Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus

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Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus
Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus 54969.jpg
From Strouds Run State Park, Ohio, USA
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Boletales
Family:
Boletaceae
Genus:
Tylopilus
Species:
T. plumbeoviolaceus
Binomial name
Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus
(Snell & E.A.Dick) Snell & E.A.Dick (1941)
Synonyms

Boletus felleus f. plumbeoviolaceusSnell & E.A.Dick (1936)
Boletus plumbeoviolaceus(Snell & E.A.Dick) Snell & E.A.Dick (1941)

Contents

Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngpores on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svg cap is convex
Adnate gills icon2.svg hymenium is adnate
Bare stipe icon.svg stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 spore print is buff to pink
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgecology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngedibility: inedible

Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus (formerly Boletus plumbeoviolaceus), commonly known as the violet-grey bolete, is a fungus of the bolete family. First described in 1936, the mushroom has a disjunct distribution, and is distributed in eastern North America and Korea. The fruit bodies of the fungus are violet when young, but fade into a chocolate brown color when mature. They are solid and relatively large—cap diameter up to 15 cm (5.9 in), with a white pore surface that later turns pink, and a white mycelium at the base of the stem. The mushroom is inedible. A number of natural products have been identified from the fruit bodies, including unique chemical derivatives of ergosterol, a fungal sterol.

Taxonomy

The species was first named 1936 as Boletus felleus forma plumbeoviolaceus by American mycologist Walter H. Snell and one of his graduate students, Esther A. Dick, based on specimens found in the Black Rock Forest near Cornwall, New York. [1] Regarding his decision to use the taxonomic rank forma, Snell wrote:

The writer hesitates to multiply the number of forms (formae) and varieties with distinctive names, because of the ease with which one develops the habit of interpreting slight variations as definite taxonomic units... the word "form" is used instead of "variety" as making no commitment as to the actual status of the variable segregate under consideration, until further information is available. [1]

The first collections made of the mushroom were of young, immature specimens, from which authors were unable to obtain spores for examination. It was not until a few years after that they found mature fruit bodies, which revealed that the rosy color of the pore surface took some time to develop. They concluded that this and other differences in physical characteristics, as well as differences in spore size, were enough to justify it being a species distinct from B. felleus , so in 1941 they raised the taxon to species status with the name Boletus plumbeoviolaceus. [2] Noted Agaricales taxonomist Rolf Singer later transferred the taxon to Tylopilus in 1947, [3] a genus characterized by a spore print that is pink, or wine red (vinaceous), rather than brown as in Boletus. [4]

The specific name "plumbeoviolaceus" is coined from the Latin adjectives plumbeus ("leaden" or "lead-colored") and violaceus ("purple"). [5] The mushroom is commonly known as the "violet-grey bolete". [6]

Description

Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus 58425.jpg
A mature specimen
Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus 54757.jpg
The flesh does not stain blue when cut.

The cap of the fruit body is 7 to 15 cm (2.8 to 5.9 in) in diameter, initially convex in shape but becoming centrally depressed, with a broadly arched and rounded margin. [7] Young specimens are rather hard and firm, and the cap has a finely velvet-textured surface that soon wears off to become smooth. [2] The color of the fruit body is violet when young, but dulls as it ages, becoming a dull violet-purplish-gray, then eventually chocolate-brown at maturity. The flesh is solid, white, and does not change color when cut or bruised. The taste is bitter, and the odor is not distinctive. [7] Mycologist David Arora calls the mushroom "beautiful, but bitter-tasting". [8]

The tubes on the underside of the cap are 0.4 to 1.8 cm (0.2 to 0.7 in) deep, 2 or three per millimeter, depressed at the stem (resulting in an adnate attachment). The color of the pore surface is initially white, and it remains so for a while before turning a rosy color at maturity. The stem is 8 to 13 cm (3.1 to 5.1 in) long and 2.5 to 4 cm (1.0 to 1.6 in) thick, enlarged at the base, and sometimes bulbous. The surface is slightly reticulate at the top, and smooth lower of the stem. Its color is buff to light brown, often with darker brown bruises or stains, and it has whitish mycelium at the base. The flesh of the stem is white, and it does not change color when cut or bruised. [7]

Microscopic characteristics

Collected in deposit, like with a spore print, the spores of T. plumbeoviolaceus appear to be a light pink to flesh color. When viewed with a light microscope, they are elliptical, with smooth walls and dimensions of 9.1–12.3 by 3.4–4.5  µm. The basidia (cellular structures that produce the spores) are club-shaped, and measure about 26 by 6.5 µm. The cuticle of the cap (the pileipellis) is made of a tangle of smooth-walled, narrow, brownish hyphae. When stained in potassium hydroxide, the hyphal contents tend to form beads, while staining in Melzer's reagent causes the pigment to form globules. [9] Cystidia are common in the hymenial tissue; they are swollen at the base and narrow at the apex (lageniform), measuring 30–40 µm long by 7–9 µm thick. [2] Clamp connections are absent in the hyphae. [10]

Edibility

T. plumbeoviolaceous is considered inedible, and has a strongly bitter taste. [6] The presence of a bitter bolete may spoil a meal, as the bitter taste does not disappear with cooking. [11]

Similar species

Lookalike species Tylopilus violatinctus has a paler color. Tylopilus violatinctus 73618.jpg
Lookalike species Tylopilus violatinctus has a paler color.

There are few other species that might be confused with Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus; according to one source, it "is one of the most remarkable and easily identified boletes in the USA." [12] Tylopilus violatinctus , found under both hardwoods and conifers and known from New York to Mississippi, has an appearance similar to T. plumbeoviolaceus. It can be distinguished by a paler, lilac-colored cap that, in older specimens, is discolored rusty purple along the edge of the cap. Its spores are 7–10 by 3–4 µm. Tylopilus violatinctus was not described until 1998, [13] so some older literature may confuse the two similar species. [14]

Young specimens of Tylopilus rubrobrunneus have a purplish cap, but unlike T. plumbeoviolaceous, their stems are never purple. [15] The species Tylopilus microsporus, known only from China, is characterized by pale violet to violet cap, paler purple to purplish brown stem, and flesh color to pale purplish red pores. In addition to its different distribution, it can be distinguished from T. plumbeoviolaceus by its smaller spores. [16] Another similar Asian species, T. obscureviolaceus , is only known from the Yaeyama Islands in southwestern Japan. It differs from T. plumbeoviolaceous in having a cap that does not fade in color to grayish or brownish when mature, shorter spores (6–7.2 by 3.3–4 µm), and other microscopic characteristics. [17]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceous is a mycorrhizal species, [14] and the bulk of the fungus lives underground, associating in a mutualistic relationship with the roots of various tree species. The fruit bodies are found growing singly, scattered or clustered together during mid-summer to autumn in deciduous forests, often under beech or oak trees; however, it sometimes occurs in mixed hardwood-conifer forests under hemlock. [7] A preference for sandy soil has been noted in one source. [10] In North America, the mushroom can be found east of the Rocky Mountains, ranging from Canada to Mexico. [14] The species has also been collected in North Korea. [18] Fruit bodies can serve as a food source for fungus-feeding Drosophila flies. [19]

Bioactive compounds

Two derivatives of ergosterol have been isolated from the fruit bodies of T. plumbeoviolaceus: tylopiol A (3β-hydroxy-8α,9α-oxido-8,9-secoergosta-7,9(11),22-triene) and tylopiol B (3β-hydroxy-8α,9α-oxido-8,9-secoergosta-7,22dien-12-one). These sterols are unique to this species. Additionally, the compounds ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol, uridine, allitol, ergosterol, ergosterol 5α,8α-peroside, ergothioneine, adenosine, and uracil have been identified from the mushrooms. [20] [21]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Tylopilus felleus</i> Fungus species of the family Boletaceae from east Asia, Europe, and eastern North America, to Central America

Tylopilus felleus, commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a fungus of the bolete family. Its distribution includes east Asia, Europe, and eastern North America, extending south into Mexico and Central America. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in deciduous and coniferous woodland, often fruiting under beech and oak. Its fruit bodies have convex to flat caps that are some shade of brown, buff, or tan, and typically measure up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish with age. Like most boletes it lacks a ring, and it may be distinguished from Boletus edulis and other similar species by its unusual pink pores and the prominent dark brown netlike pattern on its stalk.

<i>Baorangia bicolor</i> Edible fungus in the genus Baorangia

Baorangia bicolor, also known as the two-colored bolete or red and yellow bolete after its two-tone coloring scheme of red and yellow, is an edible fungus in the genus Baorangia. It inhabits most of eastern North America, primarily east of the Rocky Mountains and in season during the summer and fall months but can be found across the globe in China and Nepal. Its fruit body, the mushroom, is classed as medium or large in size, which helps distinguish it from the many similar appearing species that have a smaller stature. A deep blue/indigo bruising of the pore surface and a less dramatic bruising coloration change in the stem over a period of several minutes are identifying characteristics that distinguish it from the similar poisonous species Boletus sensibilis. There are two variations of this species, variety borealis and variety subreticulatus, and several other similar species of fungi are not poisonous.

<i>Exsudoporus frostii</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in North America

Exsudoporus frostii, commonly known as Frost's bolete or the apple bolete, is a bolete fungus first described scientifically in 1874. A member of the family Boletaceae, the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps. Exsudoporus frostii is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia, and in the southwest from Arizona extending south to Mexico and Costa Rica. A mycorrhizal species, its fruit bodies are typically found growing near hardwood trees, especially oak.

<i>Aureoboletus mirabilis</i>

Aureoboletus mirabilis, commonly known as the admirable bolete, the bragger's bolete, and the velvet top, is an edible species of fungus in the Boletaceae mushroom family. The fruit body has several characteristics with which it may be identified: a dark reddish-brown cap; yellow to greenish-yellow pores on the undersurface of the cap; and a reddish-brown stem with long narrow reticulations. Aureoboletus mirabilis is found in coniferous forests along the Pacific Coast of North America, and in Asia. Unusual for boletes, A. mirabilis sometimes appears to fruit on the wood or woody debris of Hemlock, suggesting a saprobic lifestyle. Despite occasional appearances to the contrary, Aureoboletus mirabilis is mycorrhizal, and forms close mutualistic associations with hemlock roots.

<i>Xerocomellus zelleri</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomellus zelleri, commonly known as Zeller's Bolete, is an edible species of mushroom in the family Boletaceae. First described scientifically by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1912, the species has been juggled by various authors to several genera, including Boletus, Boletellus, and Xerocomus. Found solely in western North America from British Columbia south to Mexico, the fruit bodies are distinguished by their dark reddish brown to nearly black caps with uneven surfaces, the yellow pores on the underside of the caps, and the red-streaked yellow stems. The fungus grows in summer and autumn on the ground, often in Douglas fir forests or on their margins. The development of the fruit bodies is gymnocarpic, meaning that the hymenium appears and develops to maturity in an exposed state, not enclosed by any protective membrane.

<i>Suillus americanus</i> Species of fungus

Suillus americanus is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Suillaceae. Commonly known as the chicken fat mushroom, the American slippery Jack, or the American suillus, it grows in a mycorrhizal association with eastern white pine and is found where this tree occurs in eastern North America and China. The mushroom can be recognized by the bright yellow cap with red to reddish-brown scales embedded in slime, the large yellow angular pores on the underside of the cap, and the narrow yellow stem marked with dark reddish dots. Molecular phylogenetics analysis suggests that S. americanus may be the same species as S. sibiricus, found in western North America and western and central Asia. Suillus americanus is edible, although opinions vary as to its palatability; some susceptible individuals may suffer a contact dermatitis after touching the fruit bodies. The fruit bodies contain a beta glucan carbohydrate shown in laboratory tests to have anti-inflammatory properties.

<i>Suillellus amygdalinus</i>

Suillellus amygdalinus is a fungus of the bolete family found in western North America. The fruit bodies, or mushrooms, are characterized by their thick, red to brown caps, red pores, and the strong bluing reaction observed when the mushroom tissue is injured or cut. The cap can reach diameters of up to 12 cm (4.7 in) and the stipe 9 cm (3.5 in) long by 3 cm (1.2 in) thick at maturity. This mushroom has been found in manzanita and madrone woodlands of central California north to southern Oregon. Although the edibility of the mushroom is not known with certainty, it may be poisonous, and is not recommended for consumption. Other similar red-pored, bluing boletes from North America, including Rubroboletus eastwoodiae, Boletus luridiformis, and B. subvelutipes, can be distinguished from S. amygdalinus either by the color of the cap, the degree of reticulation on the stipe, or by location.

<i>Boletellus ananas</i> Species of fungus

Boletellus ananas, commonly known as the pineapple bolete, is a mushroom in the family Boletaceae, and the type species of the genus Boletellus. It is distributed in southeastern North America, northeastern South America, Asia, and New Zealand, where it grows scattered or in groups on the ground, often at the base of oak and pine trees. The fruit body is characterized by the reddish-pink scales on the cap that are often found hanging from the edge. The pore surface on the underside of the cap is made of irregular or angular pores up to 2 mm wide that bruise a blue color. It is yellow when young but ages to a deep olive-brown color. Microscopically, B. ananas is distinguished by large spores with cross striae on the ridges and spirally encrusted hyphae in the marginal appendiculae and flesh of the stem. Previously known as Boletus ananas and Boletus coccinea, the species was given its current name by William Alphonso Murrill in 1909. Two varieties of Boletellus ananas have been described. Although the mushroom may be considered edible, it is not recommended for consumption.

<i>Tylopilus tabacinus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus tabacinus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is characterized by a tawny-brown cap measuring up to 17.5 cm (6.9 in) in diameter, and a reticulated stem up to 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long by 6 cm (2.4 in) thick. A characteristic microscopic feature is the distinctive crystalline substance encrusted on the hyphae in the surface of the cap. The species is known from the eastern United States from Florida north to Rhode Island, and west to Mississippi, and from eastern Mexico. It is a mycorrhizal species, and associates with oak and beech trees.

<i>Tylopilus alboater</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus alboater, called the black velvet bolete, by some, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The species is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand. A mycorrhizal species, it grows solitarily, scattered, or in groups on the ground usually under deciduous trees, particularly oak, although it has been recorded from deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests.

<i>Tylopilus atronicotianus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus atronicotianus, commonly known as the false black velvet bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. First described scientifically in 1998, it is known only from the eastern United States.

<i>Boletus rubroflammeus</i> Species of fungus

Boletus rubroflammeus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. First described from Michigan in 1971, it is found in the eastern United States and Mexico, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with hardwood trees. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) of the fungus have caps that are deep red to purplish red, and dark red pores. The stem has coarse, dark red reticulations and a narrow yellow area at the top. All parts of the mushroom quickly stain blue when injured or cut. Lookalikes include Boletus flammans, a lighter-colored species that grows with conifers. Other similar species can be distinguished by differences in distribution, morphology, staining reaction, and microscopic characteristics. Boletus rubroflammeus mushrooms are poisonous, and can cause gastrointestinal distress if consumed.

<i>Boletus curtisii</i> Species of fungus

Boletus curtisii is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. It produces small- to medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) with a convex cap up to 9.5 cm (3.7 in) wide atop a slender stem that can reach a length of 12 cm (4.7 in). In young specimens, the cap and stem are bright golden yellow, although the color dulls to brownish when old. Both the stem and cap are slimy or sticky when young. On the underside of the cap are small circular to angular pores. The mushroom is edible, but not appealing. It is found in eastern and southern North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with hardwood and conifer trees. Once classified as a species of Pulveroboletus, the yellow color of B. curtisii is a result of pigments chemically distinct from those responsible for the yellow coloring of Pulveroboletus.

<i>Boletus auripes</i> Species of fungus

Boletus auripes, commonly known as the butter-foot bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. First described from New York in 1898, the fungus is found in eastern Asia, Central America, and eastern North America from Canada to Florida. It is a mycorrhizal species and typically grows in association with oak and beech trees.

<i>Phylloporus arenicola</i> Species of fungus

Phylloporus arenicola is a species of bolete mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It is found in the Pacific Northwest region of western North America, where it grows in sand dunes in a mycorrhizal association with pine trees. It is one of only three North American Boletaceae species that occur in coastal sand dunes.

<i>Boletus subvelutipes</i> Species of fungus

Boletus subvelutipes, commonly known as the red-mouth bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is found in Asia and North America, where it fruits on the ground in a mycorrhizal association with both deciduous and coniferous trees. Its fruit bodies (mushrooms) have a brown to reddish-brown cap, bright yellow cap flesh, and a stem covered by furfuraceous to punctate ornamentation and dark red hairs at the base. Its flesh instantly stains blue when cut, but slowly fades to white. The fruit bodies are poisonous, and produce symptoms of gastrointestinal distress if consumed.

<i>Tylopilus rhoadsiae</i>

Tylopilus rhoadsiae, commonly known as the pale bitter bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to the eastern United States.

<i>Harrya chromapes</i>

Harrya chromapes, commonly known as the yellowfoot bolete or the chrome-footed bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is found in eastern North America, Costa Rica, and eastern Asia, where it grows on the ground, in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous and coniferous trees. Fruit bodies have smooth, rose-pink caps that are initially convex before flattening out. The pores on the cap undersurface are white, aging to a pale pink as the spores mature. The thick stipe has fine pink or reddish dots (scabers), and is white to pinkish but with a bright yellow base. The mushrooms are edible but are popular with insects, and so they are often infested with maggots.

<i>Tylopilus peralbidus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus peralbidus is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to the eastern United States.

<i>Sutorius eximius</i> Species of fungus

Sutorius eximius, commonly known as the lilac-brown bolete, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. This bolete produces fruit bodies that are dark purple to chocolate brown in color with a smooth cap, a finely scaly stipe, and a reddish-brown spore print. The tiny pores on the cap underside are chocolate to violet brown. It is widely distributed, having been recorded on North America, South America, and Asia, where it grows in a mycorrhizal relationship with both coniferous and deciduous trees.

References

  1. 1 2 Snell WH (1936). "Notes on boletes. V". Mycologia. 28 (5): 463–475. doi:10.2307/3754120. JSTOR   3754120.
  2. 1 2 3 Snell WH, Dick EA (1941). "Notes on boletes. VI". Mycologia. 33 (1): 23–37. doi:10.2307/3754732. JSTOR   3754732.
  3. ↑ Singer R. (1947). "The Boletoideae of Florida. The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species. III". The American Midland Naturalist. 37 (1): 1–135. doi:10.2307/2421647. JSTOR   2421647.
  4. ↑ Watling R, Stuntz DE, Largent DL (1977). How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus IV: Keys to Families and Genera. Eureka, California: Mad River Press. p. 52. ISBN   0-916422-10-0.
  5. ↑ Simpson DP (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. ISBN   0-304-52257-0.
  6. 1 2 "Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus". New Jersey Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Grund DW, Harrison AK (1976). Nova Scotian Boletes. Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer. pp. 204–205. ISBN   3-7682-1062-6.
  8. ↑ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 534. ISBN   0-89815-169-4.
  9. ↑ Wolfe CB (1986). "Type studies in Tylopilus. III. Taxa described by Walter H. Snell, Esther A. Dick, and co-workers". Mycologia. 78 (1): 22–31. doi:10.2307/3793372. JSTOR   3793372.
  10. 1 2 Smith AH, Thiers HD (1971). The Boletes of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 111–112.
  11. ↑ Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th ed.). Königstein im Taunus, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 794. ISBN   3-87429-254-1.
  12. ↑ Kibby G. (1994). An Illustrated Guide to Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. p. 29. ISBN   0-681-45384-2.
  13. ↑ "Names Record - Tylopilus violatinctus". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  14. 1 2 3 Kuo M. (2004). "Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  15. ↑ Kuo M. (February 2007). "Tylopilus rubrobrunneus". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  16. ↑ Fu SZ, Wang QB, Yao YJ (2006). "Tylopilus microsporus, a new species from Southwest China". Mycotaxon. 96: 41–46.
  17. ↑ Takahashi H. (2004). "Two new species of Agaricales from southwestern islands in Japan". Mycoscience. 45 (6): 372–376. doi:10.1007/s10267-004-0199-3. S2CID   84858568.
  18. ↑ Wojewoda W, Heinrich Z, Komorowska H (1993). "Macrofungi of North Korea". Wiadomosci Botaniczne (in Polish). 37 (3–4): 125–128. ISSN   0043-5090.
  19. ↑ Kiura MT (1980). "Evolution of food preferences in fungus-feeding Drosophila: an ecological study". Evolution. 34 (5): 1009–1018. doi:10.2307/2408009. JSTOR   2408009.
  20. ↑ Wu SH, Luo XD, Ma YB, Liu JK, Wu DG, Zhao B, Lu Y, Zheng QT (2000). "Two novel secoergosterols from the fungus Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus". Journal of Natural Products. 63 (4): 534–536. doi:10.1021/np990494h. PMID   10785434.
  21. ↑ Wu SH, Chen YW, Yang LY, Li ZY, Li SL (2009). "[Studies on chemical constituents of Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus]". Zhong Yao Cai (in Chinese). 32 (2): 226–228. PMID   19504968.

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