![]() | |
Industry | Passenger transport Leisure Marine container leasing |
---|---|
Founded | 1965 |
Defunct | 2009 |
Fate | liquidated |
Headquarters | |
Key people | Bob Mackenzie (CEO & President) James Sherwood (Founder) |
Website | www.seacontainers.com |
Sea Containers was a Bermudan registered company which operated two primary business areas: transport and container leasing.
It was founded in 1965 by James Sherwood and was initially focused on the leasing of cargo containers. During 1974, Sea Containers was floated on the New York Stock Exchange. Over the next three decades, the company branched into various other markets, leading to the creation of the Orient-Express Hotels chain, hovercraft, and the Venice-Simplon Orient Express train service. In May 1989, the British-based transport company Tiphook launched a $824 million bid to take over Sea Containers, which was successfully opposed by Sherwood. Sherwood maintained his leadership of the company into the twenty-first century, during which time he become fairly wealthy, something for which he was criticised following the collapse of the company.
During the 1990s, Sea Containers successfully bid for the InterCity East Coast franchise amid the privatisation of British Rail; it was awarded a seven-year franchise which it operated via to a newly-created subsidiary Great North Eastern Railway (GNER). In March 2005, the Strategic Rail Authority awarded the franchise to GNER for a further seven years; however, this newer arrangement lacked subsidies, instead requiring payments from GNER, contributing to the company's future financial hardship. During March 2006, amid several financial setbacks, Sherwood resigned from Sea Containers and many of his other companies. [1] On 16 October, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. While the remainder of the group was being wound down and liquidated, the remaining maritime container interests were transferred to the newly created SeaCo Ltd in 2009.
Sea Containers was established in 1965 by Yale University graduate and retired United States Navy officer James Sherwood; it had an initial capital of $100,000. [2] The company's initial activities were centered upon the leasing of cargo containers to various shipping companies. However, under Sherwood's leadership, Sea Containers expanded over a 40 year period into numerous other markets, including luxury hotels and railways, many of these sectors being those that Sherwood had taken a personal interest in. [3] [1]
During 1968, Sea Containers became a public company; it was floated on the New York Stock Exchange in 1974. [1]
After enjoying a stay at the Hotel Cipriani of Venice, Sherwood purchased the luxury hotel. [1] Subsequent similar purchased led to the creation of the Orient-Express Hotels chain, which the Sea Containers held a stake in up until 2005. [1] Another personal project was the prestigious Venice-Simplon Orient Express train service. Sherwood acquired thirty old 1920s carriages from across Europe and had them restored from often dilapidated conditions to facilitate the service's relaunch during 1982. [4] [5]
During February 1986, the British ferry company Hoverspeed was purchased for £5 million by British Ferries, a holding company for Sealink UK, which was in turn owned by Sea Containers. [6] [7]
In May 1989, the British-based transport company Tiphook launched a $824 million bid to takeover Sea Containers, which was vigorously opposed by Sherwood. [1] Amid this process, Tiphook's management alleged that Sherwood had an authoritarian management style, while Sherwood issued his own allegations of irregularities in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Shareholders ultimately backed Sherwood's position, who had proposed asset sales and a restructuring to win favour, leading to Tiphook failing to acquire the company. [1]
During the privatisation of British Rail of the mid 1990s; Sea Containers was one of various private sector companies that sought to obtain one of the newly-created franchises. Over time, it would place bids for multiple franchises, including the South Western franchise in 2001 and the South Eastern franchise in 2006. [8] [9] However, its first bid was for the InterCity East Coast franchise, which was viewed as a particularly desirable one to obtain, the East Coast Main Line (ECML) having been recently electrified while also being worked by the newest intercity stock in British Rail's inventory, the InterCity 225, and thus had a well-established reputation for its high-speed services. [10] In March 1996, Sea Containers was announced as the winner, being awarded a seven-year franchise upon the ECML via to a newly-created subsidiary Great North Eastern Railway (GNER). [11]
During January 1997, Sherwood announced that GNER intended to procure a pair of two new-build tilting trains which were claimed to enable the London-Edinburgh journey to be reduced to only 3 hours and 30 minutes. While an order having been reportedly placed during October 1997, no such tilting trains were ever introduced. [10] Despite this, GNER would successfully increase service speeds and run the fastest scheduled service in Great Britain at that time. [10] In March 2005, the Strategic Rail Authority awarded the franchise to GNER for a further seven years, starting on 1 May 2005. [12] [13] The new franchise's terms were quite different from that of the original period; instead of GNER receiving subsidies, it would be instead paying the British state for the privilege of operating; there was reportedly concerns over the financial viability of such an arrangement from the onset. [10] In order to meet these payments, GNER assumed passenger numbers would increase by around 30 per cent across the life of the franchise, reaching around 20 million by 2015. [10]
During his leadership of Sea Containers, Sherwood accumulated substantial personal wealth; his net worth was estimated at £60million in the 2004 Sunday Times Rich List. [3] [14]
In March 2006, Sea Containers announced that it was in the process of exiting from ferry operations, which had been one of the company's primary area of business; efforts were promptly launched to sell these operations onto third parties. [1] Shortly thereafter, it was announced that the company lost a lucrative contract to provide back-up services to its container leasing operations, which by then it had been running as a joint venture with GE Capital. These two negative headlines were seen as serious blows to the future of Sea Containers, which reportedly had accumulated debts adding up to $1.3 billion by May of that year. [1]
In response to these negative events, Sherwood promptly resigned from many of his companies, including Sea Containers. [1] He was replaced by turnaround specialist Bob Mackenzie, while Ian Durant became senior vice-president of finance. [14] MacKenzie sought to reduce the business' high debt burden via further sales, which he viewed as critical to any prospective rebuilding of the core enterprise; these efforts led to the rapid divestiture of 14,000 containers amongst other company assets. [1] By July 2006, rumours were circulating that Sea Containers was preparing to sell GNER in an effort to avoid declaring bankruptcy. [15] [16]
Despite these activities, in early October 2006, Sea Containers announced that it was unlikely to be able to pay a $115 million (£62 million) bond that was due on 15 October. On 16 October, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, at which point it reportedly had outstanding debts of $650 million with only $67 million of free cash remaining. [17] [14] Following this filing, Sherwood's role in the collapse, particularly his $2 million (£1 million) severance payment and $250,000 annual payout from his Sea Containers pension, was criticised; in response, he denied personal responsibility and attributed Sea Containers' fate to several factors, including elevated fuel prices, the 7 July 2005 London bombings, and incorrect assumptions in contract terms stipulated by the British government. [14]
On 6 November 2006, the Department for Work and Pensions informed Sea Containers that it must pay £143 million into its two UK pension schemes if it wanted to wind them up. [18]
On 11 February 2009, the remaining maritime container interests of Sea Containers were transferred to a new company, SeaCo Ltd, while the remainder of the group proceeded to be wound down and liquidated. The major shareholders in the new company were the bondholders of the former Sea Containers Ltd and two of the group's UK pension funds. [19]
The company's container leasing business was conducted mainly through GE SeaCo, a joint venture with GE Capital formed in 1998. GE SeaCo was sold to the HNA Group for approximately $1 billion on 15 December 2011 and now operates as Seaco. [26]
British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commission, it became an independent statutory corporation in January 1963, when it was formally renamed the British Railways Board.
Midland Mainline was a train operating company in the United Kingdom that operated the Midland Main Line franchise between April 1996 and November 2007. It was owned by the British transport company National Express.
The Orient Express was a long-distance passenger luxury train service created in 1883 by the Belgian company Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL) that operated until 2009. The train traveled the length of continental Europe, with terminal stations in Paris in the northwest and Istanbul in the southeast, and branches extending service to Athens, Brussels, and London.
Great North Eastern Railway, often referred to as GNER, was a train operating company in the United Kingdom, owned by Sea Containers, that operated the InterCity East Coast franchise on the East Coast Main Line between London, Yorkshire, North East England and Scotland from April 1996 until December 2007.
A train operating company (TOC) is the term used on the railway system of Great Britain for a railway undertaking operating passenger trains under the collective National Rail brand. TOCs have existed since the privatisation of the network under the Railways Act 1993.
Hoverspeed was a ferry company that operated on the English Channel from 1981 until 2005. It was formed in 1981 by the merger of Seaspeed and Hoverlloyd. Its last owners were Sea Containers; the company ran a small fleet of two high-speed SeaCat catamaran ferries in its final year.
Virgin CrossCountry was a train operating company in the United Kingdom that operated the InterCity CrossCountry passenger franchise from January 1997 until November 2007. Along with the InterCity West Coast franchise held by a separate legal entity, the company traded under the Virgin Trains brand.
Sealink was a ferry company based in the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1984, operating services to France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Isle of Man, Channel Islands, Isle of Wight and Ireland.
The Venice Simplon-Orient-Express (VSOE) is a private luxury train service from London to Venice and other European cities. It is currently owned by Belmond.
Christopher Garnett OBE is a member of the Board of the Olympic Delivery Authority, and was the Chief Executive Officer of Great North Eastern Railway and simultaneously Senior Vice President and Chief Executive of the Rail Division of Sea Containers, GNER's parent company.
SeaFrance was a ferry company based in France, wholly owned by the French railways, SNCF, which operated ferry services between Calais, France, and Dover, England.
ScotRail was a train operating company in Scotland owned by National Express that operated the ScotRail franchise from March 1997 until October 2004. Prior to March 1997 ScotRail ran the trains and after October 2004 First ScotRail ran them.
James Blair Sherwood was an American-born, British-based businessman, and the founder of Belmond Limited and Sea Containers.
Seaspeed was a British hovercraft operator which ran services in the Solent and English Channel between 1965 and 1981, when it merged with a rival to form Hoverspeed.
National Express East Coast (NXEC) was a train operating company in the United Kingdom, owned by National Express, that operated the InterCity East Coast franchise on the East Coast Main Line between London, Yorkshire, North East England and Scotland from December 2007 until November 2009.
East Coast, the trading name of the East Coast Main Line Company, was a British train operating company running the InterCity East Coast franchise on the East Coast Main Line between London, Yorkshire, North East England, and Scotland. East Coast ran long-distance inter-city services from its Central London terminus at London King's Cross on two primary routes; the first to Leeds and the second to Edinburgh via Newcastle with other services reaching into Yorkshire and Northern and Central Scotland. It commenced operations on 14 November 2009 and ceased on 28 February 2015.
InterCity East Coast is a railway franchise for passenger trains on the East Coast Main Line in the United Kingdom from London King's Cross to Hull, Leeds, Bradford, Harrogate, Newcastle, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness and Aberdeen. It was formed during the privatisation of British Rail and transferred to the private sector in April 1996.
The HSC Speedrunner Jet 2 is one of four high speed monohull ferries built by Fincantieri for Sea Containers. She is currently owned and operated by Seajets.
Virgin Rail Group is a British rail transport company that was formed by the Virgin Group to bid for rail franchises in the United Kingdom during the privatisation of British Rail in the late 1990s.
South Western is a railway franchise for the provision of passenger services from London Waterloo to destinations in Surrey, Hampshire, Somerset, Dorset, Berkshire, Wiltshire and Devon on the South West, Portsmouth Direct and West of England main lines. In 2007, the franchise was combined with the smaller franchise for the Island Line on the Isle of Wight.