Tuckermannopsis

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Tuckermannopsis
Tuckermannopsis ciliaris - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Tuckermannopsis ciliaris
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Tuckermannopsis
Gyeln. (1933)
Type species
Tuckermannopsis ciliaris
(Ach.) Gyeln. (1933)

Tuckermannopsis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus contains about twelve species of foliose (leafy) to somewhat fruticose (bushy) lichens with brownish or greenish thalli. Species in Tuckermannopsis are found primarily in temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with centres of diversity in western North America and East Asia. Members of the genus are distinguished by their cetrarioid growth form, with reproductive structures largely restricted to the margins of the lobes , and the absence of usnic acid in their upper cortex .

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 1933 by the Hungarian lichenologist Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik. Some sources have suggested that the genus name Tuckermannopsis honours the American lichenologist Edward Tuckerman (1817–1886), [1] [2] and it is sometimes spelled Tuckermanopsis based on this assumption. However, Gyelnik's original spelling was 'Tuckermannopsis' and his paper contains no explicit dedication, so the eponymy remains unconfirmed. [3]

Tuckermannopsis ciliaris was assigned as the type, and at that time, only species. [4] The type species is a cetrarioid lichen, meaning it is erect, foliose, and with apothecia and pycnidia (sexual and asexual reproductive structures, respectively) that are largely restricted to the margins of the lobes. Starting in the 1980s, the genus became a wastebasket taxon containing cetrarioid species of uncertain taxonomic affinities. [5] In 2001, Ingvar Kärnefelt and Arne Thell attempted to delimit Tuckermannopsis based on a combination of morphology and molecular phylogeny, although the DNA of only four species was used in the analysis. They accepted seven species in the genus, with distribution centres in western North America and Japan. [6]

In 2017, Divakar and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks in the family Parmeliaceae, suggesting that groups of species that diverged within the time window of 29.45–32.55 million years ago represent genera. They proposed to synonymize Tuckermannopsis (and several other cetrelioid genera) with Nephromopsis , so that all the genera within the Parmeliaceae are about the same age. [7] Although some of their proposed taxonomic changes were accepted, the synonymization of the cetrelioid genera with Nephromopsis was not accepted in a later critical analysis of the temporal phylogenetic technique for use in fungal systematics. [8]

Description

Characteristic of genus Tuckermannopsis include a thallus that is either foliose (leafy) or somewhat fruticose (shrubby) with an upper surface that is brown or greenish in colour; cylindrical asci with a small tholus (a thickened apical region) and broad axial body; ascospores that are more or less spherical, measuring 4–8 μm in diameter; the absence of the secondary metabolite usnic acid in the cortex, and the presence of various compounds in the medulla. [5]

Species

Tuckermannopsis subalpina Shrub Heath Lichen (5037716875).jpg
Tuckermannopsis subalpina

The lichen once called Tuckermannopsis inermis(Nyl.) Kärnefelt (1993) has been transferred to genus Melanohalea , as Masonhalea inermis . T. coralligera(W.A.Weber) W.A.Weber (1991) [12] and T. fendleri(Nyl.) Hale (1987) [9] have been moved to genus Tuckermanella , created in 2003 to contain cetrarioid lichens previously placed in the "Cetraria fendleri" species group. [13]

References

  1. ↑ Hertel, Hannes (2012). Gattungseponyme bei Flechten und Lichenicolen Pilzen[Genus eponyms among lichens and lichenicolous fungi]. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in German). Vol. 107. Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 112. ISBN   978-3-443-58086-5.
  2. ↑ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names](pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN   978-3-946292-41-8.
  3. ↑ Cannon, P.; Divakar, P.; Yahr, R.; Aptroot, A.; Clerc, P.; Coppins, B.; Fryday, A.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2023). Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae, including the genera Alectoria, Allantoparmelia, Arctoparmelia, Brodoa, Bryoria, Cetraria, Cetrariella, Cetrelia, Cornicularia, Evernia, Flavocetraria, Flavoparmelia, Hypogymnia, Hypotrachyna, Imshaugia, Melanelia, Melanelixia, Melanohalea, Menegazzia, Montanelia, Nesolechia, Parmelia, Parmelina, Parmeliopsis, Parmotrema, Platismatia, Pleurosticta, Protoparmelia, Pseudephebe, Pseudevernia, Punctelia, Raesaenenia, Tuckermannopsis, Usnea, Vulpicida and Xanthoparmelia (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 33. p. 65. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  4. 1 2 Gyelnik, V. (1933). "Lichenes varii novi criticique" [Various new and critical lichens]. Acta Fauna et Flora Universitatis II. Botanica (in Latin). 1: 3–10.
  5. 1 2 3 Randlane, Tiina; Saag, Andres (2003). "Taxonomic notes on some cetrarioid lichens". Mycotaxon. 87: 479–487.
  6. ↑ Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Thell, Arne (2001). "The delimitation of the genus Tuckermannopsis Gyeln. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycetes) based on morphology and DNA sequences". In McCarthy, P.M.; Kantvilas, G.; Louwhoff, S.H.J.J. (eds.). Lichenological Contributions in Honour of Jack Elix. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 78. Stuttgart/Berlin: J. Cramer. pp. 193–210. ISBN   978-3-443-58057-5. ISSN   1436-1698.
  7. ↑ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Leavitt, Steven D.; Singh, Garima; Schmitt, Imke; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi". Fungal Diversity. 84: 101–117. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z.
  8. ↑ Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in Fungi (including lichens) and other organisms". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 38 (3): 199–253. doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Egan, Robert S. (1987). "A fifth checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada". The Bryologist. 90 (2): 77–173. doi:10.2307/3242609. JSTOR   3242609.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Lai, Ming Jou (1980). "Studies on the cetrarioid lichens in Parmeliaceae of East Asia (I)". Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum. 33 (3–4): 215–229.
  11. ↑ Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Mattsson, Jan-Eric; Thell, Arne; Karnefelt, Ingvar (1993). "The lichen genera Arctocetraria, Cetraria, and Cetrariella (Parmeliaceae) and their presumed evolutionary affinities". The Bryologist. 96 (3): 394. doi:10.2307/3243869. JSTOR   3243869.
  12. ↑ Egan, Robert S. "Changes to the "Fifth Checklist of the Lichen-Forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada." Edition III". The Bryologist. 94 (4): 396–400. doi:10.2307/3243829. JSTOR   3243829.
  13. ↑ Esslinger, T.L. (2003). "Tuckermanella, a new cetrarioid genus in western North America". Mycotaxon. 85: 135–141.
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