Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. There are many types of intellectual property,and some countries recognize more than others. The best-known types are patents,copyrights,trademarks,and trade secrets. The modern concept of intellectual property developed in England in the 17th and 18th centuries. The term "intellectual property" began to be used in the 19th century,though it was not until the late 20th century that intellectual property became commonplace in most of the world's legal systems.
An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.
The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) is an agency of the United States federal government responsible for developing and promoting American trade policy. Part of the Executive Office of the President,it is headed by the U.S. Trade Representative,a Cabinet-level position that serves as the U.S. President's primary advisor,negotiator,and spokesperson on trade matters. USTR has more than two hundred employees,with offices in Geneva,Switzerland,and Brussels,Belgium.
The United States Copyright Office (USCO),a part of the Library of Congress,is a United States government body that registers copyright claims,records information about copyright ownership,provides information to the public,and assists Congress and other parts of the government on a wide range of copyright issues. It maintains online records of copyright registration and recorded documents within the copyright catalog,which is used by copyright title researchers who are attempting to clear a chain of title for copyrighted works.
The Fulbright Program,including the Fulbright–Hays Program,is one of several United States Cultural Exchange Programs with the goal of improving intercultural relations,cultural diplomacy,and intercultural competence between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons,knowledge,and skills. Via the program,competitively-selected American citizens including students,scholars,teachers,professionals,scientists,and artists may receive scholarships or grants to study,conduct research,teach,or exercise their talents abroad;and citizens of other countries may qualify to do the same in the United States.
Saul Perlmutter is a U.S. astrophysicist,a professor of physics at the University of California,Berkeley,where he holds the Franklin W. and Karen Weber Dabby Chair,and head of the International Supernova Cosmology Project at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He is a member of both the American Academy of Arts &Sciences and the American Philosophical Society,and was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2003. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Perlmutter shared the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy,the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics,and the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics with Brian P. Schmidt and Adam Riess for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Since 2021,he has been a member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).
The Adelphi Charter on Creativity,Innovation and Intellectual Property is the result of a project commissioned by the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts,Manufactures &Commerce,London,England,and is intended as a positive statement of what good intellectual property policy is. The Charter was issued in 2004.
The School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) is the international affairs and public policy school of Columbia University,a private Ivy League university located in Morningside Heights,Manhattan,New York City. It is consistently ranked one of the leading graduate schools for international relations in the world. SIPA offers Master of International Affairs (MIA) and Master of Public Administration (MPA) degrees in a range of fields,as well as the Executive MPA and Ph.D. program in Sustainable Development.
The purpose of copyright registration is to place on record a verifiable account of the date and content of the work in question,so that in the event of a legal claim,or case of infringement or plagiarism,the copyright owner can produce a copy of the work from an official government source.
Jonathan Ward "Jon" Dudas is the senior vice president,senior associate to the president and secretary of the University of Arizona. He previously served as Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) until January 18,2009. He was nominated to the position by former President George W. Bush in March 2004 and appointed in July 2004. Dudas previously served as acting Under Secretary and Director,and Deputy Under Secretary and Deputy Director from 2002 to 2004. He is also a member of the board of directors of Conversant Intellectual Property Management.
The President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) is a council,chartered in each administration with a broad mandate to advise the president of the United States on science and technology. The current PCAST was established by Executive Order 13226 on September 30,2001,by George W. Bush,was re-chartered by Barack Obama's April 21,2010,Executive Order 13539,by Donald Trump's October 22,2019,Executive Order 13895,and by Joe Biden's February 1,2021,Executive Order 14007.
Jessica Litman is a leading intellectual property scholar. She has been ranked as one of the most-cited U.S. law professors in the field of intellectual property/cyberlaw.
Carole Enid Handler is an American lawyer who specializes in intellectual property litigation in the areas of trademark,copyright and antitrust laws,particularly those related to entertainment and media industry. She is commonly known as the "lawyer who saved Spider-Man."
William F. Patry is an American lawyer specializing in copyright law. He studied at the San Francisco State University,where he obtained a B.A. in 1974 and an M.A. in 1976,and then at the University of Houston,where he graduated with a J.D. in 1980. He was admitted to the bar in Texas in 1981,in the District of Columbia in 2000,and in New York in 2001.
The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,also known as the Geneva Graduate Institute,is a government-accredited postgraduate institution of higher education located in Geneva,Switzerland.
The Register of Copyrights is the director of the United States Copyright Office within the Library of Congress,as provided by 17 U.S.C. § 701. The Office has been headed by a Register since 1897. The Register is appointed by,and responsible to,the Librarian of Congress,with the Register's office located in the Library's James Madison Memorial Building.
Mary Wong is the vice president for strategic community operations,planning &engagement at ICANN. Prior to taking up a full-time position with ICANN,she was the founding director of the Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property and a tenured professor at the University of New Hampshire in Concord,New Hampshire,U.S.A.
Roger M. Milgrim is an American intellectual property lawyer,and the author of two multivolume law treatises:Milgrim on Trade Secrets and Milgrim on Licensing.
Karyn A. Temple is an attorney who served as the 13th United States Register of Copyrights,appointed to the position on March 27,2019. Temple was Acting Register of Copyrights from October 21,2016 to March 26,2019,when Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden promoted her to Register of Copyrights and Director of the United States Copyright Office. She announced her resignation on December 9,2019,effective January 3,2020.
Maria Strong is the Associate Register of Copyrights and Director of Policy and International Affairs of the United States Copyright Office.
