Tuckermannopsis ciliaris

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Tuckermannopsis ciliaris
Tuckermannopsis ciliaris - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Tuckermannopsis
Species:
T. ciliaris
Binomial name
Tuckermannopsis ciliaris
(Ach.) Gyeln. (1933)
Synonyms [1]
  • Cetraria ciliarisAch. (1810)
  • Platysma ciliare(Ach.) Frege (1812)
  • Lichen squarrosus * ciliaris(Ach.) Lam. (1813)
  • Parmelia muhlenbergii Spreng. (1827)
  • Nephromopsis ciliaris(Ach.) Hue (1899)

Tuckermannopsis ciliaris is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. [2] It was first described by Erik Acharius in 1810, initially classified in the genus Cetraria . The species was later reclassified into the genera Nephromopsis and then Tuckermannopsis , with some researchers proposing that certain cetrarioid genera, including Tuckermannopsis, should be merged into Nephromopsis. However, this suggestion was disputed, and both names, Tuckermannopsis ciliaris and Nephromopsis ciliaris, are used in recent literature to refer to this species.

Contents

Tuckermannopsis ciliaris is widely distributed across temperate regions of North America and northern Old World, found on birches and coniferous trees such as pines, with varying frequencies and habitats across different regions. The thallus grows in irregular shapes or rosettes up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter, with olive-green to greenish-brown coloration and elongated lobes featuring black, hair-like cilia along their edges. Both apothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) and pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) also occur along the edges of the lobes.

The chemical properties of T. ciliaris include the presence of olivetoric and physodic acids in the medulla. Chemical spot tests for these lichen products can help distinguish T. ciliaris from several similar species.

Taxonomy

The lichen was formally described in 1810 by the Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius, who initially classified it in Cetraria , the namesake genus of the cetrarioid lichens. Cetrarioid lichens are characterised by erect, foliose thalli, and apothecia and pycnidia on the margins of the lobes. In his original description, Acharius summarised the main characteristics of the new species, noting that the thallus is pale brownish with a whitish, reticulated - lacunose underside. He emphasised two key diagnostic features that remain important today: the crisped, ciliate lobes with thick black cilia or granules along their margins, and the cartilaginous thallus texture that becomes more reticulated-lacunose with age. The apothecia are slightly elevated and dark brownish, with a raised, crenate margin. These morphological characteristics, particularly the distinctive ciliate lobes, helped distinguish it as a new species. Cetraria ciliaris resembles the variety ulophylla of Cetraria sepincola but was much larger and more solid. [3]

In 1899, Auguste-Marie Hue proposed reclassifying the species in genus Nephromopsis . [4] Christian August Frege thought it was more appropriate in the genus Platysma, and moved it there in an 1812 publication. [5] Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik transferred the taxon to the genus Tuckermannopsis in 1933. [6]

In 1963, Mason Hale identified three chemical strains within the Cetraria ciliaris group in North America, distinguished by their production of alectoronic acid, olivetoric acid, and protolichesteric acid. This study emphasised the importance of chemical characteristics in distinguishing morphologically identical species and laid the groundwork for further chemical taxonomy in this group of lichens. [7] Building on this, a study by William and Chicita Culberson in 1967 on the Cetraria ciliaris species complex identified several species within the group, each distinguished by its unique chemical composition and geographic distribution. The study revealed that Cetraria ciliaris produces olivetoric and physodic acids and is found in eastern North America and Finland. The species is morphologically similar to Cetraria halei , which produces alectoronic acid and has a broader geographic distribution, including the Old World from Finland through the Soviet Union to Japan. Despite the morphological similarities, these species are chemically distinct and occupy slightly different ecological niches. A key aspect of the study was the finding that environmental factors do not significantly influence the chemical composition of these lichens. Instead, the chemical profiles are genetically determined, underscoring the importance of chemical characteristics in lichen taxonomy. [8]

Using a phylogenetic approach that incorporated estimates of when different groups evolved over time, researchers proposed that certain genera, including Tuckermannopsis, should be merged with Nephromopsis . [9] However, this suggestion was later disputed, [10] and the change in classification has not been universally accepted, particularly by some North American lichenologists. [11] Consequently, both names, Tuckermannopsis ciliaris and Nephromopsis ciliaris, have been used in recent literature to refer to this species.

Description

Closeup (30x magnification) of pycnidia lining the lobe margins Fringed Wrinkle-Lichen (1290778366).jpg
Closeup (30x magnification) of pycnidia lining the lobe margins

Tuckermannopsis ciliaris is a foliose lichen that typically forms loosely attached, irregular to rosette-shaped growths, reaching up to about 8 cm (3 in) in diameter. [12] [13] Its colour ranges from olive-green to greenish-brown. [14] The lobes comprising the thallus (the main body of the lichen) are elongated and range from 1 to 4 mm in width, with a slightly wrinkled surface. These lobes often have scattered, long, black, hair-like structures called cilia along their edges; [12] the cilia are simple (unbranched), and measure up to 7 mm long. [15] The upper surface of the thallus varies in color from pale to dark greenish-brown, and it lacks pseudocyphellae, which are tiny pores sometimes found in lichens. [12] The medulla is white. [15]

The lower surface of the thallus ranges in color from brown to blackish and has a somewhat wrinkled texture. [12] There are simple brown rhizines (small, rootlike structures) in the central part of the thallus that measure 1.5–3 long. [15] The reproductive structures of the lichen, the apothecia, are found along the edges and sides of the lobes and can grow up to 3 mm in diameter. These apothecia produce spores that are roughly spherical and measure 4 to 5 μm in both length and width. [12]

Additionally, Tuckermannopsis ciliaris has small, black, protruding structures along the margins called pycnidia, which produce conidia (asexual spores). The conidia are dumbbell-shaped and measure approximately 5 μm in length and 1 μm in width. [12]

Chemistry

The expected results of standard chemical spot tests for Tuckermannopsis ciliaris are K−, C−, KC+ (reddish), and P− in the medulla; [15] all spot tests are negative on the cortex . [14] The species produces olivetoric and physodic acids in the medulla and atranorin in the cortex. The joint occurrence of olivetoric acid and its corresponding depsidone, physodic acid, was the first known example of such a relationship, supporting the theory of the origin of depsidones from depsides. [8]

Similar species

Tuckermannopsis ciliaris can be easily confused with some other species due to its morphology and presence of cilia. One such species is Nephromopsis ahtii , which shares a similar appearance and the presence of cilia. However, Tuckermannopsis ciliaris can be distinguished by the presence of atranorin and olivetoric acids as secondary metabolites. [15]

Another species that resembles Tuckermannopsis ciliaris is Nephromopsis chlorophylla . While it has a similar thallus colour and size, it lacks cilia and contains protolichesterinic acid in its thallus, which sets it apart from Tuckermannopsis ciliaris. [15] Two other potential lookalikes, Tuckermannopsis orbata and Tuckermannopsis fendleri , can be distinguished from T. ciliaris by their negative reaction to calcium hypochlorite (C−) in the medulla. [14]

Tuckermannopsis americana is a chemical variant (chemotype) of T. ciliaris that produces different substances, alectoronic acid and α-collatolic acid, instead of the olivetoric and physodic acids found in typical T. ciliaris. It is usually treated as a distinct species, [16] [17] although some sources treat the two species as one. [12] [13] Tuckermannopsis americana is C− in the medulla, but shows a positive UV+ (bluish-white) reaction because of the alectoronic acid. [17]

Habitat and distribution

T. ciliaris in the Smoky Mountains (North Carolina), USA) Tuckermannopsis ciliaris (4504523344).jpg
T. ciliaris in the Smoky Mountains (North Carolina), USA)

Tuckermannopsis ciliaris is distributed across a wide range of regions. In North America, it is found from southeastern Canada to the Lake States and south throughout the Appalachian Mountains and associated foothills. [8] It is generally common in appropriate habitats in northern North America, except for the Great Plains region. [14] In the Old World, it is distributed from Finland through Russia to Japan. [8] In Finland, it is considered rare or possibly extinct, and has a conservation status of "regionally extinct" in the Finnish red list. [13] It was reported as new to India in 2022, where it is considered rare. [15] The species typically grows on the trunks and branches of pines and other conifers. [8] In the Nordic countries, it has only been recorded growing on birch bark. [12]

Uses

Tuckermannopsis ciliaris is an auxiliary component of a hair tint that was patented in Korea in 2004. [18] [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parmeliaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia, Usnea, Parmotrema, and Hypotrachyna.

<i>Cetraria</i> Genus of lichenised fungi in the family Parmeliaceae

Cetraria is a genus of fruticose lichens that associate with green algae as photobionts. Most species are found at high latitudes, occurring on sand or heath. Species have a characteristic "strap-like" form, with spiny lobe edges.

<i>Anaptychia</i> Genus of lichens

Anaptychia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. Anaptychia species are foliose (leafy) to fruticose (bushy) lichens. They have brown, thin-walled spores with a single septum, and a prosoplechtenchymatous upper cortex.

<i>Ahtiana</i> Single-species genus of lichen

Ahtiana is a fungal genus in the family Parmeliaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Ahtiana sphaerosporella, the mountain candlewax lichen, found in western North America.

<i>Vulpicida</i> Genus of lichen

Vulpicida is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. Circumscribed in 1993 to contain species formerly placed in Cetraria, the genus is widespread in Arctic to northern temperate regions, and contains six species. The genus is characterized by the presence of the secondary metabolites pulvinic acid and vulpinic acid, compounds that when combined with usnic acid, give the species their characteristic yellow and green colors.

<i>Tuckermannopsis</i> Genus of lichens

Tuckermannopsis is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae.

<i>Cetrelia</i> Genus of lichens in the family Parmeliaceae

Cetrelia is a genus of leafy lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as sea-storm lichens, alluding to the wavy appearance of their lobes. The name of the genus, circumscribed in 1968 by the husband and wife lichenologists William and Chicita Culberson, alludes to the former placement of these species in the genera Cetraria and Parmelia.

<i>Xanthoparmelia</i> Genus of fungi

Xanthoparmelia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. This genus of lichen is commonly found in the United States, South America, southern Africa, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.

<i>Allantoparmelia</i> Genus of fungi

Allantoparmelia is a genus of lichenised fungi in the large family Parmeliaceae. It is a genus of only three currently accepted species. All three Allantoparmelia lichens have a foliose growth form. They appear to be a very slow growing group of lichens, with a mean annual thallus diameter increase of only 0.23–0.35 mm per year.

<i>Esslingeriana</i> Single-species genus of lichen

Esslingeriana is a fungal genus in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single foliose lichen species Esslingeriana idahoensis, commonly known as the tinted rag lichen. It is found in northwestern North America.

Hypogymnia congesta is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in China, it was formally described as a new species in 2003. The lichen grows on the bark and wood of conifers and bamboo. Hypogymnia congesta has a brown to brownish-grey foliose thallus measuring up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long or broad, with a cartilage-like texture. The lichen is chemically distinct, containing physodic acid and virensic acid; the latter substance is otherwise unknown from genus Hypogymnia.

<i>Punctelia hypoleucites</i> Species of foliose lichen

Punctelia hypoleucites, commonly known as the southwestern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First formally described by Finnish botanist William Nylander as a species of Parmelia, it was transferred to the genus Punctelia in 1982. The lichen is found in Africa, North America, and South America, where it grows on the bark of both hardwood and coniferous trees. Its greenish-grey thallus is covered with tiny white pseudocyphellae – minute holes in the thallus surface that facilitate gas exchange. Some macroscopic features that help distinguish this species from other related members of the genus include the presence and the structure of the apothecia, the absence of asexual surface propagules, and the light brown color of the thallus undersurface. Chemically, the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla and atranorin in the cortex help distinguish it from lookalikes.

<i>Usnocetraria</i> Genus of lichen

Usnocetraria is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. It contains two species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichens.

<i>Cetrelia chicitae</i> Species of lichen

Cetrelia chicitae is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in eastern Asia, North America, and Europe, where it grows on mossy rocks and tree trunks.

Platismatia lacunosa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Known predominantly from western North America, it reproduces primarily through sexual means, which is uncommon in the genus. The species is distinguished by its ridged surface and large, folded apothecia.

Hypogymnia capitata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in high-elevation conifer forests in Sichuan Province, China, it was described as a new species in 2014. The lichen is characterized by its capitate terminal soralia, brownish lobes with white cavities, and the presence of olivetoric acid. This lichen is distinguished from similar species by its specific morphological, chemical, and habitat characteristics.

<i>Xanthomendoza oregana</i> Species of lichen

Xanthomendoza oregana is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It forms an orange to bright-yellow thallus with ascending lobes that gives it the overall appearance of a tuft. The lichen occurs in western and northern Europe and western North America.

<i>Tuckermannopsis orbata</i> Species of lichen

Tuckermannopsis orbata, commonly known as the variable wrinkle lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is a small cetrarioid lichen, an informal growth form category that denotes lichens with erect, foliose thalli, and apothecia and pycnidia on the margins of the ruffled lobes. Tuckermannopsis orbata is found in Asia and North America, growing primarily on the wood and bark of mostly birch and coniferous tree branches and twigs.

<i>Usnocetraria oakesiana</i> Species of lichen

Usnocetraria oakesiana, commonly known as the yellow ribbon lichen, or the yellow-green ribbon lichen, is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Asia, Europe, the north-eastern United States, and eastern Canada.

<i>Cladocetraria</i> Species of lichen

Cladocetraria is a fungal genus in the family Parmeliaceae. It contains the single species Cladocetraria minuscula, a fruticose (shrubby) lichen. The genus was established in 2023 based on morphological and molecular studies that distinguished it from related genera. It is characterised by its small size, growing only 2–3 centimetres tall, with distinctive hollow, tube-like structures that branch in a fork-like pattern and have inward-curling tips covered in a white powdery coating. The lichen produces several chemical compounds, including usnic acid, which gives it its yellowish-green colour.

References

  1. ↑ "GSD Species Synonymy. Current Name: Tuckermannopsis ciliaris (Ach.) Gyeln., Acta Faun. Fl. Univers., Ser. 2, Bot. 1(nos 5-6): 6 (1933)". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  2. ↑ "Tuckermannopsis ciliaris (Ach.) Gyeln". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  3. ↑ Acharius, E. (1810). Lichenographia Universalis (in Latin). Gottingen: Justus Friedrich Danckwerts. p. 508.
  4. ↑ Hue, A.-M. (1899). "Lichenes extra-Europaei". Nouvelles archives du Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Paris. 1 (in Latin). 4: 216.
  5. ↑ C.A., Frege (1812). Deutsches Botanisches Taschenbuch, für Liebhaber der deutschen Pflanzenkunde[German Botanical Handbook, for Enthusiasts of German Botany] (in German). Vol. 2. Zeitz: Wilhelm Webel. p. 162. doi:10.3931/e-rara-62931.
  6. ↑ Gyelnik, V. (1933). "Lichenes varii novi critique". Acta Pro Fauna et Flora Universalis Botanici (Bucuresti). 2. 1 (5–6): 3–10.
  7. ↑ Hale, Mason E. (1963). "Populations of chemical strains in the lichen Cetraria ciliaris". Brittonia. 15 (2): 126–133. Bibcode:1963Britt..15..126H. doi:10.2307/2805398. JSTOR   2805398.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Culberson, William Louis; Culberson, Chicita F. (1967). "A new taxonomy for the Cetraria ciliaris group". The Bryologist. 70 (2): 158–166. doi:10.2307/3240940. JSTOR   3240940.
  9. ↑ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Leavitt, Steven D.; Singh, Garima; Schmitt, Imke; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi". Fungal Diversity. 84: 101–117. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z.
  10. ↑ Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in Fungi (including lichens) and other organisms". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 38 (3): 199–253. Bibcode:2019CRvPS..38..199L. doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517.
  11. ↑ McCune, Bruce; Geiser, Linda (2023). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest (3 ed.). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 98. ISBN   978-0-87071-251-7.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Thell, A.; Thor, G.; Ahti, T. (2011). "Parmelia". In Thell, Arne; Moberg, Roland (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Vol. 4. Svenska Botaniska Föreningen. pp. 83–89. ISBN   978-91-85221-24-0.
  13. 1 2 3 Stenroos, Soili; Ahti, Teuovo; Lohtander, Katileena; Myllys, Leena (2011). Suomen jäkäläopas[Finnish Lichen Guide] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Kasvimuseo, Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo. p. 453. ISBN   978-952-10-6804-1. OCLC   767578333.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Tripp, Erin A.; Lendemer, James C. (2020). Field Guide to the Lichens of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. pp. 444–445. ISBN   978-1-62190-514-1.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mishra, Gaurav K.; Nayaka, Sanjeeva; Upreti, Dalip K.; Kondratyuk, Sergii Y.; Thell, Arne; Kärnefelt, Ingvar (2022). "Cetrarioid lichens from India revised, including Nephromopsis awasthii sp. nov. and new records". Mycotaxon. 137 (2): 283–334 [310–311]. doi:10.5248/137.283.
  16. ↑ Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. p. 692. ISBN   978-0-300-08249-4.
  17. 1 2 McMullin, R. Troy (2023). Lichens. The Macrolichens of Ontario and the Great Lakes Region of the United States. Firefly Books. p. 504. ISBN   978-0-228-10369-1.
  18. ↑ kr 100453679,Jin, Grace Sook,"Hair tint composition containing Lawsonia alba as a main component and one or more auxiliary components selected from Centaurum erythraea, Rhei Rhizoma powder, lichen Cetraria ciliaris and Variolaria",issued 2004-10-21
  19. ↑ Xu, Maonian; Heidmarsson, Starri; Olafsdottir, Elin Soffia; Buonfiglio, Rosa; Kogej, Thierry; Omarsdottir, Sesselja (2016). "Secondary metabolites from cetrarioid lichens: Chemotaxonomy, biological activities and pharmaceutical potential". Phytomedicine. 23 (5): 441–459. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.012. PMID   27064003.
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