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Topal Osman Paşa – Milliyeti: Türk
Osman | |
---|---|
![]() Topal Osman killed at the Battle of Kirkuk in a 1733 painting | |
127th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire | |
In office 21 September 1731 –12 March 1732 | |
Monarch | Mahmud I |
Preceded by | Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha |
Succeeded by | Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha |
Personal details | |
Born | 1663 Morea,Peloponnese,Ottoman Empire |
Died | 1733 (aged 69–70) |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Ottoman Empire |
Branch/service | Ottoman Army |
Rank | Beylerbey Serasker General |
Battles/wars | Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718) Ottoman–Persian War |
Topal Osman Pasha (1663–1733) was an Ottoman military officer and administrator. A capable man,he rose to the rank of beylerbey by the age of 24 and served as general against the Venetians and the Habsburg monarchy and as governor in several provinces. His career eventually brought his appointment to the position of Grand Vizier in 1731–32. After his dismissal,he was sent to a provincial governorship,but was soon recalled to lead the Ottoman troops in the Ottoman–Persian War of 1730–35. He succeeded in defeating Nader Shah and saving Baghdad in 1732,but clashed with Nader for a second time the next year and was decisively beaten in the Battle of Kirkuk (1733),in which he lost his life.
Osman was born ca. 1663 in the Morea (Peloponnese) peninsula to Turkish [1] [2] parents. His family was originally from Konya in Anatolia. At a young age he entered the Sultan's service,enrolling in the corps of the kozbekçi and then the pandurs . By the age of 24,he had already risen to the rank of beylerbey . [3] Sent on a mission to the Governor of Egypt,his ship was attacked en route by a Spanish privateer. Osman was captured after a fight,in the course of which he received a wound which left him lame in one foot for life,earning him the epithet "Topal" (Turkish for "lame"). [3]
Taken initially to Malta,he was soon ransomed and returned to Istanbul (his captivity later inspired an episode in the opera Les Indes galantes). He then participated in the 1710–11 Pruth River Campaign,was appointed to the honorary post of kapıcıbaşı ,and then sent to the Rumeli Eyalet where he served as commander of the Christian irregular militia,the armatoloi . In this role he served in the 1715 campaign that recovered the Morea from the Venetians,where he so distinguished himself that he was promoted to the rank of pasha with two horse-tails,and appointed governor of the Sanjak of Tirhala. [3] During the opening operations of the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18,he was in charge of supplying the army,but soon returned to the Morea (late 1716) as a pasha with three horse-tails (the highest rank) and serasker (commander-in-chief) of the Morea Eyalet,in order to suppress local revolts and prevent any Venetian attempts at recovering the province. [4]
In 1720 he was appointed as governor of Bosnia,before being shifted to Rumeli in the next year. He remained at this post until 1727,when he returned to Bosnia for two years. In 1729 he was re-appointed to Rumeli,before being shifted back to Bosnia in 1730,and again to Rumeli in 1731. During this period,he eliminated the surviving supporters of the rebel Patrona Halil,who had taken refuge in the western Balkans,particularly Albania. [5] On 10 September 1731,he was named Grand Vizier by Sultan Mahmud I. Although he served only for six months as Grand Vizier,he tried to enact reforms to stabilize the volatile situation in the capital,Istanbul,by stabilizing prices,restoring order and ensuring the city's supply with food. He also encouraged the efforts of the French army officer Claude Alexandre de Bonneval in reforming the humbaracı artillery corps after Western models. [5]
After his dismissal,Topal Osman served briefly as governor of the Trebizond Eyalet and of Tiflis,before being recalled and,as the Empire's most experienced soldier,appointed serasker of Anatolia in the Ottoman–Persian War of 1730–35. In July 1733 he dealt a decisive defeat on the Persians,who under Nader Shah had invaded Iraq and were besieging Baghdad,at a hard-fought battle just north of Baghdad. Aided by Topal Osman's clever stratagems,the Ottomans inflicted some 30,000 casualties on Nader Shah's army and forced it to withdraw,although they lost 20,000 in turn. [5] [6] It was the only time that Nader Shah ever lost a battle.
In the next year,however,Nader Shah repeated his invasion. Topal Osman's army at Kirkuk had been weakened by the Ottoman government,with experienced men transferred west and replaced by low-quality levies,although he retained a numerical superiority over the Persians. In the ensuing battle near Kirkuk,Topal Osman was killed and his army routed. A Persian soldier cut off Topal Osman's head and brought it to Nader Shah,who,after ordering his opponent's corpse found,returned his remains to the Ottomans,out of deep respect for an adversary he considered to be worthy. [7] They were buried with full honours in the Imam Qasim mosque in Kirkuk. [5]
His son,Ahmed Ratib Pasha,had married Ayşe Sultan,a daughter of Sultan Ahmed III. His great-grandson was the noted writer and Young Ottoman political activist Namık Kemal. [5]
Ahmed I was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 to 1617. Ahmed's reign is noteworthy for marking the first breach in the Ottoman tradition of royal fratricide;henceforth,Ottoman rulers would no longer systematically execute their brothers upon accession to the throne. He is also well known for his construction of the Blue Mosque,one of the most famous mosques in Turkey.
Mahmud I,known as Mahmud the Hunchback,was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754. He took over the throne after the quelling of the Patrona Halil rebellion. His reign was marked by wars in Persia and conflicts in Europe. He delegated government affairs to his viziers and devoted time to writing poetry. Nader Shah's devastating campaign weakened the Mughal Empire and created the opportunity for Mahmud I to initiate war with cooperation from Muhammad Shah. The alliance ended with the latter's death,leading to tensions between the Afsharids and the Ottomans. In 1748,he outlawed Freemasonry within the Ottoman Empire.
Beylerbey was a high rank in the western Islamic world in the late Middle Ages and early modern period,from the Anatolian Seljuks and the Ilkhanids to Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Initially designating a commander-in-chief,it eventually came to be held by senior provincial governors. In Ottoman usage,where the rank survived the longest,it designated the governors-general of some of the largest and most important provinces,although in later centuries it became devalued into a mere honorific title. The title is originally Turkic and its equivalents in Arabic were amir al-umara,and in Persian,mir-i miran.
KöprülüAbdullah Pasha was an Ottoman general of the first half of the 18th century and one of the commanders during the Ottoman-Hotaki War of 1722–27 as well as the Ottoman-Persian War of 1730–35.
Hurshid Ahmed Pasha was an Ottoman-Georgian general,and Grand Vizier during the early 19th century.
The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639 was a conflict fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran,then the two major powers of Western Asia,over control of Mesopotamia. After initial Persian success in recapturing Baghdad and most of modern Iraq,having lost it for 90 years,the war became a stalemate as the Persians were unable to press further into the Ottoman Empire,and the Ottomans themselves were distracted by wars in Europe and weakened by internal turmoil. Eventually,the Ottomans were able to recover Baghdad,taking heavy losses in the final siege,and the signing of the Treaty of Zuhab ended the war in an Ottoman victory. Roughly speaking,the treaty restored the borders of 1555,with the Safavids keeping Daghestan,Shirvan,eastern Georgia,and Eastern Armenia,while western Georgia and Western Armenia decisively came under Ottoman rule. The eastern part of Samtskhe (Meskheti) was irrevocably lost to the Ottomans as well as Mesopotamia. Although parts of Mesopotamia were briefly retaken by the Iranians later on in history,notably during the reigns of Nader Shah (1736–1747) and Karim Khan Zand (1751–1779),it remained thenceforth in Ottoman hands until the aftermath of World War I.
Gazi Hüseyin Pasha,also known as Deli Hüseyin Pasha or SarıHüseyin Pasha or Baltaoğlu Hüseyin Pasha,was an Ottoman military officer and statesman. He was governor of Egypt (1635–1637),Kapudan Pasha in the 1630s,and briefly Grand Vizier in 1656.
Tayyar Mehmed Pasha was an Albanian Ottoman grand vizier. His epithet Tayyar means "flying",referring to his speed in military operations.
The Eyalet of Rumeli,or Eyalet ofRumelia,known as the Beylerbeylik of Rumeli until 1591,was a first-level province of the Ottoman Empire encompassing most of the Balkans ("Rumelia"). For most of its history,it was the largest and most important province of the Empire,containing key cities such as Edirne,Yanina (Ioannina),Sofia,Filibe (Plovdiv),Manastır/Monastir (Bitola),Üsküp (Skopje),and the major seaport of Selânik/Salonica (Thessaloniki). It was also among the oldest Ottoman eyalets,lasting more than 500 years with several territorial restructurings over the long course of its existence.
The Eyalet of the Morea was a first-level province (eyalet) of the Ottoman Empire,centred on the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece.
The Ottoman–Persian War of 1730–1735 or Ottoman–Iranian War of 1730–1735 was a conflict between the forces of Safavid Iran and those of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1735. After Ottoman support had failed to keep the Ghilzai Afghan invaders on the Persian throne,the Ottoman possessions in western Persia,which were granted to them by the Hotaki dynasty,came under risk of re-incorporation into the newly resurgent Persian Empire. The talented Safavid general,Nader,gave the Ottomans an ultimatum to withdraw,which the Ottomans chose to ignore. A series of campaigns followed,with each side gaining the upper hand in a succession of tumultuous events that spanned half a decade. Finally,the Persian victory at Yeghevard made the Ottomans sue for peace and recognize Persian territorial integrity and Persian hegemony over the Caucasus.
The Battle of Yeghevārd,also known as the Battle of Baghavard or Morad Tapeh,was the final major engagement of the Perso-Ottoman War of 1730–1735 where the principal Ottoman army in the Caucasus theatre under Koprulu Pasha's command was utterly destroyed by only the advance guard of Nader's army before the main Persian army could enter into the fray. The complete rout of Koprulu Pasha's forces led to a number of besieged Ottoman strongholds in the theatre surrendering as any hope of relief proved ephemeral in light of the crushing defeat at Yeghevārd. One of Nader's most impressive battlefield victories,in which he decimated a force four or five times the size of his own,it helped establish his reputation as a military genius and stands alongside many of his other great triumphs such as at Karnal,Mihmandoost or Kirkuk.
The campaign of 1731 was a failed attempt by Tahmasp II of the Safavid dynasty to launch an offensive into Ottoman held Caucasus which ended in a disastrous defeat with all of Nader's gains during the previous year being lost. The result of this particular military catastrophe was still overturned with Nader's return from the east but would have much more significant impact on the Safavid dynasty itself as Tahmasp II sealed his own fate by initiating this ill fated expedition.
The Mesopotamian Campaign of 1732-1733 was a military conflict during the eventful Perso-Ottoman war of 1730-1735. As a direct result of Tahmasp II's blunders in his ill fated invasion of the Ottoman Caucasus all of Nader's previous gains in the theatre were lost and a humiliating treaty had been signed giving away hegemony over the Caucasus to Istanbul. This settlement gave Nader the authority to force Tahmasp's abdication and resume the war against the Turks by launching an invasion of Ottoman Iraq.
The siege of Baghdad (1733) was a relatively short but intense siege of Baghdad by the Persian army under Nader Shah. The outcome was determined not at Baghdad but ultimately far to the north near Samara where a large relief force commanded by the Topal Pasha inflicted a decisive defeat on Nader's Persian army. The Persian besiegers were forced away with the loss of most of their equipment and saving a much exhausted garrison desperate for relief.
The Battle of Kirkuk,also known as the Battle of Agh-Darband,was the last battle in Nader Shah's Mesopotamian campaign where he avenged his earlier defeat at the hands of the Ottoman general Topal Osman Pasha,in which Nader achieved suitable revenge after defeating and killing him at the battle of Kirkuk. The battle was another in the chain of seemingly unpredictable triumphs and tragedies for both sides as the war swung wildly from the favour of one side to the other. Although the battle ended in a crushing victory for the Persians,they had to be withdrawn from the area due to a growing rebellion in the south of Persia led by Mohammad Khan Baluch. This rebellion in effect robbed Nader of the strategic benefits of his great victory which would have included the capture of Baghdad,if he had the chance to resume his campaign.
The Battle of Samarra was the key engagement between the two great generals Nader Shah and Topal Osman Pasha,which led to the siege of Baghdad being lifted,keeping Ottoman Iraq under Istanbul's control. The armed contest between the two colossi was very hard fought with a total of roughly 50,000 men becoming casualties by the end of the fighting that left the Persians decimated and the Ottoman victors badly shaken. Other than its importance in deciding the fate of Baghdad,the battle is also significant as Nader's only battlefield defeat although he would avenge this defeat at the hands of Topal Pasha at the Battle of Agh-Darband where Topal was killed.
The Caucasus Campaign of 1734–1735 was the last great campaign of the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35) which ended in a Persian victory allowing Nader to recast Persian hegemony over almost the entire Caucasus,region,reconquering it for the Safavid state.
HacıHalil Pasha was an Ottoman Grand vizier. His ephitet Hacı means "pilgrim".
The Siege of Kars,in 1744,took place during the Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746). Nader Shah,ruler of Persia,laid siege to the city on 29 July 1744.