1792–1796
Sun Shiyi (simplified Chinese :孙士毅; traditional Chinese :孫士毅; pinyin :Sūn Shìyì; Wade–Giles :Sun Shih-i,Vietnamese:Tôn SĩNghị;1720 – 1796),courtesy name Zhizhi (智冶),pseudonym Bushan (補山),was an official of the Qing dynasty who served as the Viceroy of Liangguang [1] and of Liangjiang during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. [2]
A native of Renhe (present-day Yuhang District,Zhejiang),as a youth,Sun was devoted to study and was said to have prevented drowsiness by knocking his head against a wall. Awarded a jinshi degree in the imperial examination in 1761,he was secretary to Fuheng during his Burmese expedition,and in 1770 had risen to be Treasurer of Guangxi,when he was cashiered for want of energy,and orders were given to confiscate his property. Struck with the fact that nothing was found to confiscate,the Qianlong Emperor re-employed him.
In 1788,as Viceroy of Liangguang,he invaded Annam and reinstalled the emperor LêChiêu Thống,who had fled in fear of the rebel Nguyễn Huệ. No sooner had the Chinese withdrawn than another revolution took place,and it was ultimately decided to leave Annam alone. He was sent to Sichuan to see the supplies of the army fighting in Tibet,into which country he advanced over terrible mountains as far as Chamdo. In 1792,on the conclusion of the war with Nepal,the suppression of the White Lotus Rebellion occupied his last days. His physical powers were marvellous,and he required hardly any sleep. He was a great collector of ancient inscriptions. He was ennobled as Duke Mouyong of the First Class (一等謀勇公). [3]
Yuan Shikai was a Chinese general and statesman who served as Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet,the second provisional president of the Republic of China,head of the Beiyang government from 1912 to 1916 and Emperor of China from 1915 to 1916. A major political figure during the late Qing dynasty,he spearheaded a number of major modernisation programs and reforms and played a decisive role in securing the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in 1912,which marked the collapse of the Qing monarchy and the end of imperial rule in China.
Li Hongzhang,Marquess Suyi was a Chinese statesman,general and diplomat of the late Qing dynasty. He quelled several major rebellions and served in important positions in the Qing imperial court,including the Viceroy of Zhili,Huguang and Liangguang.
The Qianlong Emperor,also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing,personal name Hongli,was the sixth emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He reigned officially from 1735 until his abdication in 1796,but retained ultimate power subsequently until his death in 1799,making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs in history as well as one of the longest-lived.
The Tây Sơn dynasty (Vietnamese:[təjʂəːn], ;Vietnamese:"NhàTây Sơn" or "Triều Tây Sơn",,officially Đại Việt,was an imperial dynasty of Vietnam. It originated in a revolt led by three peasant brothers with the surname Nguyễn,rebelling against the Lêdynasty,Trịnh lords and Nguyễn lords. The Tây Sơn would later be succeeded by the Nguyễn dynasty.
Qishan,courtesy name Jing'an,was a Mongol nobleman and official of the late Qing dynasty. He was of Khalkha Mongol and Borjigit descent,and his family was under the Plain Yellow Banner of the Manchu Eight Banners. He is best known for negotiating the Convention of Chuanbi on behalf of the Qing government with the British during the First Opium War of 1839–42.
The Viceroy of Liangguang,fully in Chinese as the Governor-General of Two Guang Provinces and Other Local Areas,in Charge of Military Affairs,Food and Wages and Governor Affairs,was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Ming and Qing dynasties of China. The Viceroy of Liangguang had jurisdiction of military,civil,and political affairs over then Guangdong Province and then Guangxi Province.
Emperor Quang Trung or Nguyễn Huệ,also known as Nguyễn Quang Bình,or HồThơm was the second emperor of the Tây Sơn dynasty,reigning from 1788 until 1792. He was also one of the most successful military commanders in Vietnam's history. Nguyễn Huệand his brothers,Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Lữ,together known as the Tây Sơn brothers,were the leaders of the Tây Sơn rebellion. As rebels,they conquered Vietnam,overthrowing the imperial Later Lêdynasty and the two rival feudal houses of the Nguyễn in the south and the Trịnh in the north.
Fuk'anggan,courtesy name Yaolin,was a Manchu noble and general of the Qing Dynasty. He was from the Fuca clan and the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Eight Banners.
LêChiêu Thống (1765–1793),born LêDuy Khiêm and later LêDuy Kỳ,was the last emperor of the Vietnamese Later Lêdynasty. He was overthrown by the Tây Sơn dynasty. He appealed to the Qing dynasty of China to help regain the throne but failed after losing the Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa. Afterwards,he no longer received support from the Qing Qianlong Emperor,relatives of the Later Lêimperial family were imprisoned in Vietnam,and he died in China. Furthermore,the Qianlong emperor banished the remaining members of the Lêfamily to border regions of the Qing dynasty such as Xinjiang and Heilongjiang.
Sun Jiagan was a Chinese politician of the Qing dynasty.
Sun Yuting (1752–1834),courtesy name Jiashu and pseudonym Jipu,was a Chinese official of the Qing dynasty. He served as the Provincial Governor of Jiangxi,Jiangsu,and Anhui provinces,Viceroy of Huguang and Liangjiang,and as a member of the Grand Council.
Zhao Yi was a poet,historian,and critic during the Qing dynasty in China. Zhao is notable for his innovative poetry,his historical writings,and for espousing unconventional views on various aspects of Chinese dynastic history.
The Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa or Qing invasion of Đại Việt,also known as Victory of KỷDậu,was fought between the forces of the Vietnamese Tây Sơn dynasty and the Qing dynasty in Ngọc Hồi and Đống Đa in northern Vietnam from 1788 to 1789. It resulted in the failure of the Chinese to restore the last Lêemperor Chiêu Thống,who had been usurped by the Tây Sơn. It is considered one of the greatest victories in Vietnamese military history.
The High Qing era,or simply the High Qing,refers to the golden age of the Qing dynasty between 1683 and 1799. China was ruled by the Kangxi,Yongzheng,and Qianlong Emperors in this period,during which the prosperity and power of the empire grew to new heights.
Events from the year 1854 in China.
Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Quehui,of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Tunggiya clan,was a consort of the Kangxi Emperor. She was 14 years his junior.
LêDuy Cận or LêDuy Cẩn,was a Vietnamese prince during Revival Lêdynasty.
Qianlong Tongbao is an inscription used on cash coins produced under the reign of the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty. Initially the Qianlong Tongbao cash coins were equal to its predecessors in their weight and quality but as expensive military expenditures such as the Ten Great Campaigns began to take their financial toll on the government of the Qing dynasty the quality of these cash coins started to steadily decrease. The weight of the Qianlong Tongbao was changed several times and tin was added to their alloy to both reduce costs and to prevent people from melting down the coins to make utensils. As the intrinsic value of these coins was higher than their nominal value many provincial mints started reporting annual losses and were forced to close down,meanwhile the copper content of the coinage continued to be lowered while the copper mines of China were depleting. The Qianlong era also saw the conquest of Xinjiang and the introduction of cash coins to this new region of the Qing Empire.
Li Yongfang was a Chinese general of the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty known for defecting to the Qing dynasty,due to the Ming dynasty losing the city of Fushun in Liaoning to the Qing. Li Yongfang along with many other Han Chinese defected to the Qing as the old Ming system was declining and corrupt,and the Qing provided an opportunity for the Han Chinese to continue their culture. One of Li Yongfang's descendants Li Shiyao was sentenced to death by the Qianlong emperor but was spared his life when he helped suppress the Lin Shuangwen rebellion in Taiwan.
The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China. The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between the Han and Manchus with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties,the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions,each having nine grades or ranks,each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a grand secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector,deputy jail warden,deputy police commissioner,or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant,corporal or a first or second class private.
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