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The economy of Kyrgyzstan is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector. Cotton,tobacco,wool,and meat are the main agricultural products,although only tobacco and cotton are exported in any quantity. According to Healy Consultants,Kyrgyzstan's economy relies heavily on the strength of industrial exports,with plentiful reserves of gold,mercury and uranium. The economy also relies heavily on remittances from foreign workers. Following independence,Kyrgyzstan was progressive in carrying out market reforms,such as an improved regulatory system and land reform. In 1998,Kyrgyzstan was the first Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. Much of the government's stock in enterprises has been sold. Kyrgyzstan's economic performance has been hindered by widespread corruption,low foreign investment and general regional instability. Despite those issues,Kyrgyzstan is ranked 70th on the ease of doing business index.
The economy of North Korea is a centrally planned economy,following Juche,where the role of market allocation schemes is limited,although increasing. As of 2024,North Korea continues its basic adherence to a centralized planned economy. With a total gross domestic product of $28.500 billion as of 2016,there has been some economic liberalization,particularly after Kim Jong Un assumed the leadership in 2012,but reports conflict over particular legislation and enactment. Since the 1990s,informal market activity has increased,which the government has tolerated. These markets are referred to as 'Jangmadang',and were formed as a result of the economic collapse during the 1990s,which made the regime unable to distribute food to its people.
The economy of Vietnam is a developing mixed socialist-oriented market economy. It is the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product (GDP) and the 26th-largest economy in the world by purchasing power parity (PPP). It is a lower-middle income country with a low cost of living. Vietnam is a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the World Trade Organization.
In the mid-1980s,Communist Czechoslovakia was prosperous by the standards of the Eastern Bloc,and did well in comparison to many richer western countries. Consumption of some goods like meat,eggs and bread products was even higher than the average countries in Western Europe,and the population enjoyed high macroeconomic stability and low social friction. Inhabitants of Czechoslovakia enjoyed a standard of living generally higher than that found in most other East European countries. Heavily dependent on foreign trade,the country nevertheless had one of the Eastern Bloc's smallest international debts to non-socialist countries.
Đổi Mới is the name given to the economic reforms initiated in Vietnam in 1986 with the goal of creating a "socialist-oriented market economy". The term đổi mới itself is a general term with wide use in the Vietnamese language meaning "innovate" or "renovate". However,the Đổi Mới Policy refers specifically to these reforms that sought to transition Vietnam from a command economy to a socialist-oriented market economy.
The economic history of China describes the changes and developments in China's economy from the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 to the present day. The speed of China's transformation in this period from one of the poorest countries to one of the world's largest economies is unmatched in history.
The Five-Year Plans of Vietnam are a series of economic development initiatives. The Vietnamese economy is shaped primarily by the Vietnamese Communist Party through the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses. The party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of communism,mapping strategies for economic development,setting growth targets,and launching reforms.
On the eve of the 1921 revolution,Mongolia had an underdeveloped,stagnant economy based on nomadic animal husbandry. Farming and industry were almost nonexistent;transportation and communications were primitive;banking,services,and trade were almost exclusively in the hands of Chinese or other foreigners. Most of the people were illiterate nomadic herders,and a large part of the male labour force lived in the monasteries,contributing little to the economy. Property in the form of livestock was owned primarily by aristocrats and monasteries;ownership of the remaining sectors of the economy was dominated by Chinese or other foreigners. Mongolia's new rulers thus were faced with a daunting task in building a modern,socialist economy.
For millennia,agriculture has played an important role in the Chinese economy and society. By the time the People's Republic of China was established in 1949,virtually all arable land was under cultivation;irrigation and drainage systems constructed centuries earlier and intensive farming practices already produced relatively high yields. But little prime virgin land was available to support population growth and economic development. However,after a decline in production as a result of the Great Leap Forward (1958–60),agricultural reforms implemented in the 1980s increased yields and promised even greater future production from existing cultivated land.
At the time of its founding,the People's Republic of China was one of the poorest countries in the world. In the early 1950s,its industry developed rapidly through a state-led process heavily influenced by the Soviet experience. Aiming to close the gap between its political ambitions and its phase of development,China began the Great Leap Forward,which sought to even more rapidly industrialize the country. The effort largely failed,and its policies contributed to famine.
Trade is a key factor of the economy of China. In the three decades following the dump of the Communist Chinese state in 1949,China's trade institutions at first developed into a partially modern but somewhat inefficient system. The drive to modernize the economy that began in 1978 required a sharp acceleration in commodity flows and greatly improved efficiency in economic transactions. In the ensuing years economic reforms were adopted by the government to develop a socialist market economy. This type of economy combined central planning with market mechanisms. The changes resulted in the decentralization and expansion of domestic and foreign trade institutions,as well as a greatly enlarged role for free market in the distribution of goods,and a prominent role for foreign trade and investment in economic development.
Industry is 39.4% of China's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022. In 2007,industry contributed 46.7 percent of GDP in 2010 and occupied 27 percent of the workforce. In 2015,the manufacturing industrial sectors contributed to 40% of China's GDP. The manufacturing sector produced 44.1 percent of GDP in 2004 and accounted for 11.3 percent of total employment in 2006.
Until French colonization in the middle of the 19th century,the economy of Vietnam was mainly agrarian and village-oriented. However,French colonizers deliberately developed the regions differently,designating the South for agricultural production and the North for manufacturing. Though the plan exaggerated regional divisions,the development of exports--coal from the North,rice from the South—and the importation of French manufactured goods stimulated internal commerce.
Manufacturing in Vietnam after reunification followed a pattern that was initially the reverse of the record in agriculture;it showed recovery from a depressed base in the early postwar years. However,this recovery stopped in the late 1970s as the war in Cambodia and the threat from China caused the government to redirect food,finance,and other resources to the military. This move worsened shortages and intensified old bottlenecks. At the same time,the invasion of Cambodia cost Vietnam urgent foreign economic support. China's attack on Vietnam in 1979 compounded industrial problems by damaging important industrial facilities in the North,particularly a major steel plant and an apatite mine.
The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949,the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses.
The economy of Chongqing,China,has developed rapidly since it was separated from the Sichuan and became a centrally-administered municipality in 1997. In 2019,it was the sixth-largest Chinese city economy and ranked as China's third-largest municipal economy. In China's overall layout,Chongqing is also important for connecting China's underdeveloped western region with its more advanced eastern region,as well as promoting the economy of the mid-lower reaches of Yangtze river and the central western region.
The 1st Five-Year Plan was the first five-year plan adopted by the People's Republic of China after its establishment in 1949. It lasted from 1953 until 1957.
The 6th Five-Year Plan of China was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 1981 and 1985.
The 3rd Five-Year Plan of China was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 1966 and 1970. It was the first five-year plan held after the Great Leap Forward,and the plan was implemented around the same time as the Cultural Revolution.
References
- 1 2 Weber, Isabella (2021). How China Escaped Shock Therapy: The Market Reform Debate. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-49012-5. OCLC 1228187814.
- 1 2 "The 7th Five Year Plan (1986–1990)". China Daily .
- 1 2 3 4 Ang, Yuen Yuen (2016). How China Escaped the Poverty Trap. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-0020-0. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j.