Ulmus minor 'Stricta'

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Ulmus minor 'Stricta'
Cornish Elms at Coldrenick.jpg
U. minor 'Stricta', Coldrenick, Cornwall, before 1913
Species Ulmus minor
Cultivar 'Stricta'
OriginEngland

The field elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Stricta', known as Cornish elm, was commonly found in South West England (Cornwall and West Devon), Brittany, and south-west Ireland, [1] until the arrival of Dutch elm disease in the late 1960s. The origin of Cornish elm in the south-west of Britain remains a matter of contention. It is commonly assumed to have been introduced from Brittany. [2] It is also considered possible that the tree may have survived the ice ages on lands to the south of Cornwall long since lost to the sea. [3] Henry thought it "probably native in the south of Ireland". [4] Dr Max Coleman of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, arguing in his 2002 paper on British elms that there was no clear distinction between species and subspecies, suggested that known or suspected clones of Ulmus minor , once cultivated and named, should be treated as cultivars, preferred the designation U. minor 'Stricta' to Ulmus minor var. stricta. The DNA of 'Stricta' has been investigated and the cultivar is now known to be a clone. [5]

Contents

Mature trees labelled 'Cornish elm' are now largely restricted to Australia, where they were introduced in the 19th century (but see 'Stricta'-like cultivars below). [6] [7]

Description

Growing to a height of up to 27 metres (89 ft) in sheltered situations (in exposed situations it is usually half the size), [8] the Cornish elm is a slender, slow-growing deciduous tree, distinguished by its long, straight trunk, which culminates in a narrow fan-shaped crown comprising short, straight, ascending branches. [9] The leaves are small, obovate to oval, typically acuminate at the apex, 6 cm long by 3.5 cm broad, with a dark-green upper surface, glossy and smooth. [10] [11] [12] The perfect apetalous wind-pollinated flowers occur in clusters of 15–20 on very short pedicels. The samarae rarely ripen in England, but when mature are very similar to those of others in the field elm group, being mostly obovate, 16 mm long by 10 mm broad. A survey of Cornish elms in County Cork, Ireland (2007), found some variation in smoothness or roughness of leaf-surface and in basal asymmetry. [1]

Dr Oliver Rackham (1986) noted that Cornish elms with "more spreading" crowns grow around Truro and on the Lizard Peninsula, illustrating the variety, which he called 'Lizard Elm', with a 1980 photograph. [13] [14] The large old specimen of Cornish elm in Castletownbere Cemetery in County Cork, Ireland (see 'Notable trees' below) matches Rackham's description and photograph of his 'Lizard Elm'. [15]

Pests and diseases

Cornish elm is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease, but suckers remain a common component of hedgerows in parts of Cornwall, and thus the genetic resources of this cultivar are not considered endangered. [16] Like other field elms, propagation is almost entirely by suckers, which the tree produces copiously. [2] [17]

Cultivation and uses

Pilot gigs made from Cornish elm returning from a race at Mevagissey, 2001 Pilot Gigs - Meva2001.jpg
Pilot gigs made from Cornish elm returning from a race at Mevagissey, 2001

Cornish elm was traditionally considered the best shelter-belt tree along the Cornish coast. Its timber was much prized for its strength, and was commonly used in wheel and wagon construction. [18] Working Cornish pilot gigs were traditionally built from Cornish elm: the Rules of the Cornish Pilot Gig Association specified that to take part in gig races the boat should be made from "Cornish narrow-leaved elm". [19] [20] Ley (1910) described Cornish elm as "abundant in Brittany, very abundant in West Cornwall, becoming less abundant in East Cornwall and West Devon". [8] Cornish elm was later cultivated as an ornamental tree in parts of southern England and southern Ireland, and, more rarely, in UK urban plantings. Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire, was among the nurseries that supplied it, carefully distinguishing it from Wheatley elm. [21] The locations of notable plantings of Cornish elm, both in Cornwall and beyond, are listed in Henry (1913), [4] Richens (1983), [2] and Mitchell (1996). [22]

Few mature specimens are known to survive in the wild in England. Only one is known in Cornwall (see under 'Notable trees'), while about 18 reputedly grow in the Brighton & Hove enclave. [23] Another two have been reported (2009) from East Sussex at Selmeston, near the footpath across the grounds of Sherrington Manor. [24] Two specimens survive in Edinburgh (2019), an old tree in Dean Gardens, [25] and a younger by Greenside Church, Calton Hill.

The Wheatley or Guernsey elm (Ulmus minor 'Sarniensis') was often misnamed "Cornish elm" in the UK by the local authorities who planted it extensively. [26] [27] Introduced to the US, Ulmus campestris cornubiensis, 'Cornish elm', appeared from the 1860s in catalogues of the Mount Hope Nursery (also known as Ellwanger and Barry) of Rochester, New York, [28] [29] later catalogues distinguishing it from Wheatley Elm. [30] Cornish Elm also appeared separately from Wheatley Elm in the catalogues of the Brown Brothers' Nursery [31] and the Perry Nursery Co. of Rochester, N.Y. [32]

For so-called Cornish elm in Australia, see 'Stricta'-like cultivars below.

Notable trees

The Great Elm of Rosuic, an ancient pollard elm which attained a d.b.h. of over 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) before succumbing to disease, continues to produce suckers. [33] [34]

As of 2011, the Woodland Trust lists only one verified mature Cornish elm surviving in Cornwall, a specimen 1.89 metres (6.2 ft) in girth at Tregoose near Helston. [35] A large specimen with a forked trunk stands in Castletownbere Cemetery in County Cork, Ireland, [15] with a bole-girth (2007) of 450 cm (making it about 150 years old), a height of 25 m and a crown diameter of 20 m, along with a small number of younger Cornish elms with an average d.b.h. of 143 cm. [1] [36]

Synonymy

Varieties

An Ulmus stricta parvifolia, a "less common" form of Cornish elm, was described by Lindley in A Synopsis of British Flora, arranged according to the Natural Order (1829), from trees in Cornwall and North Devon, with "leaves much smaller" than Cornish elm, "less oblique at the base, finely and regularly crenate" and "acuminate" rather than, as in Cornish elm, "cuspidate". [38] [39] [40] Melville considered Goodyer's elm a variety of Cornish elm. Some nurseries listed 'Dickson's Golden Elm' as form of Cornish elm.

Hybrids

It has been suggested that the cultivar 'Daveyi' is a natural hybrid of Wych elm and Cornish elm; [41] [42] likewise 'Exoniensis'. F. J. Fontaine conjectured that the cultivar Ulmus 'Purpurea' is related to the Cornish elm. [43]

'Stricta'-like elms

An U. campestris cornubiensis (syn. U. glabra cornubiensis) was distributed by the Späth nursery, Berlin, in the late 19th century and early 20th. Henry stated that the "beautiful narrow pyramidal tree" he had seen by that name in Späth's nursery differed from true Cornish elm, bearing instead "leaves similar in size and appearance to a common form of U. nitens" [:U. minor]. [44] [45] One specimen of Späth's U. campestris cornubiensis was supplied to the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada in 1897, [46] and three to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902, [47] one being planted in the Garden proper and cultivated as U. stricta, [48] the other two being planted in the city. In 1958 Melville likewise queried Späth's Cornish elm (see External links below, herbarium specimen E00824799); Edward Kemp, however, RBGE curator (1950–71), accepted it. [49] A specimen of what appears from herbarium specimens to be the same clone survives (2016) in Edinburgh (height about 25 m, girth about 2 m), in Douglas Crescent Gardens. [50] [51] The latter also matches an 1825 herbarium specimen labelled "U. suberosa var., Hort. Millburn". [52]

Moss in The Cambridge British Flora (1914) noted that 'Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta' was sometimes propagated in error for Cornish elm, Ulmus minor 'Stricta'. [53]

Elms supplied as 'Cornubiensis', St. Stephen's Church, Mittagong, NSW 2018-04-28 Old Hume Hwy, Mittagong NSW.jpg
Elms supplied as 'Cornubiensis', St. Stephen's Church, Mittagong, NSW

A cultivar supplied as 'Cornubiensis' remains in cultivation in Australia, but Spencer, describing it in Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia (1995), noted that it was not type-'Stricta'. He gave as an example the elms beside St. Stephen's Church, Mittagong, NSW. [7] The tree labelled (2022) 'Cornish Elm' in Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria (Melbourne), [54] is the hybrid 'Purpurea', cultivated in south-eastern Australia and thought by Dutch elm-authority F. J. Fontaine to be a Cornish elm "cross". [55]

In art

Landscape-paintings depicting Cornish elm include Holman Hunt's watercolour Helston, Cornwall (1860), showing hedgerow elms, [56] [57] and the watercolour Egloshayle, Cornwall by Thomas Campbell-Bennett (1858-1948), showing Cornish elms beside the River Camel, opposite the church of St Mary, Egloshayle. [58] The latter illustrates Gerald Wilkinson's observation that "In its normal habitat the Cornish elm often has a flat, wind-cut top". [59]

Accessions

North America
Europe
Australasia

Nurseries

Australasia

Related Research Articles

<i>Ulmus</i> × <i>hollandica</i> Dampieri Elm cultivar

The hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus × hollandica 'Dampieri', one of a number of cultivars arising from the crossing of the Wych Elm U. glabra with a variety of Field Elm U. minor, is believed to have originated in continental Europe. It was marketed in Wetteren, Belgium, in 1851 as 'Orme de Dampier', then in the Low Countries in 1853, and later identified as Ulmus campestris var. nuda subvar. fastigiata DampieriHort., Vilv. by Wesmael (1862).

<i>Ulmus</i> Purpurea Elm cultivar

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Purpurea', the purple-leaved elm, was listed and described as Ulmus Stricta Purpurea, the 'Upright Purpled-leaved Elm', by John Frederick Wood, F.H.S., in The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist (1851), as Ulmus purpureaHort. by Wesmael (1863), and as Ulmus campestris var. purpurea, syn. Ulmus purpureaHort. by Petzold and Kirchner in Arboretum Muscaviense (1864). Koch's description followed (1872), the various descriptions appearing to tally. Henry (1913) noted that the Ulmus campestris var. purpureaPetz. & Kirchn. grown at Kew as U. montana var. purpurea was "probably of hybrid origin", Ulmus montana being used at the time both for wych elm cultivars and for some of the U. × hollandica group. His description of Kew's U. montana var. purpurea matches that of the commonly-planted 'Purpurea' of the 20th century. His discussion of it (1913) under U. campestris, however, his name for English Elm, may be the reason why 'Purpurea' is sometimes erroneously called U. procera 'Purpurea' (as in USA and Sweden.

<i>Ulmus</i> Crispa Elm cultivar

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Crispa' [:'curled', the leaf margin], sometimes known as the Fernleaf Elm, arose before 1800 and was first listed by Willdenow as U. crispa (1809). Audibert listed an U. campestrisLinn. 'Crispa', orme à feuilles crépues [:'frizzy-leaved elm'], in 1817, and an Ulmus urticaefolia [:'nettle-leaved elm'] in 1832; the latter is usually taken to be a synonym. Loudon considered the tree a variety of U. montana (1838). In the 19th century, Ulmus × hollandica cultivars, as well as those of Wych Elm, were often grouped under Ulmus montana. Elwes and Henry (1913) listed 'Crispa' as a form of wych elm, but made no mention of the non-wych samara.

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Propendens Elm cultivar

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Propendens', described by Schneider in 1904 as U. glabra (:minor) var. suberosa propendens, Weeping Cork-barked elm, was said by Krüssmann (1976) to be synonymous with the U. suberosa pendula listed by Lavallée without description in 1877. Earlier still, Loudon's Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum had included an illustration of a pendulous "cork-barked field elm", U. campestris suberosa. An U. campestris suberosa pendula was in nurseries by the 1870s.

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Rueppellii Elm cultivar

Ulmus minor 'Rueppellii' is a Field Elm cultivar said to have been introduced to Europe from Tashkent by the Späth nursery, Berlin. Noted in 1881 as a 'new elm', it was listed in Späth Catalogue 73, p. 124, 1888–89, and in subsequent catalogues, as Ulmus campestris Rueppelli, and later by Krüssmann as a cultivar.

<i>Ulmus</i> Berardii Elm cultivar

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Berardii', Berard's Elm, was raised in 1865, as Ulmus Berardi, from seeds collected from large specimens of "common elm" growing on the ramparts at Metz, by an employee of the Simon-Louis nursery named Bérard. Carrière (1887), the Späth nursery of Berlin and the Van Houtte nursery of Gentbrugge regarded it as form of a Field Elm, listing it as U. campestris Berardii, the name used by Henry. Cheal's nursery of Crawley distributed it as Ulmus nitens [:Ulmus minor] 'Berardii'. Smith's of Worcester preferred the original, non-specific name, Ulmus 'Berardii'.

<i>Ulmus</i> Koopmannii Elm cultivar

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Koopmannii' was cloned from a specimen raised from seed sent from Margilan, Turkestan by Koopmann to the Botanischer Garten Berlin c. 1880. Noted in 1881 as a 'new elm', it was later listed by the Späth nursery, catalogue no. 62, p. 6. 101, 1885, as Ulmus Koopmannii, and later by Krüssmann in 1962 as a cultivar of U. minor. Margilan is beyond the main range of Ulmus minor. Augustine Henry, who saw the specimens in Berlin and Kew, believed Koopmann's Elm to be a form of Ulmus pumila, a view not shared by Rehder of the Arbold Arboretum. Ascherson & Graebner said the tree produced 'very numerous root shoots', which suggests it may be a cultivar of U. minor. Until DNA analysis can confirm its origin, the cultivar is now treated as Ulmus 'Koopmannii'.

The Wych Elm cultivar Ulmus glabra 'Corylifolia Purpurea' was raised from seed of 'Purpurea' and described as U. campestris corylifolia purpurea by Pynaert in 1879. An U. campestris corylifolia purpurea was distributed by the Späth nursery of Berlin in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Hesse Nursery of Weener, Germany, corrected the U. campestris corylifolia purpurea of their 1930s' lists to U. glabraHuds.corylifolia purpurea by the 1950s. Green listed 'Corylifolia Purpurea' as a form of U. glabra.

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Cucullata', the Hooded elm, was listed by Loddiges of Hackney, London, in their catalogue of 1823 as Ulmus campestris cucullata, and later by Loudon in Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum (1838), as U. campestris var. cucullata.

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Argenteo-Marginata' was first mentioned by Deegen in Deutsches Magazin für Garten- und Blumenkund (1879), as Ulmus campestris elegans foliis argenteo-marginatis. An U. campestris fol. argenteo-marginataHort. was distributed by the Späth nursery, Berlin, from the 1890s to the 1930s.

The hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus × hollandica 'Tricolor' was first listed as U. suberosa tricolor by C. de Vos in 1867.

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Umbraculifera Gracilis Elm cultivar

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera Gracilis' was obtained as a sport of 'Umbraculifera' by the Späth nursery of Berlin c.1897. It was marketed by the Späth nursery in the early 20th century, and by the Hesse Nursery of Weener, Germany, in the 1930s.

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Rugosa' was distributed by the Späth nursery, Berlin, in the 1890s and early 1900s as U. campestris rugosaKirchner. Kirchner's tree, like Späth's a level-branched suberose field elm, was received from Belgium in 1864 as Ulmus rugosa pendula. Kirchner stressed that it was different from Loudon's Ulmus montana var. rugosa, being "more likely to belong to U. campestris or its subspecies, the Cork-elm".

<i>Ulmus</i> × <i>hollandica</i> Wentworthii Pendula Elm cultivar

Ulmus × hollandica 'Wentworthii Pendula', commonly known as the Wentworth Elm or Wentworth Weeping Elm, is a cultivar with a distinctive weeping habit that appears to have been introduced to cultivation towards the end of the 19th century. The tree is not mentioned in either Elwes and Henry's or Bean's classic works on British trees. The earliest known references are Dutch and German, the first by de Vos in Handboek tot de praktische kennis der voornaamste boomen (1890). At about the same time, the tree was offered for sale by the Späth nursery of Berlin as Ulmus Wentworthi pendulaHort.. The 'Hort.' in Späth's 1890 catalogue, without his customary label "new", confirms that the tree was by then in nurseries as a horticultural elm. De Vos, writing in 1889, states that the Supplement to Volume 1 includes entries announced since the main volume in 1887, putting the date of introduction between 1887 and 1889.

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Suberosa Elm cultivar

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Suberosa', commonly known as the Cork-barked elm, is a slow-growing or dwarf form of conspicuously suberose Field Elm. Of disputed status, it is considered a distinct variety by some botanists, among them Henry (1913), Krüssmann (1984), and Bean (1988), and is sometimes cloned and planted as a cultivar. Henry said the tree "appears to be a common variety in the forests of central Europe", Bean noting that it "occurs in dry habitats". By the proposed rule that known or suspected clones of U. minor, once cultivated and named, should be treated as cultivars, the tree would be designated U. minor 'Suberosa'. The Späth nursery of Berlin distributed an U. campestris suberosa alataKirchn. [:'corky-winged'] from the 1890s to the 1930s.

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Viminalis Elm cultivar

The field elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Viminalis' (:'willow-like'), occasionally referred to as the twiggy field elm, was raised by Masters in 1817, and listed in 1831 as U. campestris viminalis, without description. Loudon added a general description in 1838, and the Cambridge University Herbarium acquired a leaf specimen of the tree in 1866. Moss, writing in 1912, said that the Ulmus campestris viminalis from Cambridge University Herbarium was the only elm he thought agreed with the original Plot's elm as illustrated by Dr. Plot in 1677 from specimens growing in an avenue and coppice at Hanwell near Banbury. Elwes and Henry (1913) also considered Loudon's Ulmus campestris viminalis to be Dr Plot's elm. Its 19th-century name, U. campestris var. viminalis, led the cultivar to be classified for a time as a variety of English Elm. On the Continent, 'Viminalis' was the Ulmus antarcticaHort., 'zierliche Ulme' [:'dainty elm'] of Kirchner's Arboretum Muscaviense (1864).

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Turkestanica' was first described by Regel as U. turkestanica in Dieck, Hauptcat. Baumschul. Zöschen (1883) and in Gartenflora (1884). Regel himself stressed that "U. turkestanica was only a preliminary name given by me; I regard this as a form of U. suberosa" [:U. minor ]. Litvinov considered U. turkestanicaRegel a variety of his U. densa, adding that its fruits were "like those of U. foliaceaGilibert" [:U. minor].

<i>Ulmus</i> Glabra Elm cultivar

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Glabra' was distributed by the Späth nursery, Berlin, in the 1890s and early 1900s as U. glabraMill.. Not to be confused with the species U. glabraHuds..

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Monumentalis Elm cultivar

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Monumentalis', the tomb elm (Grabmal-Rüster), was raised as a sucker of U. suberosa by Sebastian Rinz, the city gardener of Frankfurt, before 1855 and listed by the Jacob-Makoy nursery of Liège in their 1861 catalogue as Ulmus monumentalisRinz, "a new variety". Kirchner (1864) described it, confirming that it had only recently been propagated by Rinz and established in the nursery. It was distributed from the 1880s by the Baudriller nursery, Angers, and by the Späth nursery, Berlin, as U. campestris monumentalisRinz., appearing separately in their catalogues from U. minor 'Sarniensis', the Guernsey or Wheatley Elm, with which, according to Henry, it was confused on the continent. Krüssmann, for example, gives 'Monumentalis' as a synonym of 'Sarniensis'. 'Sarniensis' is known as monumentaaliep [:monumental elm] in The Netherlands. Springer noted that the Dutch monumentaaliep was "not the actual monumentaaliep but U. glabraMill.var. Wheatleyi Sim. Louis", and that it "should be renamed U. glabraMill. var. monumentalisHort.(non Rinz)". In England, Smith's of Worcester listed Ulmus monumentalis separately from Ulmus 'Wheatley' in the 1880s.

<i>Ulmus glabra</i> Concavaefolia Elm cultivar

The Wych Elm cultivar Ulmus glabra 'Concavaefolia', a form with up-curling leaves, was listed in Beissner's Handbuch der Laubholz-Benennung (1903) as Ulmus montana cucullataHort. [:'hooded', the leaf], a synonym of the Ulmus scabraMill. [:glabraHuds.] var. concavaefolia of herbarium specimens. An Ulmus campestris cucullata, of uncertain species, had appeared in Loddiges' 1823 list, but Loudon's brief description (1838) of concave- and hooded-leaved elms was insufficient for later botanists to distinguish them. The earliest unambiguous description appears to be that of Petzold and Kirchner in Arboretum Muscaviense (1864).

References

  1. 1 2 3 Mackenthun, G. L. (2007) The elms of Co. Cork - a survey of species, varieties and forms. Irish Forestry Vol 64, (1 & 2) 2007; p.48, p.53
  2. 1 2 3 Richens, R. H. (1983). Elm. Cambridge University Press
  3. ↑ White, J. & More, D. (2002). Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Cassell's, London.
  4. 1 2 Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 7. pp. 1891–1892.
  5. ↑ Coleman M. (2002) 'British elms.' British Wildlife 13 (6): 390–395.
  6. ↑ Spencer, R., Hawker, J. and Lumley, P. (1991). Elms in Australia. Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. ISBN   0724199624.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. 1 2 3 Spencer, Roger, ed., Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia, Vol. 2 (Sydney, 1995), Ulmus, p. 113
  8. 1 2 Ley, Augustin (1910). "Notes on British elms". Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. 48: 65–72. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  9. ↑ Diagnostic photographs of Cornish elm in St Austell (Francis Frith Collection); at Coldrenick, Menheniot (Elwes and Henry, The Trees of Britain and Ireland vol.VII, Plate 397 [after p.1933]); in Zelah (oldcornwall.netfirms.com) Archived 2006-08-18 at the Wayback Machine .
  10. ↑ "Herbarium specimen - L.1590640". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet described as var. stricta, "the prevailing elm about Trelissick and Truro", Cornwall (1908)
  11. ↑ herbariaunited.org, herbarium specimen, Ulmus minor subsp. angustifolia, Cornish elm leaves, Falmouth, 1850
  12. ↑ Brian Eversham, 'Identifying British Elms, Ulmus '; Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire Wildlife Trusts, v. 2.3.1 July 2021; p.76
  13. ↑ Rackham, Oliver, The History of the Countryside (London, 1986),  p.236
  14. ↑ 'Stricta' from St Anthony-in-Meneage, Lizard Peninsula, bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen L.1582352
  15. 1 2 Cornish elm in Castletownbere Cemetery, County Cork, Ireland; ulmen-handbuch.de
  16. ↑ Ipgri.cgiar.org [ permanent dead link ]
  17. ↑ Stace, C. A. (1997). New Flora of the British Isles, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press
  18. ↑ Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland . Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2004 Cambridge University Press, ISBN   9781108069380
  19. ↑ Cornish Pilot Gig Association, cpga.co.uk/
  20. ↑ Edwards, Ian, 'Uses of Elm Past and Present', in Coleman, Max, ed. Wych Elm (Edinburgh (2009), p.45
  21. ↑ Trees and Shrubs Catalogue, Hillier & Sons, 1958–1959, p.99
  22. ↑ Mitchell, Alan (1996). Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain. London: HarperCollins. pp. 345–356. ISBN   0-00-219972-6.
  23. 1 2 "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  24. ↑ South Downs Online [ permanent dead link ]
  25. ↑ "'Stricta' in Dean Gardens, Edinburgh". Google Maps. October 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  26. ↑ Mitchell, A. (1996) The Trees of Britain (London)
  27. ↑ Howes, C. A. (2007). Seaward, M. R. D. (ed.). "The Wheatley elm: A fading part of Yorkshire's arbocultural heritage?". The Naturalist. 132 (1060): 63–66.
  28. ↑ Ellwanger & Barry, Descriptive Catalogue of Hardy Ornamental Trees ... at the Mount Hope Nurseries (Rochester, N.Y., 1868), p.8
  29. ↑ Ellwanger & Barry, Descriptive Catalogue of Hardy Ornamental Trees ... at the Mount Hope Nurseries (Rochester, N.Y., 1875)
  30. ↑ Ellwanger & Barry, Descriptive Catalogue of Hardy Ornamental Trees ... at the Mount Hope Nurseries (Rochester, N.Y., 1899), p.63
  31. ↑ 'General catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees', Brown Brothers Co., Rochester, N.Y., 1899, p.68 & 70
  32. ↑ Illustrated and descriptive catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees, Perry Nursery Co., Rochester, N.Y., 1912, p.90
  33. ↑ "Ancient Trees in Cornwall (third paragraph)". Cornwall Council. 17 February 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2011. Based on a chapter written by Sue Pring in 'Glorious Gardens of Cornwall' published by the Cornwall Gardens Trust.
  34. ↑ Rackham, Oliver, A History of the Countryside (London, 1986)
  35. ↑ Details and photographs of Tregoose elm. Ancient-tree-hunt.org.
  36. ↑ Cornish elm; ulmen-handbuch.de
  37. ↑ botanicalcollections.be specimen BR0000005422838
  38. ↑ Lindley, John (1829). A synopsis of the British Flora; arranged according to the Natural Orders. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. pp. 226–227. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  39. ↑ Loudon, J. C., Hortus lignosus londinensis (London 1838), p.92-4
  40. ↑ "Herbarium specimen - E00824736". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Sheet (left hand side) described as U. stricta (Royal Botanic Society specimen, 1843); "Herbarium specimen BR0000005422838". Botanic Garden, Meise. Sheet labelled Ulmus reticulataDumort.strictaDumort., re-labelled U. cornubiensis by Melville (juvenile leaves)
  41. ↑ "Home Page - Cornwall Council".
  42. ↑ Archie Miles, Hidden Trees of Britain, Ebury Press, 2007,  p.17
  43. ↑ F. J., Fontaine (1968). "Ulmus". Dendroflora. 5: 37–55. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  44. ↑ Elwes & Henry (1913), p.1891
  45. ↑ Späth's atypical 'Cornubiensis': "Herbarium specimen - WAG.1853199". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center.U. cornubiensisKirchn. (from Späth nursery); "Herbarium specimen - E00824856". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.U. glabra cornubiensis [ = U. campestris cornubiensis from Späth nursery, 1902]; "Herbarium specimen - E00824857". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.U. glabra cornubiensis [ = U. campestris cornubiensis from Späth, 1902]; "Herbarium specimen - E00824858". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.U. glabra cornubiensis [ = U. campestris cornubiensis from Späth, 1902]; "Herbarium specimen - E00824799". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.U. campestris cornubiensis from Späth, 1902
  46. ↑ Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm (2nd ed.). Ottawa. 1899. p. 75.
  47. ↑ Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47.
  48. ↑ RBGE Cultivated herbarium accessions book: Elms cultivated at Edinburgh Botanic Garden (1958), tree C2699
  49. ↑ A photograph of the RBGE 'Stricta' appears in Clouston, B., & Stansfield, K., eds. After the Elm (London 1979)
  50. ↑ Edinburgh 'Stricta' may be seen on Google Streetview, from 1 Douglas Gardens.
  51. ↑ Edinburgh 'Stricta' above Dean Village
  52. ↑ 1825 herbarium-specimen
  53. ↑ Moss, C. E.; Hunnybun, E. W. (1914). The Cambridge British Flora. Vol. 2 Text. p. 90. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  54. ↑ RBGV (Melbourne) Elm list
  55. ↑ Photographs of 'Cornish Elm' sent from RBGV (Melbourne), 2022
  56. ↑ cornwallartists.org/cornwall-artists/william-holman-hunt
  57. ↑ Richens, R. H., Elm (Cambridge 1983), ch.8
  58. ↑ Egloshayle, Cornwall by Thomas Campbell-Bennett, antique-fine-art.com . The same trees in a 1920 photograph, 'Wadebridge, 1920', francisfrith.com: and in 1895, 'Wadebridge from Egloshayle, 1895', francisfrith.com:
  59. ↑ Wilkinson, Gerald, Epitaph for the Elm (London, 1978), p.70
  60. ↑ Cambridge Botanic Garden
  61. ↑ Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Catalogue of the Living Collections, data.rbge.org.uk; as Ulmus minor subsp. angustifolia (Weston) Stace. Acc. no. 20171184
  62. ↑ Spencer, R.; Hawker, J. & Lumley, P. (1991). Elms in Australia. Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. ISBN   0-7241-9962-4.
  63. ↑ EstablishedTrees.com.au
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