–0.067 in) and a narrowly conic, small shell. Its differentiated from other Pyrgulopsis in that its penial filament has an absent lobe and elongate filament with the penial ornament consisting of centrally positioned dorsal and ventral glands. [3]
The San Bernardino springsnail is aquatic, breathing through gills. It feeds on diatoms and possibly bacterial films and detritus. It probably prefers sand or cobble substrates to silt and organic deposits. Like many similar molluscs, the species is preyed upon by a variety of birds, amphibians and fishes. [4]
The San Bernardino springsnail is classified as Endangered by the IUCN because of its extremely limited distribution and rapid loss of habitat sites. Totalp population estimates are uncertain as numbers can vary hugely over short distances (from zero to hundreds of thousands). The species appears to have suffered a range reduction of at least 75%, presumably driven by groundwater depletion and possibly pesticide contamination. [1] The invasive mosquitofish is known to feed on snails in this genus, and while not found to occur in the currently known locations, it has in the past been reported from some of the springs were the snail is now absent. [4]
The Moapa pebblesnail also known as the Muddy Valley turban snail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis avernalis, is a species of small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.
Pyrgulopsis is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.
The Grand Wash springsnail is a species of freshwater snail in the family Hydrobiidae, the mud snails. It is endemic to Mohave County, Arizona, in the United States.
The Bruneau hot springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis, is a species of very small freshwater snail that has a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to the United States, Bruneau River in Idaho. Its natural habitat is thermal springs. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The Chupadera springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis chupaderae, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae.
The Kingman springsnail is a species of freshwater snail in the family Hydrobiidae, the mud snails. It is endemic to Mohave County, Arizona, in the United States.
The Crystal Spring springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis crystalis, is a species of small freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.
The Davis County springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis davisi, is a species of small freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.
The Ash Meadows pebblesnail is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.
The Fairbanks springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae.
The Gila springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis gilae, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.
The Montezuma Well springsnail is a species of freshwater snail in the family Hydrobiidae, the mud snails. It is endemic to Montezuma Well, a large sinkhole in Yavapai County, Arizona, in the United States.
The Roswell springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis roswellensis, is a species of small freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to Roswell, New Mexico in the United States.
The Socorro springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis neomexicana, is an endangered species of minute freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Hydrobiidae, the mud snails.
Three Forks is a location in Apache County, Arizona where three forks of the Black River converge. It has an estimated elevation of 8,225 feet (2,507 m) above sea level.
Pyrgulopsis licina, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae.
Pyrgulopsis sanchezi, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae.
Pyrgulopsis aardahli, commonly known as the Benton Valley springsnail, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae.
Pyrgulopsis arizonae, commonly known as the Apache springsnail, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae.
The Laguna Mountain springsnail is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae.
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