Cetraria sepincola

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Cetraria sepincola
Cetraria sepincola TN1 (2).JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Cetraria
Species:
C. sepincola
Binomial name
Cetraria sepincola
(Ehrh.) Ach. (1803)
Synonyms [1]
List
  • Lichen sepincolaEhrh. [as 'saepincola'], (1783)
  • Platysma sepincola(Ehrh.) Hoffm. [as 'saepincolum'] (1790)
  • Platisma sepincola(Ehrh.) Hoffm. (1790)
  • Lobaria sepincola(Ehrh.) Hoffm. [as 'saepincola'] (1796)
  • Physcia sepincola(Ehrh.) DC. (1805)
  • Parmelia sepincola(Ehrh.) Sommerf. (1826)
  • Parmelia olivacea f. polycarpa Flot. (1828)
  • Tuckermannopsis sepincola(Ehrh.) Hale (1987)
  • Cetraria sepincola var. ulophyllaAch. (1803)
  • Cetraria ulophylla(Ach.) Rebent. (1804)
  • Lichen sepincola var. ulophyllus(Ach.) Wahlenb. (1812)
  • Lichen sepincola var. ulophyllum(Ach.) Wahlenb. (1812)
  • Lichen sepincola * ulophylla(Ach.) Lam. (1813)
  • Parmelia sepincola var. ulophylla(Ach.) Sommerf. (1826)
  • Physcia sepincola var. ulophylla(Ach.) Duby (1830)
  • Platysma sepincola var. ulophyllum(Ach.) Nyl. (1857)
  • Platysma ulophyllum(Ach.) Nyl. (1861)
  • Cetraria chlorophylla var. ulophylla(Ach.) Maas Geest. (1948)

Cetraria sepincola, the chestnut wrinkle-lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. [2] It forms compact, cushion-like colonies typically 0.5–2 cm (1⁄4–3⁄4 in) high, with a yellowish-green to dark brown upper surface and lighter underside. The species has a primarily circumboreal distribution and is widespread in northern regions, occurring from Alaska to northern California in North America and documented as far south as Argentina. While mainly found growing on woody species like Betula , Sorbus , Salix , and Alnus in bog environments and open areas, it can occasionally be found on dead wood and rarely on rock surfaces. Originally described by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in 1783 as Lichen sepincola, it was transferred to the genus Cetraria by Erik Acharius in 1803.

Contents

Taxonomy

It was originally described in 1783 by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart, who classified it as a member of the eponymous genus Lichen, following the standard placement for these organisms at the time; the original spelling of the species epithet was saepincola. The Swedish "Father of Lichenology", Erik Acharius, transferred it to the genus Cetraria in 1803. It is one of eight species originally included in the genus. [3] Mason Hale transferred the taxon to the genus Tuckermannopsis in 1987, [4] and it is often considered a member of that genus in lichenological literature published in the following couple of decades. Early molecular phylogenetics analyses (2002) suggested that the true taxonomic placement of Cetraria sepincola was uncertain, [5] and even a decade later it was referred to as an "orphaned species". [6]

English vernacular names that have been used for this species include "chestnut wrinkle-lichen", [7] "eyed ruffle", and "chocolate shield". [8]

Description

Cetraria sepincola forms compact, cushion-like colonies that are typically 0.5–2 cm (1⁄4–3⁄4 in) high. The thallus, or body, is mostly single-layered and erect, consisting of lobes that are rounded and either flat or slightly grooved. These lobes branch out in a shallow, forked pattern. [9]

The upper surface of the thallus varies in colour, ranging from yellowish-green to reddish-brown or even dark brown, and it often has a wrinkled and glossy texture. The underside is lighter, transitioning from pale brown near the centre to almost white towards the edges, and it also has a wrinkled appearance. Sparse root-like structures called rhizines can be found on the lower surface, though they are few, and fine hair-like cilia are rarely present. The lichen lacks soredia, which are powdery reproductive structures used for dispersal. [9]

Growing on dwarf mountain pine (Pinus mugo) in Slovakia Cetraria sepincola TN1 (1).JPG
Growing on dwarf mountain pine ( Pinus mugo ) in Slovakia

One distinguishing feature is the presence of small, pale spots called pseudocyphellae, which are mainly concentrated near the edges of the reproductive structures (apothecia). The apothecia are common, occurring along the edges or at the tips of the lobes, and can reach up to 8 mm (3⁄8 in) in diameter. They are disk-shaped and match the colour of the thallus. [9]

Microscopically, C. sepincola produces elliptical spores that measure 6–10 by 3–6  μm. Another feature is the presence of tiny black structures called pycnidia along the margins of the lobes; these are slightly raised and typically empty. The lichen's conidia (spores produced asexually) are shaped like dumbbells and measure 5–7 by 1 μm. [9]

Cetraria sepincola contains lichesterinic acid and protolichesterinic acid as characteristic secondary metabolites (lichen products). These substances are fatty acids and are non-reactive with any of the standard chemical spot tests used in lichen identification. [10]

Habitat and distribution

Cetraria sepincola has a primarily circumboreal distribution, though it also occurs in the Alps. The species is widespread throughout northern North America, [7] particularly in the Pacific Northwest where it ranges from Alaska south to northern California and northwest Montana. [11] Outside of North America, it has been documented as far south as Argentina. [12] It is common in Fennoscandia and Iceland, [9] but less frequent as the European distribution extends south. In the Polish Regional Red List, it has been placed in the endangered category. [13]

The species is uncommon in Arctic and temperate regions. It typically grows on tree twigs and shrubs in open areas, [9] showing a particular affinity for bog environments. [11] While primarily found on woody species like Betula , Sorbus , Salix , and Alnus , it can occasionally be found growing on dead wood (lignicolous) and rarely on rock surfaces (saxicolous). [9] Unlike other epiphytic lichens in its range, C. sepincola shows no distinct vertical zonation in relation to snow cover, occurring both above and below snow levels. It is frequently found growing on small twigs and branches rather than main tree trunks. [14]

Related Research Articles

<i>Parmelia</i> (fungus) Genus of lichens

Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose (leafy) lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parmeliaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia, Usnea, Parmotrema, and Hypotrachyna.

<i>Cetraria</i> Genus of lichens

Cetraria is a genus of fruticose lichens that associate with green algae as photobionts. Most species are found at high latitudes, occurring on sand or heath, and are characterised by their "strap-like" form with spiny lobe edges. The lobes can range from narrow and linear to broader and flattened, often forming loose or densely packed cushions. Their distinctive spiny margins serve both a defensive role and aid in vegetative reproduction through fragmentation. The genus was created by Erik Acharius in 1803 and belongs to the large family Parmeliaceae. While originally a species-rich genus, taxonomic revisions since the 1960s have split many species into new genera, though the exact circumscription remains debated among lichenologists.

<i>Ahtiana</i> Single-species genus of lichen

Ahtiana is a fungal genus in the family Parmeliaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Ahtiana sphaerosporella, the mountain candlewax lichen, found in western North America. The species was originally classified as Parmelia sphaerosporella by Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1891, before Trevor Goward established the new genus Ahtiana in 1985, naming it after Finnish lichenologist Teuvo Ahti. This foliose lichen is characterised by its pale yellowish-green thallus, spherical spores, laminal apothecia, and the presence of usnic and caperatic acids. It primarily grows on the bark of whitebark pine in subalpine and montane regions, though it occasionally colonises other conifers outside its preferred host's range.

<i>Allocetraria</i> Genus of lichens

Allocetraria is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. It consists of 12 species, with a center of distribution in China.

<i>Arctocetraria</i> Genus of lichens

Arctocetraria is a genus of fruticose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. It has three species.

<i>Cetrariella</i> Genus of lichen

Cetrariella is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. It contains three species.

<i>Vulpicida</i> Genus of lichen

Vulpicida is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. Circumscribed in 1993 to contain species formerly placed in Cetraria, the genus is widespread in Arctic to northern temperate regions, and contains six species. The genus is characterized by the presence of the secondary metabolites pulvinic acid and vulpinic acid, compounds that when combined with usnic acid, give the species their characteristic yellow and green colors.

<i>Tuckermannopsis</i> Genus of lichens

Tuckermannopsis is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae.

<i>Cetrelia</i> Genus of lichens in the family Parmeliaceae

Cetrelia is a genus of leafy lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as sea-storm lichens, alluding to the wavy appearance of their lobes. The name of the genus, circumscribed in 1968 by the husband and wife lichenologists William and Chicita Culberson, alludes to the former placement of these species in the genera Cetraria and Parmelia.

Everniopsis is a fungal genus in the family Parmeliaceae. It consists of a single species, the bark-dwelling lichen Everniopsis trulla, which occurs in Africa and South America.

Coelopogon is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus contains two species found in southern South America and South Africa.

<i>Esslingeriana</i> Single-species genus of lichen

Esslingeriana is a fungal genus in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single foliose lichen species Esslingeriana idahoensis, commonly known as the tinted rag lichen. It is found in northwestern North America.

<i>Usnocetraria</i> Genus of lichen

Usnocetraria is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. It contains two species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichens.

<i>Tuckermannopsis orbata</i> Species of lichen

Tuckermannopsis orbata, commonly known as the variable wrinkle lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is a small cetrarioid lichen, an informal growth form category that denotes lichens with erect, foliose thalli, and apothecia and pycnidia on the margins of the ruffled lobes. Tuckermannopsis orbata is found in Asia and North America, growing primarily on the wood and bark of mostly birch and coniferous tree branches and twigs.

<i>Tuckermannopsis ciliaris</i> Species of lichen

Tuckermannopsis ciliaris is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first described by Erik Acharius in 1810, initially classified in the genus Cetraria. The species was later reclassified into the genera Nephromopsis and then Tuckermannopsis, with some researchers proposing that certain cetrarioid genera, including Tuckermannopsis, should be merged into Nephromopsis. However, this suggestion was disputed, and both names, Tuckermannopsis ciliaris and Nephromopsis ciliaris, are used in recent literature to refer to this species.

<i>Cetraria arenaria</i> Species of lichen

Cetraria arenaria, commonly known as the sand-loving Iceland lichen, is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), fruticose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 1977 by the Norwegian lichenologist Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type specimen was collected in 1949 by Henry Imshaug from Mackinac County, Michigan, where he found it growing on sandy soil.

<i>Usnocetraria oakesiana</i> Species of lichen

Usnocetraria oakesiana, commonly known as the yellow ribbon lichen, or the yellow-green ribbon lichen, is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Asia, Europe, the north-eastern United States, and eastern Canada.

<i>Vulpicida canadensis</i> Species of lichen

Vulpicida canadensis, the brown-eyed sunshine lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is endemic to northwestern North America where it grows as an epiphyte on the bark and wood of conifer trees.

Cetraria peruviana is a rare species of fruticose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is known from a single collection in a high-elevation locale in Cusco, Peru.

References

  1. ↑ "GSD Species Synonymy. Current Name: Cetraria sepincola (Ehrh.) Ach. [as 'saepincola'], Methodus, Sectio post. (Stockholmiæ): 297 (1803)". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  2. ↑ "Cetraria sepincola (Ehrh.) Ach". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  3. ↑ Acharius, E. (1803). Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes Secundum Organa Carpomorpha ad Genera, Species et Varietates Redigere atque Observationibus Illustrare Tentavit Erik Acharius (in Latin). Stockholm: F.D.D. Ulrich. p. 297.
  4. ↑ Egan, Robert S. (1987). "A Fifth Checklist of the Lichen-Forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada". The Bryologist. 90 (2): 77–173 [164]. doi:10.2307/3242609. JSTOR   3242609.
  5. ↑ Thell, Arne; Stenroos, Soili; Feuerer, Tassilo; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Myllys, Leena; Hyvönen, Jaakko (2002). "Phylogeny of cetrarioid lichens (Parmeliaceae) inferred from ITS and b-tubulin sequences, morphology, anatomy and secondary chemistry". Mycological Progress. 1 (4): 335–354. Bibcode:2002MycPr...1..335T. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0031-x.
  6. ↑ Nelsen, Matthew P.; Chavez, Natali; Sackett-Hermann, Erin; Thell, Arne; Randlane, Tiina; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Rico, Víctor J.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2011). "The cetrarioid core group revisited (Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae)". The Lichenologist. 43 (6): 537–551. Bibcode:2011ThLic..43..537N. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000508.
  7. 1 2 Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 696. ISBN   978-0-300-08249-4.
  8. ↑ Goward, Trevor (1999). The Lichens of British Columbia: Illustrated Keys. Part 2–Fruticose Species. Victoria, B.C.: Ministry of Forests, Research Program. p. 42. ISBN   0-7726-2194-2. OCLC   31651418.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thell, A.; Kärnefelt, I. (2011). "Cetraria". In Thell, Arne; Moberg, Roland (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Vol. 4. Svenska Botaniska Föreningen. pp. 83–89. ISBN   978-91-85221-24-0.
  10. ↑ Sánchez, Marta; Ureña-Vacas, Isabel; González-Burgos, Elena; Divakar, Pradeep Kumar; Gómez-Serranillos, Maria Pilar (2022). "The genus Cetraria s. str.—a review of its botany, phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacology". Molecules. 27 (15): e4990. doi: 10.3390/molecules27154990 . PMC   9370490 . PMID   35956939.
  11. 1 2 McCune, Bruce; Geiser, Linda (2023). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest (3 ed.). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 101. ISBN   978-0-87071-251-7.
  12. ↑ Randlane, Tiina; Saag, Andres; Kärnefelt, I.; Elix, J.A.; Sancho, L.G. (2007). "Cetrarioid lichens in the southern hemisphere – an identification key and distribution patterns of the species". In Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A. (eds.). Lichenological Contributions in Honour of David Galloway. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 95. Berlin-Stuttgart: J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 489–499.
  13. ↑ Matwiejuk, Anna (2011). "Lichens of alien trees and shrubs of Białystok (north-eastern Poland)". Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej W Poznaniu CCCXC. 15: 138–139.
  14. ↑ Sonesson, Mats; Osborne, Colin; Sandberg, Gustaf (1994). "Epiphytic lichens as indicators of snow depth". Arctic and Alpine Research. 26 (2): 159–165. doi:10.2307/1551779. JSTOR   1551779.
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