Tropical Storm Hermine (1998)

Last updated
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On September 5, 1998, a tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic Ocean. The wave was not associated with any thunderstorm activity until it reached the Windward Islands, when cloud and shower activity began to increase. Continuing westward, the disturbance approached the South American coastline and turned into the northwest Caribbean. The wave interacted with an upper-level low-pressure system and another tropical wave that entered the region. At the time, a large monsoon-type flow prevailed over Central America, part of the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. [1] An area of low pressure developed over the northwestern Caribbean, and at about 1200 UTC on September 17, the system was sufficiently organized to be declared a tropical depression in the central Gulf of Mexico. [1] [2]

Initially, the cloud pattern associated with the system featured a tight and well-defined circulation, as well as clusters of deep convection south of the center. Due to the proximity of a large upper-level low-pressure area in the southern Gulf of Mexico, the surrounding environment did not favor intensification. [3] Influenced by the low, the depression moved southward. [4] The system completed a cyclonic loop in the central gulf, [1] and by early on September 18 was drifting northward. [5] As a result of wind shear, the center of circulation was separated from the deep convective activity. [6] Early the next day, deep convection persisted in a small area northeast of the center. Forward motion was nearly stationary, with a gradual drift east-southeastward. [7] Despite the wind shear, the depression attained tropical storm status at 1200 UTC on September 19; as such, it was named Hermine by the National Hurricane Center. [1]

Shortly after being upgraded to a tropical storm, Hermine reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). [1] The tropical storm-force winds were confined to the eastern semicircle of the cyclone. [8] Hermine tracked northward and approached the coast, where it nearly stalled. [9] A continually weakening storm, it moved ashore near Cocodrie, Louisiana at 0500 UTC on September 20 with winds of 40 miles per hour (64 km/h), and then deteriorated into a tropical depression. [1] On its landfall, associated rain bands were deemed "not very impressive", although there was a rapid increase in thunderstorm activity east of the center. The thunderstorms produced heavy rainfall in parts of southeastern Louisiana and southern Mississippi. The storm progressively weakened as the circulation moved northeastward, and dissipated at 1800 UTC. [10] Initially, it was believed that Hermine's remnants contributed to the development of Hurricane Karl; however, this belief was not confirmed. [11]

Preparations

On September 17, the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm watch from Sargent, Texas to Grand Isle, Louisiana. The following day, the watch was extended southward from Sargent to Matagorda, Texas, and eastward to Pascagoula, Mississippi. A tropical storm warning was posted from Morgan City, Louisiana, eastward to Pensacola, Florida on September 19. The warning was promptly extended westward from Morgan City to Intracoastal City, Louisiana, and by 1200 UTC on September 20 all tropical cyclone watches and warnings were discontinued. [1] As the storm moved inland, flood advisories were issued for southern Mississippi. [10] On Grand Isle, a mandatory evacuation order was declared for the third time in three weeks, [12] and residents in low-lying areas of Lafourche Parish were ordered to leave. [13] Shelters were opened, [14] but few people used them. Only fifteen people entered the American Red Cross shelter in Larose, Louisiana, which had been designed to hold 500. [15] Workers were evacuated from oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico, [16] and energy futures rose substantially in anticipation of the storm, though when Hermine failed to cause significant damage, they retreated. [17] The Coast Guard evacuated its Grand Isle station in preparation. [18]

Impact

Rainfall from Hermine Hermine 1998 rainfall.gif
Rainfall from Hermine

In southern Florida, the combination of rainbands from Hermine and a separate upper-level cyclone in its vicinity produced up to 14.14 inches (359 mm) of rainfall. [19] Hermine's remnants spread showers and thunderstorms across northern parts of the state. [20] The heavy rainfall downed a tree Orlando, and led to several traffic accidents. A man died on U.S. Route 441 after losing control of his vehicle. [21]

Upon landfall in Louisiana, winds were primarily of minimal tropical storm-force and confined to squalls. Offshore, a wind gust of 46 miles per hour (74 km/h) was reported near the mouth of the Mississippi River, and near New Orleans, wind gusts peaked at 32 miles per hour (51 km/h). Along the coast, storm tides generally ran 1 to 3 feet (0.30 to 0.91 m) above normal, which prolonged coastal flooding in some areas from previous Tropical Storm Frances. [22] Winds on Grand Isle reached 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), and storm tides on the island averaged 1 foot (0.30 m). [23] Hermine brought 3 to 4 inches (76 to 102 mm) of rainfall to the state, triggering isolated flash flooding. Near Thomas, part of Louisiana Highway 438 was submerged under flood waters. [22] An oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico reported sustained winds of 48 miles per hour (77 km/h) with gusts to 59 miles per hour (95 km/h). [24]

Tropical Storm Hermine on September 19 Tropical Storm Hermine (1998).jpg
Tropical Storm Hermine on September 19

At around 8:30 AM on September 20, a man was presumed drowned in Lake Cataouatche, southwest of New Orleans. [25] The man had been shrimping in the lake in choppy waters caused by the storm, and dove into the water without a life vest to untangle a net from his boat's propeller. After he freed the propeller, the boat was carried away by the current in the lake, and he was last seen swimming after the boat. After the disappearance, the Coast Guard launched a search with rescue boats and search dogs but could not locate him. [26] His body was eventually found on the morning of September 22. [27] Captain Pat Yoes, of the St. Charles Parish Sheriff's Office, said that the storm "obviously ... played a part" in the man's death, [26] but Lieutenant Commander William Brewer of the United States Coast Guard told the press that he did not "think it was directly storm-related." [25]

Hermine spawned two tornadoes in Mississippi. One destroyed two mobile homes, damaged seven cars, and resulted in one minor injury; [28] the other caused only minor damage. Rainfall of 4 to 5 inches (100 to 130 mm) caused localized flooding; in southern Walthall County, parts of Mississippi Highway 27 were under 1 foot (0.30 m) of water. [29] Over 6 inches (150 mm) of rainfall was reported in Alabama, resulting in the flooding of apartments and several roads and the closure of several highways. Numerous cars were damaged, and motorists were stranded on Bibb County Route 24. [30] Floodwaters also covered U.S. Route 11 near Tuscaloosa, Alabama stranding several motorists and a milk truck. [31] Flash flood warnings were issued in Bibb and Shelby counties as northern Alabama experienced its first rainfall in the month of September. [32] The rainfall extended eastward into Georgia, where the rains led the state to lift a fire alert for three northern counties, [19] [33] South Carolina and North Carolina. [34] The remnants of the storm dumped 10.5 inches (27 cm) of rain on Charleston, South Carolina and rainfall of up to one foot was reported in other parts of the state. The rain in Charleston led to over five feet of standing water in some neighborhoods, forcing several families to evacuate their mobile homes and stranding a number of vehicles. As a result, the local police closed several roads, including sections of Interstate 526. [35]

Overall, damage totaled $85,000 (1998 USD); [36] the effects were described as minor. [37] Although the effects from Hermine were small, counties in Louisiana and Texas were declared disaster areas due to damage associated with the earlier Tropical Storm Frances and the Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness extended these funds to cover damages from Hermine as well. [38]

Aftermath

The heavy rains from Hermine combined with those from Frances caused major fish kills in southern Louisiana, the first since those caused by Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The rain from the two storms flooded the swamps in south Louisiana, where it rapidly lost oxygen due to decaying plant matter. After the swamps began to drain, the low-oxygen water flowed into streams, canals, and bayous in the area, and testing in the days following the storm showed that the water was "almost devoid of oxygen." Without sufficient oxygen, local fish population died quickly, filling waterways, particularly in the area of Lake Charles and Lafayette, according to the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. [39] In total, the fish kills affected at least a dozen separate lakes and bayous in the state. [40]

The combined effects of Hermine and other storms caused significant damage to Louisiana agriculture. The standing water after Hermine provided ideal hatching conditions for mosquitoes, who formed swarms large enough to kill livestock in the days after the storm. At least twelve bulls and horses were killed by mosquito bites in the next week, including bulls who drowned after wading into deep water to escape the insects. The rains and standing water from the storm also prevented farmers from drying out soybeans for harvest and ruined sugar cane. According to Louisiana Agriculture Commissioner Bob Odom, the combined effects of Hurricane Earl, Tropical Storm Frances, and Tropical Storm Hermine caused $420 million in direct and indirect losses for Louisiana farmers. [41]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Hermine did not directly cause any direct fatalities; however, it may have contributed to two deaths, in Florida and Louisiana.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Lili</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2002

Hurricane Lili was the second costliest, deadliest, and strongest hurricane of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season, only surpassed by Hurricane Isidore, which affected the same areas around a week before Lili. Lili was the twelfth named storm, fourth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm developed from a tropical disturbance in the open Atlantic on September 21. It continued westward, affecting the Lesser Antilles as a tropical storm, then entered the Caribbean. As it moved west, the storm dissipated while being affected by wind shear south of Cuba, and regenerated when the vertical wind shear weakened. It turned to the northwest and strengthened up to category 2 strength on October 1. Lili made two landfalls in western Cuba later that day, and then entered the Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane rapidly strengthened on October 2, reaching Category 4 strength that afternoon. It weakened rapidly thereafter, and hit Louisiana as a Category 1 hurricane on October 3. It moved inland and dissipated on October 6.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1998 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1998 Atlantic hurricane season was one of the most disastrous Atlantic hurricane seasons on record, featuring the highest number of storm-related fatalities in over 218 years and one of the costliest ever at the time. The season had above average activity, due to the dissipation of the El Niño event and transition to La Niña conditions. It officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean. The season had a rather slow start, with no tropical cyclones forming in June. The first tropical cyclone, Tropical Storm Alex, developed on July 27, and the season's final storm, Hurricane Nicole, became extratropical on December 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Isidore</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2002

Hurricane Isidore was a powerful tropical cyclone that caused widespread flooding and heavy damage across Mexico, Cuba, and the United States in September 2002. The ninth named storm and the second hurricane in the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season, and the fifth of eight named storms to occur in September of that year, Isidore peaked as a Category 3 hurricane, causing damage, as well as four fatalities in Jamaica, Cuba, Mexico, and the United States. Isidore is also noted for threatening to strike the northern Gulf Coast as a Category 4 hurricane, however, the storm struck the region as a moderately-strong tropical storm, due to a track change that brought the storm over the Yucatán Peninsula for over a day, which significantly weakened the cyclone in the process. The primary impact from the storm was the heavy rainfall, which fell across southeast Mexico, and also from the central United States Gulf coast into the Ohio Valley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Matthew (2004)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2004

Tropical Storm Matthew was a weak tropical storm in the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season that made landfall on Louisiana. It was the thirteenth tropical storm of the season and the ninth to affect the United States. It formed over the western Gulf of Mexico on October 8 and struck south-central Louisiana two days later. The combination of the storm and an upper cyclone over the southern Plains brought heavy rains to much of the Gulf Coast, with the highest amounts reported over 15 inches (380 mm) in northern Louisiana. Damage was minimal, totaling $305,000 (2004 USD), and no casualties were reported.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Frances (1998)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 1998

Tropical Storm Frances caused extensive flooding in Mexico and Texas in September 1998. The sixth tropical cyclone and sixth named storm of the annual hurricane season, Frances developed from a low pressure area in the Gulf of Mexico on September 8. The cyclone moved northward through the western Gulf of Mexico, making landfall across the central Texas coastline before recurving across the Midwest through southeast Canada and New England. A large tropical cyclone for the Atlantic basin, yet an average sized system by western Pacific standards, the storm produced heavy rains across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Texas, western Louisiana and the Great Plains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Hanna (2002)</span> Atlantic tropical cyclone

Tropical Storm Hanna was a moderately strong tropical storm that affected the Gulf Coast and Southeastern regions of the United States. The ninth tropical cyclone and eighth named storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season, Hanna formed through the complex interaction of a surface trough, a tropical wave, and an upper-level low pressure system, a disturbance in the upper atmosphere. Designated a tropical depression at 0000 UTC on September 12, the storm remained disorganized throughout its duration, though it attained tropical storm status and a peak intensity of 1,001 mbar (29.6 inHg), with winds of 60 miles per hour (100 km/h). Hanna crossed extreme southeastern Louisiana, and made a second landfall along the Alabama–Mississippi border.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Bob (1979)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 1979

Hurricane Bob was the first Atlantic tropical cyclone to be officially designated using a masculine name after the discontinuation of Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet names. Bob brought moderate damage to portions of the United States Gulf Coast and areas farther inland in July 1979. The storm was the first hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico to form in the month of July since 1959, and was the fifth tropical cyclone to form during the annual hurricane season. Though the origin of Bob can be traced back to a tropical wave near the western coast of Africa in late June, Bob formed from a tropical depression in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on July 9. Tracking in a general northward direction, favorable conditions allowed for quick strengthening. Less than a day after formation, the system reached tropical storm intensity, followed by hurricane intensity on July 11. Shortly after strengthening into a hurricane, Bob reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (121 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 986 mbar. At the same intensity, Bob made landfall west of Grand Isle, Louisiana, and rapidly weakened after moving inland. However, the resulting tropical depression persisted for several days as it paralleled the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. On July 16, the system emerged into the western Atlantic, where it was subsequently absorbed by a nearby low-pressure area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Chris (1982)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 1982

Tropical Storm Chris caused minor flooding along the Gulf Coast of the United States in September 1982. The fifth tropical or subtropical cyclone and third named storm of the 1982 Atlantic hurricane season, Chris developed from a surface low-pressure area in the northern Gulf of Mexico on September 9. Although initially displaying subtropical characteristics, the low pressure area gradually acquired tropical characteristics, and was reclassified as Tropical Depression Four within 24 hours of development. The depression then began to intensify and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Chris on September 10. Thereafter, the storm turned north-north-eastward and strengthened further. On September 11, Chris peaked as a 65 mph (100 km/h) tropical storm. Later that day, it made landfall near Sabine Pass, Port Arthur, Texas. By September 13, Chris dissipated over Arkansas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Lester (1998)</span> Category 3 Pacific hurricane in 1998

Hurricane Lester was a small but powerful tropical cyclone that caused heavy flooding in Central America and southern Mexico in October 1998. Lester was the fifteenth tropical cyclone, twelfth named storm and eighth hurricane of the 1998 Pacific hurricane season. Lester originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the coast of Africa on September 29. Under favorable conditions, the storm was classified as a tropical depression on October 15. The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm later that day and a hurricane on October 16. After undergoing fluctuations in intensity, Lester reached peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h), a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. After several days, it degenerated into a tropical storm on October 26, and dissipated shortly after. The hurricane made its closest approach to land on October 28, producing moderate winds and heavy rainfall. A mudslide triggered by the precipitation killed two children, although damage is unknown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Edouard (2008)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2008

Tropical Storm Edouard brought coastal and minor inland flooding to Louisiana and Texas in August 2008. The fifth tropical cyclone and fifth named storm of the hurricane season, Edouard developed from a trough in the northern Gulf of Mexico on August 3. After developing into a tropical depression, it gradually strengthened and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Edouard on August 4. However, northerly wind shear initially halted any further significant intensification and also caused the storm to struggle to maintain deep convection over the center. Edouard eventually intensified further and peaked as a strong tropical storm with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) on August 5. Shortly thereafter, the storm made landfall near Gilchrist, Texas later that day. Edouard quickly weakened and was downgraded to tropical depression by early on August 6, six hours before degenerated into a remnant low pressure area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Bonnie (1986)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 1986

Hurricane Bonnie caused moderate damage along the Gulf Coast of the United States in late June 1986. The second named storm and first hurricane of the 1986 Atlantic hurricane season, Bonnie developed out of an area of low pressure over the central Gulf of Mexico on June 23. The system gradually intensified and was declared Tropical Storm Bonnie the next day as it moved generally towards the west-northwest. On June 25, Bonnie was upgraded to a hurricane. Bonnie strengthened further and on the following day, the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph (137 km/h). Shortly thereafter, Bonnie made landfall near High Island, Texas. Following landfall, Bonnie quickly weakened below tropical storm status and dissipated over Missouri on June 28.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Hermine (1980)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 1980

Tropical Storm Hermine caused significant flooding in Mexico during September 1980. The eleventh tropical cyclone and eight named storm of the 1980 Atlantic hurricane season, Hermine developed from a tropical wave that emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 11. After uneventfully crossing the Atlantic Ocean, the system developed a well-defined circulation while in the Caribbean Sea on September 20 and was then classified as a tropical depression. After becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression steadily strengthened as it tracked nearly due westward. By September 21, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Hermine and brushed the northern coast of Honduras shortly thereafter. It nearly became a hurricane before it made landfall in Belize on September 22. After weakening over the Yucatan Peninsula, Hermine restrengthened to near-hurricane status again over the Gulf of Mexico before making landfall in the Mexican state of Veracruz. Hermine steadily weakened inland and eventually dissipated on September 26.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Bonnie (2010)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2010

Tropical Storm Bonnie was a small and rather weak tropical storm that brought squally weather to the northern Caribbean Sea and Gulf Coast of the United States in July 2010. The third tropical cyclone and second named storm of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season, Bonnie developed from a tropical wave over the Bahamas on July 22. It strengthened to a tropical storm while crossing the islands, and made landfall on the southeastern coast of Florida the following day. Inland, Bonnie weakened to a tropical depression before entering the Gulf of Mexico, where its surface circulation dissipated on July 24. The remnants of the storm moved ashore between Louisiana and Mississippi early on July 25, prompting severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings in the area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Hermine (2010)</span> Atlantic and Pacific tropical storm in 2010

Tropical Storm Hermine was a near-hurricane strength tropical cyclone that brought widespread flooding from Guatemala northwards to Oklahoma in early September 2010. Though it was named in the western Gulf of Mexico, Hermine developed directly from the remnant low-pressure area associated with the short-lived Tropical Depression Eleven-E in the East Pacific. Throughout its lifespan, the storm caused 52 direct deaths and roughly US$740 million in damage to crops and infrastructure, primarily in Guatemala. The precursor tropical depression formed on September 3 in the Gulf of Tehuantepec and neared tropical storm intensity before making landfall near Salina Cruz, Mexico, on the next day. Though the depression quickly weakened to a remnant low, the disturbance crossed the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and tracked north into the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, where it reorganized into a tropical cyclone once again on September 5. There, the system quickly strengthened into a tropical storm and received the name Hermine before moving ashore near Matamoros, Mexico on September 7 as a high-end tropical storm. Over the next few days, Hermine weakened as it moved over the U.S. Southern Plains, eventually dissipating over Kansas on September 10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1933 Texas tropical storm</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 1933

The 1933 Texas tropical storm produced record rainfall in the south-central United States in July of the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the third storm of the season, developing on July 14 near the Lesser Antilles. While moving westward through the Caribbean Sea, the cyclone passed just south of Jamaica on July 16. The storm dropped heavy rainfall on the island that caused flooding and road washouts. On July 18, the storm struck Belize and later moved across the Yucatán Peninsula. Initially it was believed that the storm continued into Mexico and dissipated while another storm formed to its northeast, but it was discovered in 2012 that the storm followed one continuous track.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Isaac (2012)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2012

Hurricane Isaac was a deadly and destructive tropical cyclone that came ashore in the U.S. state of Louisiana during August 2012. The ninth named storm and fourth hurricane of the annual hurricane season, Isaac originated from a tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on August 16. Tracking generally west, a broad area of low pressure developed along the wave axis the next day, and the disturbance developed into a tropical depression early on August 21 while several hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles. The system intensified into a tropical storm shortly thereafter, but high wind shear initially prevented much change in strength.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lixion A. Avila (November 9, 1998). Tropical Storm Hermine Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  2. ↑ Gary Padgett (1998). Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary; September, 1998 (Report). Australiansevereweather.com. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
  3. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (September 17, 1998). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  4. ↑ Edward N. Rappaport (September 17, 1998). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  5. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (September 18, 1998). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 4 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  6. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (September 18, 1998). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  7. ↑ James M. Gross (September 19, 1998). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  8. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (September 19, 1998). Tropical Storm Hermine Discussion Number 9 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  9. ↑ Edward N. Rappaport (September 19, 1998). Tropical Storm Hermine Discussion Number 10 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  10. 1 2 Bruce Sullivan (September 20, 1998). Storm Summary 13 for Tropical Depression Hermine (Report). Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 2008-10-04. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  11. ↑ Edward N. Rappaport (September 23, 1998). Tropical Depression Eleven Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  12. ↑ "Grand Isle Abandoned - The approaching storm chases residents of Louisiana's low-lying areas to the mainland". Dayton Daily News. September 20, 1998. p. 12A.
  13. ↑ "Tropical storm forces third evacuation". Sunday Gazette-Mail. Associated Press. September 20, 1998. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  14. ↑ "LA. Prepares for Another Tropical Storm". United Press International. September 19, 1998. Retrieved 2008-11-19.[ dead link ]
  15. ↑ Bacon-Blood, Littice (September 20, 1998). "Tropical Storm Hermine Soaks Storm-weary Coast - Grand Isle Evacuates Third Time". The Times-Picayune. p. A1.
  16. ↑ "Louisiana braces for third storm Oil workers evacuated as heavy rains hit coast". The Dallas Morning News. Associated Press. September 19, 1998. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  17. ↑ "Oil, natural gas futures retreat after storm fails to pack a wallop". Associated Press. September 21, 1998. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  18. ↑ "Coastal Areas Calm After Hermine". United Press International. September 20, 1998. Retrieved 2008-11-19.[ dead link ]
  19. 1 2 David Roth. "Tropical Storm Hermine - September 13–23, 1998". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  20. ↑ "Tropical storm remnants spread through South". Associated Press. September 20, 1998. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  21. ↑ Youngblood, Garrett (September 20, 1998). "Hermine Sends Rains Our Way - Storm Knocks Tree Down, Causes Traffic Accidents". Orlando Sentinel. p. B1.
  22. 1 2 "Tropical Storm Event Report for Louisiana". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on 2012-08-06. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  23. ↑ "Hermine barely attained storm status". USA Today. June 11, 1999. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  24. ↑ Mary Ann Burke; et al. (1999). "Mariners Weather Log" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  25. 1 2 Delguzzi, Kristen (September 21, 1998). "Georges Raises Fears as Hermine Fizzles". The Times-Picayune. p. A1.
  26. 1 2 Bell, Rhonda (September 22, 1998). "Search for Man in Lake Still On - Officials Say Drowning Likely". The Times-Picayune. p. B1.
  27. ↑ "Westwego Man's Body Found After Drowning". The Times-Picayune. September 24, 1998. p. B2.
  28. ↑ "Remnants Produce Heavy Rains". The Sun Herald. Biloxi, MS. September 21, 1998. p. A9.
  29. ↑ "Tropical Storm Event Report for Mississippi". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on 2012-08-06. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  30. ↑ "Flash Flood Event Report for Alabama". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  31. ↑ "Hermine Leaves Memento". The Florida Times-Union. September 22, 1998. p. A3.
  32. ↑ Sikora, Frank (September 22, 1998). "Storm's Remains Flood Parts of State". Birmingham News. p. 1B.
  33. ↑ "Abducted Toddler Could be in Area". The Augusta Chronicle. September 22, 1998. p. C9.
  34. ↑ Roth, David M (May 12, 2022). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  35. ↑ Reilly, Brenna; Wise, Warren (September 22, 1998). "Roads, homes flooded RECORD RAINFALL: Heavy storms left 10.5 inches of rain at Charleston International Airport by 11:45 p.m., according to the National Weather Service". The Post and Courier. Charleston, SC. p. 1.
  36. ↑ Richard Pasch; et al. (2001). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1998" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
  37. ↑ "Conditions for the month of September 1998". United States Geological Survey. June 8, 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  38. ↑ "Foster asks Clinton for Disaster Declaration". The Times-Picayune. September 22, 1998. p. A4.
  39. ↑ Anderson, Bob (September 26, 1998). "Tropical storm causes fish kill". The Advocate. Baton Rouge. p. 4A.
  40. ↑ "Tangipahoa Leaders Eye Contingency Plans". The Advocate. Baton Rouge. September 25, 1998. p. 4A.
  41. ↑ Tahan, Raya (September 28, 1998). "Farm Scene: Mosquitos are killing livestock in Louisiana". Associated Press.
Tropical Storm Hermine
Hermine 1998-09-19 1901Z.png
Tropical Storm Hermine on September 19, 1998
Tropical cyclones of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season
1998 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.