Tuckermannopsis orbata

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Tuckermannopsis orbata
Variable Wrinkle Lichen (3536816954).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Tuckermannopsis
Species:
T. orbata
Binomial name
Tuckermannopsis orbata
(Nyl.) M.J.Lai (1980)
Synonyms
  • Platysma orbatumNyl. (1869)
  • Cetraria orbata(Nyl.) Fink (1919)
  • Nephromopsis orbata(Nyl.) Divakar, A.Crespo & Lumbsch (2017)

Tuckermannopsis orbata, commonly known as the variable wrinkle lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is a small cetrarioid lichen , an informal growth form category that denotes lichens with erect, foliose thalli, and apothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) and pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) on the margins of the ruffled lobes . Tuckermannopsis orbata is found in Asia and North America, growing primarily on the wood and bark of mostly birch and coniferous tree branches and twigs.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was first formally described as a new to science in 1869 by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander, who placed it in the genus Platysma. The type specimen was collected in California by the American botanist Henry Nicholas Bolander. Nylander noted the species to be similar to what is now known as Tuckermannopsis ciliaris , but it lacked cilia , and did not react (in either the upper cortex or the medulla) to the potassium hydroxide chemical spot test (K−). [1] Bruce Fink transferred it to the genus Cetraria in 1919, and it was known as a member of this genus was several decades, [2] until Ming-Jou Lai proposed a transfer to the genus Tuckermannopsis in 1980. [3]

Using a "temporal phylogenetic" approach to study the evolution of the Parmeliaceae, researchers proposed that certain genera, including Tuckermannopsis, should be merged with Nephromopsis , [4] but this suggestion was later disputed, [5] and the change in classification has not been universally accepted, particularly by some North American lichenologists. A recent (2023) field guide has gone another nomenclatural direction and instead reverted to using Cetraria in the broad sense for cetrarioid species in the commonly used segregate genera Kaernefeltia , Tuckermannopsis and Vulpicida , including "Cetraria orbata". [6]

It is commonly known as the "variable wrinkle lichen", [7] although it has also been called "variable ruffle" [8] and "spruce globes". [9]

Description

Thalli grown in shade conditions are paler than those grown in the sun. Tuckermanopsis orbata 106345958.jpg
Thalli grown in shade conditions are paler than those grown in the sun.

Tuckermannopsis orbata has a foliose (leafy) thallus that ranges in color from olive-brown to pale green when grown in the shade, to brown when exposed to the sun. [7] It is loosely attached to its substrate . [10] The dthallus typically reaches up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter, although diameters up to 10 cm (4 in) have been recorded. [6] The thallus features ascending or appressed, ruffled lobes that are 1.5 to 3.5 mm (1⁄16 to 1⁄8 in) wide. The margins of the lobes can bear prominent black pycnidia, flattened and branched lobules (small lobes originating from the edge or surface), or brown to black cilia , with various combinations of these structures or none at all. This species lacks soredia and true isidia; however, the lobules, especially when branched and bearing pycnidia, can often resemble isidia. [7] There are pseudocyphellae (tiny pores for gas exchange) scattered on the upper surface. [11] The lower surface of the thallus is pale brown, strongly wrinkled, and sometimes scattered with pale rhizines. [7]

Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are very common and often abundant in Tuckermannopsis orbata. Lecanorine in form, they originate on both the lower and upper sides of the lobe margins or on the lobe surface. [7] They are usually up to 7 mm wide (sometimes up to 10 mm) with a brown disc that is either concave or convex. [10] The asci are cylindrical and uniseriate with a small tholus , and measure 30–40 by 8–10 μm. The ascospores are roughly spherical, measuring about 6 μm in diameter. [11] Pycnidia can be found both laminally and marginally. [7] The pycnidia are dark and glossy, with a shape resembling a papilla or a barrel. [6] The appearance of this species has been described as the most variable in genus Tuckermannopsis. [12]

There are no reactions to any of the standard spot tests (K−, KC−, C−, Pd−, UV−), but the lichen does contain protolichesterinic acid, a secondary metabolite (lichen product) that is a fatty acid. [7]

Similar species

Tuckermanella fendleri is roughly similar in appearance with a similar chemistry, but has smaller lobes that are closely attached to the substrate. Tuckermannopsis ciliaris is distinguished most reliable by its chemistry: it has a C+ (red) medulla. [9] Another potential lookalike, broadly distributed across the North American boreal forest, Cetraria halei , is distinguished by having more cilia on its margins and a distinct chemistry that includes alectorialic acid. This acid can be detected by its UV+ (white) reaction. [6] Similarly, Tuckermannopsis americana , which also contains alectorialic acid, can also be distinguished from T. orbata using the UV test. [10] Broad-lobed specimens of Kaernefeltia merrillii have been suggested as another potential lookalike. [13]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Tuckermannopsis orbata is typically found on the branches and twigs of birch and conifer trees, [7] though it also occur on hardwoods, and, very rarely, on rock. [10] In the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, it has been recorded on eastern hemlock, red spruce, yellow birch, and, at higher elevations, on Rhododendron . [9]

It occurs in both northeastern and northwestern North America. [7] In the Pacific Northwest region, it prefers humid, low-elevation forests, and is common in areas close to the Pacific Coast. [6] The western range of the species extends north to Alaska. [14] In eastern North America it is more common at higher elevations. [9]

Tremella nephromopsidis is a lichenicolous fungus that has been recorded parasitizing the thalli of Tuckermannopsis orbata in California. Infection by the fungus results in the formation of a gall on the thallus surface, pale to medium brown in color and measuring 0.3–1.2 mm. [15]

Related Research Articles

<i>Parmelia</i> (fungus) Genus of lichens

Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose (leafy) lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

<i>Flavoparmelia caperata</i> Species of lichen

Flavoparmelia caperata, the common greenshield lichen, is a foliose lichen that grows on the bark of trees, and occasionally on rock.

<i>Vulpicida</i> Genus of lichen

Vulpicida is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. Circumscribed in 1993 to contain species formerly placed in Cetraria, the genus is widespread in Arctic to northern temperate regions, and contains six species. The genus is characterized by the presence of the secondary metabolites pulvinic acid and vulpinic acid, compounds that when combined with usnic acid, give the species their characteristic yellow and green colors.

<i>Tuckermannopsis</i> Genus of lichens

Tuckermannopsis is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae.

<i>Xanthoparmelia</i> Genus of fungi

Xanthoparmelia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. This genus of lichen is commonly found in the United States, as well as Australia, New Zealand and Ecuador.

<i>Esslingeriana</i> Single-species genus of lichen

Esslingeriana is a fungal genus in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single foliose lichen species Esslingeriana idahoensis, commonly known as the tinted rag lichen. It is found in northwestern North America.

<i>Parmotrema rampoddense</i> Species of lichen

Parmotrema rampoddense, commonly known as the long-whiskered ruffle lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is widely distributed in tropical regions and grows on the bark of oak and palm trees.

<i>Parmotrema arnoldii</i> Species of lichen

Parmotrema arnoldii, commonly known as the powdered ruffle lichen, is a widely distributed species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It has been recorded from Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, Macaronesia, and North and South America.

Punctelia subpraesignis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mexico, South America, and East Africa, where it grows on bark and on rocks. Major characteristics of the lichen that distinguish it from other Punctelia species include the C+ and KC+ rose spot tests of the medulla, ascospores that are smaller than 20 μm, and unciform (hooklike) conidia.

<i>Punctelia hypoleucites</i> Species of foliose lichen

Punctelia hypoleucites, commonly known as the southwestern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First formally described by Finnish botanist William Nylander as a species of Parmelia, it was transferred to the genus Punctelia in 1982. The lichen is found in Africa, North America, and South America, where it grows on the bark of both hardwood and coniferous trees. Its greenish-grey thallus is covered with tiny white pseudocyphellae – minute holes in the thallus surface that facilitate gas exchange. Some macroscopic features that help distinguish this species from other related members of the genus include the presence and the structure of the apothecia, the absence of asexual surface propagules, and the light brown color of the thallus undersurface. Chemically, the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla and atranorin in the cortex help distinguish it from lookalikes.

<i>Punctelia bolliana</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia bolliana, the eastern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in North America, with a distribution extending from the Canadian province of Ontario south to the central and northeastern United States and Mexico. It grows on the bark of both deciduous trees and coniferous trees. The combination of characteristics that distinguishes this species from others in genus Punctelia are the absence of the vegetative propagules isidia and soralia, a pale brown lower thallus surface, and the presence of the secondary chemical protolichesterinic acid in the medulla.

<i>Usnocetraria</i> Genus of lichen

Usnocetraria is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. It contains two species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichens.

<i>Cetrelia chicitae</i> Species of lichen

Cetrelia chicitae is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in eastern Asia, North America, and Europe, where it grows on mossy rocks and tree trunks.

Allocetraria corrugata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in high-elevation locations in Yunnan, China, where it grows on rocks with mosses.

Parmotrema lawreyi is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found on the Galápagos Islands, it was formally described as a new species in 2019 by lichenologists Frank Bungartz and Adriano Spielmann. The type specimen was collected by the first author from the foothills of Media Luna on San Cristóbal Island, where it was found in dry, open woodland growing on the trunk of Bursera graveolens. The species epithet honours the authors' colleague James D. Lawrey, "on the occasion of his 70th birthday".

Parmotrema cactacearum is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found on the Galápagos Islands, it was formally described as a new species in 2019 by lichenologists Frank Bungartz and Adriano Spielmann. The type specimen was collected from Pinta Island at an altitude of 289 m (948 ft), where it was found growing on an old cactus pad in an open woodland. It is only known from the type specimen. The species epithet refers to its substrate.

<i>Imshaugia aleurites</i> Species of lichen

Imshaugia aleurites, commonly known as the salted starburst lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It has a wide distribution in Europe and North America, and has also been recorded in China.

Melanelia microglabra is a rare species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in high-elevation locations in Sikkim, India.

Hypotrachyna constictovexans is a little-known species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Known only from a single specimen collected in 1976, it is found in the highlands of Peru. Its thallus can grow over 5 cm wide, featuring long, straight, and separate lobes that are highly convex and tube-like, with a pale grey, slightly shiny upper surface adorned with cylindrical isidia.

<i>Tuckermannopsis ciliaris</i> Species of lichen

Tuckermannopsis ciliaris is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first described by Erik Acharius in 1810, initially classified in the genus Cetraria.The species was later reclassified into the genera Nephromopsis and then Tuckermannopsis, with some researchers proposing that certain cetrarioid genera, including Tuckermannopsis, should be merged into Nephromopsis. However, this suggestion was disputed, and both names, Tuckermannopsis ciliaris and Nephromopsis ciliaris, are used in recent literature to refer to this species.

References

  1. ↑ Nylander, W. (1869). "De reactionibus in Cetrarieis" [On the reactions in Cetrarioid lichens]. Flora (in Latin). 52: 441–444.
  2. ↑ Fink, B. (1919). "Additions to lichen distribution in North America". Mycologia. 11 (6): 296–307. doi:10.1080/00275514.1919.12016807.
  3. ↑ Lai, Ming-Jou (1980). "Studies on the cetrarioid lichens in Parmeliaceae of East Asia (I)". Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum. 33 (3–4): 215–229.
  4. ↑ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Leavitt, Steven D.; Singh, Garima; Schmitt, Imke; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi". Fungal Diversity. 84: 101–117. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z.
  5. ↑ Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in Fungi (including lichens) and other organisms". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 38 (3): 199–253. Bibcode:2019CRvPS..38..199L. doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 McCune, Bruce; Geiser, Linda (2023). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest (3 ed.). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 108. ISBN   978-0-87071-251-7.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. p. 694. ISBN   978-0-300-08249-4.
  8. ↑ Goward, Trevor; McCune, Bruce; Meidinger, Del (1994). The Lichens of British Columbia: Illustrated Keys. Part 1 — Foliose and Squamulose Species. Victoria, B.C.: Ministry of Forests Research Program. p. 41. ISBN   0-7726-2194-2. OCLC   31651418.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Tripp, Erin A.; Lendemer, James C. (2020). Field Guide to the Lichens of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. p. 445. ISBN   978-1-62190-514-1.
  10. 1 2 3 4 McMullin, R. Troy (2023). Lichens. The Macrolichens of Ontario and the Great Lakes Region of the United States. Firefly Books. p. 507. ISBN   978-0-228-10369-1.
  11. 1 2 Kärnefelt, I.; Mattson, J.-E.; Thell, A. (1992). "Evolution and phylogeny of cetrarioid lichens". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 183 (1–2): 113–160. Bibcode:1992PSyEv.183..113K. doi:10.1007/BF00937739.
  12. ↑ Sharnoff, Stephen (2014). A Field Guide to California Lichens. Yale University Press. p. 123. ISBN   978-0-300-19500-2.
  13. ↑ Thell, Arne (1998). "Phylogenetic relationships of some cetrarioid species in British Columbia with notes on Tuckermannopsis". Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 32: 113–122 [120].
  14. ↑ Spribille, Toby; Fryday, Alan M.; Hampton-Miller, Celia J.; Ahti, Teuvo; Dillman, Karen; Thor, Göran; Tonsberg, Tor; Schirokauer, Dave, eds. (2023). Compendium of the Lichens and Associated Fungi of Alaska. Bibliothecia Lichenologica. J. Cramer. p. 427. doi: 10.1127/bibl_lich/2023/112 . ISBN   978-3-443-58093-3.
  15. ↑ Diederich, Paul; Millanes, Ana M.; Wedin, Mats; Lawrey, James D. (August 20, 2022). Flora of Lichenicolous Fungi. Basidiomycota (PDF). Vol. 1. Luxembourg: National Museum of Natural History. p. 204. ISBN   978-2-919877-26-3.
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