Union Pacific 3985

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Union Pacific 3985
Union Pacific Challenger 3985 01.jpg
Union Pacific Challenger No. 3985 runs through Alton, Iowa, on October 1, 2008
Type and origin
References: [1]
Power typeSteam
Builder American Locomotive Company (ALCO)
Serial number70174
Build dateJuly 1943
Rebuild date1979–March 1981 (first restoration)
January 2023–ongoing (second restoration)
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 •  Whyte 4-6-6-4
 •  UIC (2′C) C2′ h4
Gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Driver dia.69 in (1,753 mm)
Wheelbase 60 ft 4+1⁄2 in (18.402 m) Engine
121 ft 10+7⁄8 in (37.157 m) Engine + tender
Axle load 67,333 lb (30,542 kilograms; 30.542 metric tons)
Adhesive weight 404,000 lb (183,000 kg; 183 t)
Loco weight627,900 lb (284,800 kg)
Tender weight446,000 lb (202,000 kg)
Total weight1,073,900 lb (487,100 kg)
Fuel type No. 5 fuel oil, originally coal
Fuel capacity32 short tons (29 t; 29 long tons)
6,450 US gal (24,400 L; 5,370 imp gal)
Water cap.25,000 US gal (95,000 L; 21,000 imp gal)
Firebox:​
 • Grate area132 sq ft (12 m2) (grate removed in 1990)
Boiler94 in (2,400 mm)
Boiler pressure280 lbf/in2 (1.93 MPa)
Heating surface:​
 • Firebox140 sq ft (13 m2)
 • Tubes527 sq ft (49.0 m2)
 • Flues3,687 sq ft (342.5 m2)
 • Total surface4,795 sq ft (445.5 m2)
Superheater:
​
 • TypeType E
 • Heating area2,162 sq ft (200.9 m2)
Cylinders Four
Cylinder size 21 in × 32 in (533 mm × 813 mm)
Performance figures
Maximum speed70 mph (110 km/h)
Power output5,000 hp (3,700 kW)
Tractive effort 97,350 lbf (433.03 kN)
Factor of adh. 4.15
Career
Operators Union Pacific Railroad
Class 4664-4 [2]
Number in class11 of 25
Numbers
  • UP 3985
  • UP 3967
  • UP 3718
  • CRR 676
Nicknames"The Challenger"
Delivered1943
First run1943 (revenue service)
May 1981 (excursion service)
Last run1957 (revenue service)
October 14, 2010 (excursion service)
Retired1962 (revenue service)
January 2020 (excursion service)
RestoredMarch 1981 (first restoration)
Current ownerRailroading Heritage of Midwest America
DispositionUndergoing restoration to operating condition

Union Pacific 3985 is a four-cylinder simple articulated 4-6-6-4 "Challenger"-type steam locomotive built in July 1943 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) of Schenectady, New York, for the Union Pacific Railroad. No. 3985 is one of only two Challengers still in existence and the only one to have operated in excursion service.

Contents

No. 3985 operated in revenue service until 1957. It was then stored in the roundhouse in Cheyenne, Wyoming, until 1975, when it was placed outdoors beside the Cheyenne depot. In March 1981, after a group of Union Pacific employees restored the locomotive to operating condition, it was placed into excursion service as part of the Union Pacific's heritage fleet and became the world's largest operational steam locomotive. Mechanical problems took it offline in 2010, after which it was stored at the Union Pacific's Steam Shops in Cheyenne.

In May 2019, the title of largest operational steam locomotive passed to the newly restored 4-8-8-4 "Big Boy" Union Pacific 4014. No. 3985, still in poor mechanical condition, was retired from excursion service in January 2020. In April 2022, UP officials announced that the company would donate the locomotive to the Railroading Heritage of Midwest America (RRHMA), which is now restoring the locomotive to operating condition.

History

Design

Designed by UP chief mechanical engineer Otto Jabelmann in 1941, UP 3985 was part of the second order of this second version of the Challenger. The design drew on recent experience with the enormous 4-8-8-4 Big Boy locomotives, and resulted in a locomotive in that in working order weighed some 317 short tons (288  t ; 283 long tons ) accompanied by a tender that weighed 174 short tons (158 t; 155 long tons) when two-thirds loaded. Calculated tractive effort is 97,350 lbf (433.0 kN). The Challenger class was intended to speed freight operations on the 0.82% grades across Wyoming, while the 1.14% Wasatch Range climb east from Ogden was to be conquered by the Big Boys without helpers. The Challengers and Big Boys arrived on the scene just as traffic was surging in preparation for American participation in World War II.

Revenue service and retirement (1943–1957)

UP No. 3985's builder's plate Union Pacific No. 3985 "Challenger" (September 28, 2008) (2903831852).jpg
UP No. 3985's builder's plate

UP 3985 was part of the 4664-4 group of Challengers built in 1943. [3] Although this group consisted of 31 locomotives, only 25 went to the Union Pacific. [4]

UP 3985 operated in its last revenue train service in 1957, [1] and the locomotive was officially retired in 1962. The following year, No. 3985 was repainted and put on display in Cheyenne, Wyoming, for the 1963 National Railway Historical Society (NRHS) Convention alongside Big Boy No. 4023 and 4-8-4 "Northern" No. 844, which had been in excursion service since 1960. After the convention, the locomotive was stored inside the UP's Cheyenne roundhouse along with No. 4023. [1] In 1975, No. 3985 was placed on outdoor display beside the Cheyenne depot. [1]

First restoration and excursion career with UP (1981–2010)

Beginning in 1979, a group of Union Pacific employee-volunteers started work on restoring the locomotive and it was returned to operating condition in March 1981. [1] [5] The locomotive made its first excursion run in May during Railfair 1981, where it attended the opening of the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento, along with No. 844. [5] [6]

No. 3985, originally built to burn coal, was converted to burn No. 5 fuel oil in 1990 to reduce maintenance stops during excursion trips. [1] [6] That same year, the locomotive pulled a 143-car doublestack train between Cheyenne and North Platte, Nebraska, per special request by American President Lines. [7]

In 1991, No. 3985 went to Railfair 1991 along with No. 844 and DDA40X No. 6936. The excursion also included UP 4-6-0 No. 1243 on a flatbed. [8] The next year, the 3985 went to the National Railroad Historical Society's convention in San Jose, California. It participated in activities with Southern Pacific 4-8-4 No. 4449 and SP 4-6-2 No. 2472. [9]

No. 3985 passes through Golconda, Nevada, heading back to Cheyenne, Wyoming, in July 1992 3985 Golconda July 1992 - Flickr - drewj1946.jpg
No. 3985 passes through Golconda, Nevada, heading back to Cheyenne, Wyoming, in July 1992

In November 1992, the locomotive was selected to pull the Clinchfield Santa Train, an excursion that ran on CSX's Clinchfield trackage. For the run, the locomotive masqueraded as Clinchfield No. 676; the number was as a continuation of the CRR's E-3 locomotives, which were numbered 670–675. [10]

In May 1993, the locomotive masqueraded as sister engine No. 3967 as part of the 40th anniversary of the Rocky Mountain Railroad Club excursion, in which the original 3967 pulled the same excursion on May 17, 1953. [11] During the same run, the engine was renumbered again to 3718, the number being a continuation of the few 4664-4 locomotives that were converted to run on oil in 1945, which were numbered 3708–3717.

In July, No. 3985 travelled from Cheyenne to Omaha, Nebraska, where the locomotive was scheduled to pull an excursion to Chicago, Illinois for the 1993 NRHS Convention, and it marked No. 3985's first visit to Chicago since its restoration. [12] A number of UP's routes in the Midwest took a huge hit during that year's Great Flood, including the Sedalia Subdivision in Missouri, where No. 3985 tiptoed through enroute to Chicago. [13] After the convention ended, the locomotive travelled to Kansas City, where UP experienced a power-shortage; No. 3985 was used to pull honest freight trains around the area prior to its return to Cheyenne in August. [13]

In May 1994, No. 3985 pulled an excursion on California's Cajon Pass with the Union Pacific's A-B-A set of EMD E9 units during its 1994 tour. [14] In 1999, the 3985 double-headed with No. 844 on the way to Railfair 1999. [15] After the event, the 3985 was forced to pull the return trip with the 844 dead in tow after the FEF-3 suffered a tube failure on June 24 while on display.

Throughout its career, No. 3985 was station and serviced at Cheyenne, along with other equipment in the UP's heritage collection. It remained in the UP's maintenance shop in 2007 and underwent repairs in 2008. [16]

In September and October of 2010, No. 3985 embarked on the Missouri River Eagle Tour, which would become its last tour in excursion service with the Union Pacific. [17] As part of the tour, the locomotive was selected to pull the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus train from Cheyenne to Denver, Colorado, where the circus held a special performance to celebrate P.T. Barnum's birthday. [17] [18] No. 3985 made its final run with the UP on October 14, 2010, after which it was taken out of service for repairs and placed into storage. [19] [20]

In December 2018, Union Pacific asked the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) for waivers to exempt Nos. 3985, 844 and 4014 from federal Positive Train Control (PTC) requirements; [20] in February 2019, the FRA officials responded that such waivers were not needed. [21] Two years later, in January 2020, Union Pacific officially retired No. 3985 from excursion service. The UP steam program manager, Ed Dickens, said the team felt that maintaining three steam locomotives was too much for them to handle. No. 3985 also needed an extensive overhaul due to its poor mechanical condition as No. 4014 officially replaced No. 3985 in excursion service. [22] [23] Since 2019, No. 3985's original tender, No. 25-C-311, was connected to No. 4014 to save time in meeting the Big Boy's restoration deadline. [23] [24]

Acquisition by RRHMA and second restoration (2022-present)

On April 28, 2022, UP officials announced that the company would donate No. 3985—along with 2-10-2 No. 5511, Centennial No. 6936, an unpowered E9 locomotive, and other rolling stock from their heritage fleet—to the Railroading Heritage of Midwest America (RRHMA) in Silvis, Illinois. [25] [26] RRHMA aims to restore the Nos. 3985 and 5511 steam locomotives to operating condition. [26] On May 13, 2022, RRHMA launched a fundraiser to raise money for the work. [27] In November of that same year, UP moved 3985 and the rest of the donated equipment to the RRHMA's large shop facility in Silvis, Illinois. [28]

As part of the restoration, RRHMA planned to rebuild No. 4014's original tender, No. 25-C-116, to carry fuel oil instead of coal. [29] Afterwards, it will eventually be reconnected with No. 4014 and the No. 25-C-311 tender will be reconnected to the No. 3985 locomotive. [29]

In January 2023, the RRHMA announced that the restoration of No. 3985 had begun. [30] [31] Around December 2023, the new flue tubes and stay bolts for both Nos. 3985 and 5511 arrived. [32]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union Pacific Big Boy</span> Type of American simple articulated 4-8-8-4 locomotive

The Union Pacific Big Boy is a type of simple articulated 4-8-8-4 steam locomotive manufactured by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) between 1941 and 1944 and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad in revenue service until 1962.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-6-6-4</span> Articulated locomotive wheel arrangement

In the Whyte notation for classifying steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a 4-6-6-4 is a railroad steam locomotive that has four leading wheels followed by two sets of six coupled driving wheels and four trailing wheels. 4-6-6-4's are commonly known as Challengers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union Pacific 844</span> 1944 American steam locomotive

Union Pacific 844 is a class "FEF-3" 4-8-4 "Northern" type steam locomotive owned and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad for its heritage fleet. Built in December 1944 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) of Schenectady, New York, No. 844 is one of four surviving FEF series locomotives and the only one in operation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union Pacific Challenger</span> Class of American simple articulated 4-6-6-4 locomotives

The Union Pacific Challengers are a type of simple articulated 4-6-6-4 steam locomotive built by American Locomotive Company (ALCO) from 1936 to 1944 and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad until the late 1950s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union Pacific 6936</span> Preserved diesel-electric locomotive

Union Pacific 6936 is an EMD DDA40X locomotive built for the Union Pacific Railroad (UP). Previously a part of UP's heritage fleet, 6936 was for several decades the last remaining operational "Centennial" type, and thus the largest operational diesel-electric locomotive in the world. It is now owned by the Railroading Heritage of Midwest America in Silvis, Illinois, who plans to return the locomotive to operation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Pacific 4449</span> Preserved SP GS-4 class 4-8-4 locomotive in Portland, Oregon

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Excursion train</span> Chartered train run for a special event or purpose

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Pacific 2472</span> Preserved SP P-8 class 4-6-2 locomotive

Southern Pacific 2472 is a P-8 Class 4-6-2 heavy "Pacific" type steam locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) in 1921. No. 2472 is one of three surviving Southern Pacific P-8 class 4-6-2 Pacific locomotives, the other two being Nos. 2467 and 2479. The 4-6-2 designation means it has four leading wheels, six driving wheels, and two trailing wheels. The locomotive was used by the Southern Pacific Railroad to haul passenger trains until being retired in 1957. The locomotive was then donated to San Mateo County and placed on static display at the San Mateo County Fairgrounds. After being restored to operational condition in the early 1990s, the locomotive would pull excursion trains on the Niles Canyon Railway until being retired in 2015. The No. 2472 was then moved to the Northwest Pacific Railroad, where it is as of 2023, undergoing its Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) mandated 1,472 day inspection and overhaul.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Railway 4501</span> Preserved American Ms class 2-8-2 steam locomotive

Southern Railway 4501 is a preserved Ms class 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotive built in October 1911 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as the first of its wheel arrangement type for the Southern Railway (SOU). In July 1948, the locomotive was retired from the Southern Railway in favor of dieselization and was subsequently sold to the shortline Kentucky and Tennessee Railway (K&T) in Stearns, Kentucky, to haul coal trains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oil burner (engine)</span> Steam engine that uses oil as fuel

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norfolk and Western 1218</span> Preserved N&W class A locomotive

Norfolk and Western 1218 is a preserved four-cylinder simple articulated 2-6-6-4 steam locomotive, built in June 1943 by the Norfolk and Western's (N&W) Roanoke Shops in Roanoke, Virginia as part of the N&W's class "A" fleet of fast freight locomotives. It was retired from regular revenue service in July 1959, and was later restored by Norfolk Southern for excursion service for their steam program, pulling excursions throughout the eastern United States from 1987 to 1991. It is currently on display at the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke, Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian Pacific 2816</span> Preserved CP H1b class 4-6-4 locomotive

Canadian Pacific 2816, also known as the "Empress", is a preserved class "H1b" 4-6-4 Hudson-type steam locomotive built by the Montreal Locomotive Works (MLW) in December 1930 for the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP). It is the only non-streamlined H1 Hudson to be preserved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union Pacific FEF series</span> Three classes of American 4-8-4 locomotives

The Union Pacific FEF series consists of 45 4-8-4 "Northern" steam locomotives built by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) between 1937 and 1944 and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad until 1959. Like other Union Pacific steam classes, the acronym comes from the first letter of the spelling of its wheel arrangement: Four Eight Four.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union Pacific 4014</span> 1941 American steam locomotive

Union Pacific 4014 is a steam locomotive owned and operated by the Union Pacific (UP) as part of its heritage fleet. It is a four-cylinder simple articulated 4-8-8-4 "Big Boy" type built in 1941 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) at its Schenectady Locomotive Works. It was assigned to haul heavy freight trains in the Wasatch mountain range. The locomotive was retired from revenue service in 1959 and was donated to the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society; thereafter, it was displayed in Fairplex at the RailGiants Train Museum in Pomona, California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chesapeake and Ohio 2716</span> Preserved American 2-8-4 locomotive (C&O K-4 class)

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 2716 is a class "K-4" 2-8-4 "Kanawha" (Berkshire) type steam locomotive built in 1943 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O). While most railroads referred to these 2-8-4 type locomotives as Berkshires, the C&O referred to them as Kanawhas after the Kanawha River, which flows through West Virginia. Used as a dual service locomotive, No. 2716 and its classmates served the C&O in a variety of duties until being retired from revenue service in 1956.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Maryland Scenic Railroad 1309</span> Preserved American 2-6-6-2 locomotive

Western Maryland Scenic Railroad 1309 is a compound articulated class "H-6" "Mallet" type steam locomotive with a 2-6-6-2 wheel arrangement. It was the very last steam locomotive built by Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) in November 1949 and originally operated by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) where it pulled coal trains until its retirement in 1956. In 1972, No. 1309 was moved to the B&O Railroad Museum for static display until 2014 when it was purchased by the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad (WMSR), who undertook a multi-year effort to restore it to operating condition. The restoration was completed on December 31, 2020, and the locomotive entered tourist excursion service for the WMSR on December 17, 2021. This was the first time an articulated locomotive operated in the Eastern United States since the retirement of Norfolk and Western 1218 in November 1991.

The Union Pacific heritage fleet includes commemorative and historic equipment owned by the Union Pacific Railroad. The fleet currently consists of two historic steam locomotives, three historic diesel locomotives, seventeen modern diesel locomotives in historic or commemorative paint schemes and nearly four dozen passenger cars used on office car specials and excursion trains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union Pacific 4023</span> Preserved American 4-8-8-4 locomotive (UP class 4884-2)

Union Pacific 4023 is a 4-8-8-4 Big Boy steam locomotive preserved at Kenefick Park in South Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1944 by the American Locomotive Company at its Schenectady Locomotive Works, No. 4023 is one of eight surviving Big Boys and the only one that is part of the class' second group built in 1944, as all seven of the other survivors were part of the first group built in 1941.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Union Pacific 5511</span> Preserved American 2-10-2 steam locomotive

Union Pacific 5511 is a 2-10-2 “Santa Fe” type steam locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1923 as part of the Union Pacific Railroad's TTT-6 class. It is the last remaining member of its class and the only remaining 2-10-2 to be operated by the Union Pacific.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Challenger No. 3985" (PDF) (Press release). Union Pacific. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
  2. ↑ Drury 2015, p. 319.
  3. ↑ Solomon 2009, p. 70.
  4. ↑ Kalmbach, A.C., ed. (August 1944). "Almost Identical Twins". Trains Magazine. 4: 29.
  5. 1 2 Sperandeo, Andy (January 1995). "Challenger 3985 and her sisters: the Union Pacific 4-6-6-4 is notable for more than just its size" . Model Railroader . Vol. 62, no. 1. Kalmbach Publishing Company – via Gale OneFile.
  6. 1 2 Stagner, Lloyd E. (1995). Union Pacific Steam in Color (1st ed.). Morning Sun Books. pp. 127–128. ISBN   1-878887-44-0.
  7. ↑ "Heavy Freight and Union Pacific 3985". Pentrex. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  8. ↑ Pentrex. (1991), Sacramento Railfair 1991., Pentrex, OCLC   26339443 , retrieved 2020-04-17
  9. ↑ Pentrex. (1992), San Jose steam celebration., Pentrex, OCLC   29295667 , retrieved 2020-04-17
  10. ↑ "Union Pacific's Clinchfield Challenge DVD". Pentrex. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
  11. ↑ "Union Pacific's 40th Anniversary Steam Excursion DVD". Pentrex. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
  12. ↑ McGonigal, Robert (November 1993). "A tasty mix in the railroad capital" . Trains. Kalmbach Media. p. 29.
  13. 1 2 "Washout! Railroads Battle the Floods of '93" . Trains. Kalmbach Media. October 1993. pp. 20–21.
  14. ↑ Pentrex (Firm) (1994), Up 3985 over Cajon., Pentrex, OCLC   43598532 , retrieved 2020-04-17
  15. ↑ California State Railroad Museum. (1999). Railfair 99 : California calls you. The Museum. OCLC   56116815.
  16. ↑ "Challenger No. 3985". Cheyenne Depot Museum. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  17. 1 2 "Union Pacific Railroad's World's Largest Operating Steam Locomotive to Pull 'Ringling Bros.' Circus Train on Way to Sedalia, Mo., Celebration". Union Pacific. September 15, 2010. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  18. ↑ Shapiro, Mary (October 7, 2010). "Full steam ahead". St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  19. ↑ Grant, Rich (May 5, 2016). "There's Only One Time to See Two "Big Boy" Locomotives at Cheyenne's Depot Days". HuffPost . Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  20. 1 2 "Big Boy 4014 gets drivers; UP asks for PTC waivers for three steam locomotives". Trains. December 13, 2018. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  21. ↑ Wrinn, Jim (February 28, 2019). "FRA: UP doesn't need waiver to run steam 11,000 miles in 2019". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  22. ↑ Keefe, Kevin (January 17, 2020). "The Challenger at high tide". Classic Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  23. 1 2 Wrinn, Jim (March 31, 2020). "Union Pacific No. 3985's next stop". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  24. ↑ Wrinn, Jim (2020). Union Pacific's Big Boys: The Complete Story from History to Restoration (1st ed.). Kalmbach Books. p. 143. ISBN   978-1627007924.
  25. ↑ "Railroading Heritage of Midwest America - official website". Railroading Heritage of Midwest America. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
  26. 1 2 Glischinski, Steve (April 28, 2022). "Railroading Heritage of Midwest America, Union Pacific agree to donation of Challenger, other locomotives, cars". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
  27. ↑ Franz, Justin (May 13, 2022). "Railroading Heritage of Midwest America Launches Fundraiser for Restorations". Railfan & Railroad . White River Productions . Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  28. ↑ Sanchez, Cesar (November 19, 2022). "3 of the largest and rarest locomotives arrive in Silvis". WQAD-TV . Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  29. 1 2 Kratville-Wrinn, Cate (April 28, 2022). "Original Big Boy tender to be restored by Railroading Heritage of Midwest America". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  30. ↑ "Work begins on Union Pacific Challenger No. 3985". Trains. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
  31. ↑ "UP Challenger No. 3985 photo gallery - Trains". Trains. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
  32. ↑ "Parts Arrive at Silvis for UP Steam Locomotives As Restoration Gets Underway". Railfan & Railroad Magazine. White River Productions. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.

Bibliography

Further reading

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