Southern mule deer

Southern mule deer
Doe from Stonewall Mine, San Diego County
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Cervidae
Subfamily:	Capreolinae
Genus:	Odocoileus
Species:	O. hemionus
Subspecies:	O. h. fuliginatus
Trinomial name
Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus Cowan, 1933

The southern mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus) is a subspecies of mule deer endemic to the Californias. They are found along the Mexico-United States border, from Southern California into Baja California.

It is similar to the California mule deer in size, and intergrades with it where their ranges overlap.

Taxonomy

In 1933, Ian McTaggart-Cowan described the southern mule deer as a subspecies of the mule deer from a San Diego County specimen. He gave it the trinomial name Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus. ^[1]

Evolution

Deer are first represented in the North American fossil record with Eocoileus gentryorum . The oldest remains of this species date to 5 million years ago and were found in deposits from Florida. The Pliocene Bretzia pseudalces was another early North American deer species, and its remains were found in 4.8–3.4 million year old Nebraska deposits. ^[2]

A study of mitochondrial DNA suggests modern mule deer diverged from white-tailed deer approximately 3.13 million years ago and had a hybridisation event 1.32 million years ago. ^[3]

Description

This subspecies is a dark-coloured deer with a near-black mid-dorsal line and a black dorsal tail stripe. Southern mule deer have dark spots on the lateral areas of the lower lip. ^[4] The fur colouration of southern mule deer resembles that of the Cedros Island mule deer, endemic to Cedros Island in Baja California. ^[5]

These deer are usually the same size as the California mule deer. ^[6] The metatarsal gland is 60 mm (6 cm). ^[7]

Range

The southern mule is endemic to the states of California and Baja California. To the north, it ranges to Orange County, where it intergrades with the California mule deer. ^[8] Even though most mule deer of the San Gabriel Mountains are California mule deer, a young adult buck killed by a car in 1951 showed pelage characteristics of southern mule deer. This suggests mule deer of the eastern San Antonio Canyon region are southern mule deer. ^[9]

References

1. Young, James A.; Clements, Charlie D. (2002-09-01). Purshia: The Wild And Bitter Roses. University of Nevada Press. ISBN   978-0-87417-586-8.
2. Hewitt, David G. (2011-06-24). Biology and Management of White-tailed Deer. CRC Press. ISBN   978-1-4822-9598-6.
3. Wright, Emily A; Roberts, Emma K; Platt, Roy N; Bayouth, Jacob V; Conway, Warren C; Bradley, Robert D (2022-06-01). "Mitochondrial capture and subsequent genetic divergence generates a novel haplogroup: evidence from ancient and ongoing hybridization in mule and white-tailed deer" . Journal of Mammalogy. 103 (3): 723–736. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyab156. ISSN   0022-2372.
4. Miller, Alden H.; Stebbins, Robert C. (2023-12-22). The Lives of Desert Animals in Joshua Tree National Monument. Univ of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-32217-2.
5. Alminas, Ona (December 2013). MSc Thesis: Phylogeographic Inference of Insular Mule Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus) Divergence in North America 's Desert Southwest. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
6. Loewer, Peter (2015-06-16). Solving Deer Problems: How to Deerproof Your Yard and Garden. Simon and Schuster. ISBN   978-1-63220-936-8.
7. Hoffmeister, Donald F. (1962). "The Kinds of Deer, Odocoileus, in Arizona". The American Midland Naturalist . 67 (1): 50–56. doi:10.2307/2422816. JSTOR   2422816.
8. Wallmo, Olof C. (1981). Mule and Black-tailed Deer of North America. University of Nebraska Press. p. 15. ISBN   978-0-803-24715-4.
9. Vaughan, Terry A. (2021-04-25). Mammals of the San Gabriel Mountains of California: Exploring the Hidden World of Mountain Mammals. Good Press. p. 47.