Vision Zero

Last updated

In areas with non-motorists, examples of regulatory measures are lower speed limits and more speed controls, while examples of permanent traffic calming measures are chicanes, narrower lanes or trees 20 MPH is Plenty yard sign, San Jose, California.jpg
In areas with non-motorists, examples of regulatory measures are lower speed limits and more speed controls, while examples of permanent traffic calming measures are chicanes, narrower lanes or trees

Vision Zero is a multi-national road traffic safety project that aims to achieve a roadway system with no fatalities or serious injuries involving road traffic. It started in Sweden and was approved by their parliament in October 1997. [1] A core principle of the vision is that "Life and health can never be exchanged for other benefits within the society" rather than the more conventional comparison between costs and benefits, where a monetary value is placed on life and health, and then that value is used to decide how much money to spend on a road network towards the benefit of decreasing risk. [2]

Contents

Vision Zero was introduced in 1995. [3] It has been variously adopted in different countries or smaller jurisdictions, although its description varies significantly.

Principles

Roads in Sweden are built with safety prioritised over speed or convenience. Low urban speed-limits, pedestrian zones and barriers that separate cars from bikes and oncoming traffic have helped. Building 1,500 kilometres (900 miles) of "2+1" roads—where each lane of traffic takes turns to use a middle lane for overtaking—is reckoned to have saved around 145 lives over the first decade of Vision Zero --Why Sweden has so few road deaths, The Economist Explains [4] (26 February 2014)

Vision Zero is based on an underlying ethical principle that "it can never be ethically acceptable that people are killed or seriously injured when moving within the road transport system." [5] In most road transport systems, road users bear complete responsibility for safety. Vision Zero changes this relationship by emphasizing that responsibility is shared by transportation system designers and road users. [5]

Speed limits

Vision Zero suggests the following "possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure, given best practice in vehicle design and 100% restraint use". [6] These speeds are based on human and automobile limits. For example, the human tolerance for a pedestrian hit by a well-designed car is approximately 30 km/h (19 mph). [7] [8] If a higher speed in urban areas is desired, the option is to separate pedestrian crossings from the traffic. If not, pedestrian crossings, or zones (or vehicles), must be designed to generate speeds of a maximum of 30 km/h (19 mph). Similarly, for occupants, the maximum inherent safe speed of well-designed cars can be anticipated to be a maximum of 70 km/h (43 mph) in frontal impacts, and 50 km/h (31 mph) in side impacts. [7] [8] Speeds over 100 km/h (62 mph) can be tolerated if the infrastructure is designed to prevent frontal and side impacts.

Possible maximum travel speeds
Type of infrastructure and trafficPossible travel speed (km/h)
Locations with possible conflicts between pedestrians and cars30 km/h (19 mph)
Intersections with possible side impacts between cars50 km/h (31 mph)
Roads with possible frontal impacts between cars, including rural roads [9] 70 km/h (43 mph)
Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact (only impact with the infrastructure)100 km/h (62 mph)+

"Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact" are sometimes designated as Type 1 ( motorways/freeways/Autobahns ), Type 2 ("2+2 roads") or Type 3 ("2+1 roads"). [10] These roadways have crash barriers separating opposing traffic, limited access, grade separation and prohibitions on slower and more vulnerable road users. Undivided rural roads can be quite dangerous even with speed limits that appear low by comparison. In 2010, German rural roads, which are generally limited to 100 km/h (62 mph), had a fatality rate of 7.7 deaths per billion-travel-kilometers, higher than the 5.2 rate on urban streets (generally limited to 50 km/h (31 mph)), and far higher than the autobahn rate of 2.0; autobahns carried 31% of motorized road traffic while accounting for 11% of Germany's traffic deaths. [11]

A movement to reduce speed limits in residential areas to 20 mph (32 km/h) called "20's Plenty for Us" or "20 is Plenty" started gathering steam in the early 2000s in the United Kingdom. [12] [13] [14] It spread to the United States in 2010. [15] [16] [17]

Implementation

Canada

In December 2015, the Canadian injury prevention charity Parachute presented the Vision Zero concept, with Road Safety Strategist Matts Belin of Sweden, to nearly 100 road safety partners. [18]

In November 2016, Parachute hosted a one-day national road safety conference focused on Vision Zero goals and strategies, attended by leaders in health, traffic engineering, police enforcement, policy and advocacy. [19]

From that, the Parachute Vision Zero Network was formed, comprising more than 250 road safety advocates and practitioners, law enforcement, government and municipalities. [20] The network serves to provide a one-stop Canadian destination to connect these stakeholders with one other, and with information and resources to help communities address road safety challenges, using proven solutions. [21]

The second Parachute Vision Zero Summit was held in October 2017, attended by network members and politicians, including Ontario Transportation Minister Steven Del Duca. [22]

Another organization, Vision Zero Canada, launched their national campaign in December 2015. [23]

Efforts in Canadian cities:

India

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the sustainable safety approach differs from Vision Zero in that it acknowledges that in the majority of accidents humans are to blame, and that roads should be designed to be "self-explaining" thus reducing the likelihood of crashes. Self-explaining roads are easy to use and navigate, it being self-evident to road users where they should be and how they should behave. [39] The Dutch also prevent dangerous differences in mass, speeds and/or directions from mixing. Roundabouts create crossings on an otherwise 50 or 50 km/h (31 mph) road that are slow enough, 30 km/h (19 mph), to permit pedestrians and cyclists to cross in safety. Mopeds, cyclists and pedestrians are kept away from cars on separate paths above 30 km/h (19 mph) in the built up area. Buses are also often given dedicated lanes, preventing their large mass from conflicting with low mass ordinary cars.

More recently the Dutch have introduced the idea that roads should also be "forgiving", i.e. designed to lessen the outcome of a traffic collision when the inevitable does occur, principles which are at the core of both the Dutch and Swedish policies. [40]

New Zealand

In July 2019, the Sixth Labour Government released its "Road to Zero" 2020-2030 road safety strategy, which proposed reducing speed limits and installing more road safety features. It was modelled after the Vision Zero road-toll reduction movement. [41] The Road to Zero strategy was adopted in 2020. In February 2022, Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency and the New Zealand Police launched a public awareness campaign to promote Road to Zero. Waka Kotahi also announced a review of speed limits and tightened speed limit rules around schools. [42]

In March 2024, the Sixth National Government confirmed that it would be fulfilling its pre-election promise of reversing the previous Labour Government's speed limit reductions. These policies have included raising speed limits by 20km/h, introducing variable speed limits for school zones and assessing speed limit changes against both safety and economic criteria. [43]

Sweden

In 1997 the Swedish Parliament introduced a "Vision Zero" policy that requires that fatalities and serious injuries are reduced to zero by 2020. This is a significant step-change in transport policy at the European level.[ citation needed ] All new roads are built to this standard and older roads are modified.[ citation needed ] Vision Zero also incorporated other countermeasures targeting drivers and vehicles. It is worth noting that Sweden's road death toll was declining prior to 1997 and continued to do so under Vision Zero. However, the number of deaths has not improved since 2013.

Fatalities in Sweden
Source: Eurostat [44]

United Kingdom

Transport appraisal in the United Kingdom is based on New Approach to Appraisal which was first published in 1998 and updated in 2007. UK road safety plans have some similarities with Vision Zero, but do not specifically adopt it in the UK. In 2006 the Stockholm Environment Institute wrote a report at the request of the UK Department for Transport titled 'Vision zero: Adopting a Target of Zero for Road Traffic Fatalities and Serious Injuries'. [45] In 2008 the Road Safety Foundation published a report proposing on UK road safety which referenced Vision Zero. [40] The Campaign for Safe Road Design is a partnership between 13 UK major road safety stakeholders that is calling for the UK Government to invest in a safe road infrastructure which in their view could cut deaths on British roads by 33%.[ citation needed ] In 2007 Blackpool was the first British City to declare a vision zero target. In 2014 Brighton & Hove adopted vision zero in its "Safer Roads" strategy, predicated on the safe systems approach, alongside the introduction of an ISO accredited road traffic safety management system to ISO:39001. Edinburgh adopted a Road Safety Action Plan: Working Towards Vision Zero in May 2010 which "commits to providing a safe and modern road network where all users are safe from the risk of being killed or seriously injured". [46] Northern Ireland's DOE has a "Share the road to zero" policy for zero deaths. Bristol adopted a safe systems approach in March 2015. Transport for London (TfL) say they are working towards zero KSI. UK Vision Zero campaigns include Vision Zero London and Vision Zero UK. Project EDWARD (Every Day Without A Road Death) was established in 2016 and is an annual UK-wide road safety campaign managed by the Association for Road Risk Management (ARRM) and RoadSafe which promotes an evidence-led "safe system" approach to create a road traffic system free from death and serious injury. Following a public consultation held in mid-2019, a 20 mph speed limit was imposed on all central London roads, which are managed by Transport for London. [47] [48]

United States (cities/regions/states)

Other safety initiatives

EuroRAP

Across Europe, EuroRAP, the European Road Assessment Programme, is bringing together a partnership of motoring organisations, vehicle manufacturers and road authorities to develop protocols for identifying and communicating road accident risk and to develop tools and best practice guidelines for engineering safer roads. [96] EuroRAP aims to support governments in meeting their Vision Zero targets.[ citation needed ]

The "Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area" issued in 2011 by the European Commission states in point 2.5 (9): "By 2050, move close to zero fatalities in road transport. In line with this goal, the EU aims at halving road casualties by 2020." [97]

United Nations

The United Nations has more modest goals. Its "Decade of Action for Road Safety" is founded on a goal to "stabilize and then reduce" road traffic fatalities by 2020. It established the Road Safety Fund "to encourage donor, private sector and public support for the implementation of a Global Plan of Action." [98]

Outcomes

Despite some countries borrowing some ideas from the Vision Zero project, it has been noted that the richer countries have been making outstanding progress in reducing traffic deaths while the poorer countries tend to see an increase in traffic fatalities due to increased motorization. [4] Some locales have seen divergent results between the number of accidents and injuries on the one hand, and the number of deaths; in the first four years of the plan's implementation in New York City, for example, traffic injuries and traffic crashes have been increasing, though deaths have decreased. [51]

Road fatalities in 2013, with comparison to 1980, by country
Country [99] 1980 killed2013 killed2013/1980 percent2013 killed per million population2013 killed per 100 billion vehicle-kilometers
Australia3,2721,18536.251496
Austria2,00345522.754583
Belgium2,39672330.265707
Canada5,4622,25541.365
Czech Republic1,26165552.9621,573
Denmark69019127.734386
Finland55125846.848476
France13,6363,26824.051
Germany15,0503,33922.241460
Greece1,44687460.479
Hungary1,63059136.360
Ireland56419033.741396
Italy9,2203,38536.757
Japan11,3885,15245.240694
Luxembourg984545.984
Netherlands1,99647623.828374
Norway36218751.737426
Poland6,0023,35755.987
Portugal2,85063723.461
Slovenia55812522.461
South Korea6,4495,09279.01011,720
Spain6,5221,68025.736
Sweden84826030.727337
Switzerland1,20926922.233429
United Kingdom6,1821,77028.628348
United States51,09132,71964.0104680

Norway

Norway adopted its version of Vision Zero in 1999. In 2008, a staff engineer at the Norwegian Public Roads Administration said "The zero vision has drawn more attention to road safety, but it has not yielded any significant short-term gains so far." [100] Traffic fatalities in Norway has nevertheless continued to decline as time has passed by, and 2020 marked the important milestone of being the first year in Norwegian history to see fewer than 100 road fatalities; 95 people died on Norwegian roads that year. The Norwegian Road Authorities announced that the number of annual fatalities had been cut by more than 80% since the worst year of 1970 when 560 people lost their lives on Norwegian roads – this despite the amount of traffic having more than quadrupled since then. [101]

Sweden

Sweden, which initiated Vision Zero, has had somewhat better results than Norway. With a population of about 9.6 million, Sweden has a long tradition in setting quantitative road traffic safety targets. In the mid-1990s a 10-year target was set at a 50% reduction for 2007. This target was not met; the actual ten-year reduction was 13% to 471 deaths. The target was revised to 50% by 2020 and to 0 deaths by 2050. In 2009 the reduction from 1997 totals was 34.5% to 355 deaths.

Number of fatalities on Swedish roads [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] [107]
Accident yearFatalities
1997541
1998531
1999580
2000591
2001583
2002532
2003529
2004480
2005440
2006445
2007471
2008396
2009355
2010266
2011319
2012285
2013260
2014270
2015259
2016270
2017253
2018324
2019221
2020204
2021192

Traffic volume in Sweden increased steadily over the same period. [108]

Dominican Republic

Vision Zero has influenced other countries, such as the Dominican Republic. The country, despite having the deadliest traffic in the world, has managed to get to a point where only forty Dominicans die per 100,000 Dominicans each year, by following a set of guidelines based on the similar goal of reducing traffic fatalities. [4]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Speed limit</span> Maximum legal speed of vehicles

Speed limits on road traffic, as used in most countries, set the legal maximum speed at which vehicles may travel on a given stretch of road. Speed limits are generally indicated on a traffic sign reflecting the maximum permitted speed, expressed as kilometres per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mph) or both. Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of national or provincial governments and enforced by national or regional police and judicial authorities. Speed limits may also be variable, or in some places nonexistent, such as on most of the Autobahnen in Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pedestrian</span> Person traveling on foot

A pedestrian is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running. In modern times, the term usually refers to someone walking on a road or pavement, but this was not the case historically. Pedestrians may also be wheelchair users or other disabled people who use mobility aids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traffic calming</span> Road design measures that raise the safety of pedestrians and motorists

Traffic calming uses physical design and other measures to improve safety for motorists, car drivers, pedestrians and cyclists. It has become a tool to combat speeding and other unsafe behaviours of drivers. It aims to encourage safer, more responsible driving and potentially reduce traffic flow. Urban planners and traffic engineers have many strategies for traffic calming, including narrowed roads and speed humps. Such measures are common in Australia and Europe, but less so in North America. Traffic calming is a calque of the German word Verkehrsberuhigung – the term's first published use in English was in 1985 by Carmen Hass-Klau.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Road traffic safety</span> Methods and measures for reducing the risk of death and injury on roads

Road traffic safety refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from being killed or seriously injured. Typical road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, vehicle passengers, and passengers of on-road public transport.

Progress in the area of prevention is formulated in an environment of beliefs, called paradigms as can be seen in the next table. Some of them can be referred to as professional folklore, i.e. a widely supported set of beliefs with no real basis. For example, the “accident-prone driver” was a belief that was supported by the data in the sense that a small number of drivers do participate in a disproportionate number of accidents, it follows that the identification and removal of this drivers will reduce crashes. A more scientific analysis of the data indicate that this phenomenon can be explained simply by the random nature of the accidents, and not for a specific error-prone attitude of such drivers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Motorcycle safety</span> Study of the risks and dangers of motorcycling

Motorcycle safety is the study of the risks and dangers of motorcycling, and the approaches to mitigate that risk, focusing on motorcycle design, road design and traffic rules, rider training, and the cultural attitudes of motorcyclists and other road users.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iris Weinshall</span> American politician (born 1953)

Iris Weinshall is the chief operating officer of The New York Public Library, former vice chancellor at the City University of New York and a former commissioner of the New York City Department of Transportation. Weinshall was appointed Chief Operating Officer by the Library in July 2014, and she began her tenure on September 1, 2014. She is the wife of U.S. Senator and Senate Majority leader Chuck Schumer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transportation safety in the United States</span> Overview of transportation safety

Transportation safety in the United States encompasses safety of transportation in the United States, including automobile crashes, airplane crashes, rail crashes, and other mass transit incidents, although the most fatalities are generated by road incidents annually killing 32,479 people in 2011 to over 42,000 people in 2022. The number of deaths per passenger-mile on commercial airlines in the United States between 2000 and 2010 was about 0.2 deaths per 10 billion passenger-miles. For driving, the rate was 150 per 10 billion vehicle-miles: 750 times higher per mile than for flying in a commercial airplane. For a person who drives a million miles in a lifetime this amounts to a 1.5% chance of death.

Speed limits in Australia range from 5 km/h (3.1 mph) shared zones to 130 km/h (81 mph). Speed limit signage is in km/h since metrication on 1 July 1974. All speed limits, with the sole exception of the South Australian school and roadworks zones, which are signposted at 25 km/h, are multiples of 10 km/h – the last digit in all speed signs is zero. Speed limits are set by state and territory legislation albeit with co-ordination and discussion between governments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cycling in London</span> Overview of cycling in London, England

Cycling is a popular mode of transport and leisure activity within London, the capital city of the United Kingdom. Following a national decline in the 1960s of levels of utility cycling, cycling as a mode of everyday transport within London began a slow regrowth in the 1970s. This continued until the beginning of the 21st century, when levels began to increase significantly—during the period from 2000 to 2012, the number of daily journeys made by bicycle in Greater London doubled to 580,000. The growth in cycling can partly be attributed to the launch in 2010 by Transport for London (TfL) of a cycle hire system throughout the city's centre. By 2013, the scheme was attracting a monthly ridership of approximately 500,000, peaking at a million rides in July of that year. Health impact analyses have shown that London would benefit more from increased cycling and cycling infrastructure than other European cities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Road collision types</span> Overview of the various types of road traffic collision

Road traffic collisions generally fall into one of five common types:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traffic collision</span> Incident when a vehicle collides with another object

A traffic collision, also known as a motor vehicle collision, or car crash, occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other moving or stationary obstruction, such as a tree, pole or building. Traffic collisions often result in injury, disability, death, and property damage as well as financial costs to both society and the individuals involved. Road transport is statistically the most dangerous situation people deal with on a daily basis, but casualty figures from such incidents attract less media attention than other, less frequent types of tragedy. The commonly used term car accident is increasingly falling out of favor with many government departments and organizations, with the Associated Press style guide recommending caution before using the term. Some collisions are intentional vehicle-ramming attacks, staged crashes, vehicular homicide or vehicular suicide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Road speed limits in the United Kingdom</span>

Road speed limits in the United Kingdom are used to define the maximum legal speed for vehicles using public roads in the UK.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom</span> Overview of the road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom

Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom is the action taken by appropriately empowered authorities to attempt to persuade road vehicle users to comply with the speed limits in force on the UK's roads. Methods used include those for detection and prosecution of contraventions such as roadside fixed speed cameras, average speed cameras, and police-operated LIDAR speed guns or older radar speed guns. Vehicle activated signs and Community Speed Watch schemes are used to encourage compliance. Some classes of vehicles are fitted with speed limiters and intelligent speed adaptation is being trialled in some places on a voluntary basis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Speed limits in New Zealand</span> Overview of speed limits in New Zealand

General speed limits in New Zealand are set by the New Zealand government. The speed limit in each location is indicated on a nearby traffic sign or by the presence of street lighting. The limits have been posted in kilometres per hour (km/h) since 1974. Before then, when New Zealand used imperial units, maximum speeds were displayed in miles per hour (mph). Today, limits range from 10 km/h (6.2 mph) to 110 km/h (68 mph); in urban areas the default speed limit is 50 km/h (31 mph).

30 km/h zones and the similar 20 mph zones are forms of speed management used across areas of urban roads in some jurisdictions. The nominal maximum speed limits in these zones are 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph) and 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) respectively. Although these zones do have the nominal speed limit posted, speeds are generally ensured by the use of traffic calming measures, though limits with signs and lines only are increasingly used in the UK.

Vision Zero is a program created by New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio in 2014. Its purpose is to eliminate all traffic deaths and serious injuries on New York City streets by 2024. On January 15, 2014, Mayor de Blasio announced the launch of Vision Zero in New York City, based on a similar program of the same name that was implemented in Sweden. The original Swedish theory hypothesizes that pedestrian deaths are not as much "accidents" as they are a failure of street design. Traffic-related injuries and crashes in New York City increased from 2014 through 2018, though traffic-related deaths decreased.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Road safety in Europe</span> Overview of road safety in Europe

Road safety in Europe encompasses transportation safety among road users in Europe, including automobile accidents, pedestrian or cycling accidents, motor-coach accidents, and other incidents occurring within the European Union or within the European region of the World Health Organization. Road traffic safety refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from being killed or seriously injured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slough experiment</span> British road safety trial, 1955–1957

The Slough experiment was a two-year road safety trial carried out in Slough, Berkshire, England, from 2 April 1955 to 31 March 1957. Different road safety innovations were tested to determine if they would reduce the number of road accidents. Amongst other innovations the experiment trialled the first linked traffic signals in the country, single yellow no-waiting lines, a keep left system for pedestrians and yield signs at junctions. The experiment also saw the first use of 20 mph and 40 mph speed limits in the UK. The experiment cost at least £133,100 and resulted in a 10% reduction in serious injuries and fatalities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stroad</span> Type of thoroughfare

A stroad is a type of street–road hybrid. Common in the United States and Canada, stroads are wide arterials that often provide access to strip malls, drive-throughs, and other automobile-oriented businesses. Stroads have been criticized by urban planners for their safety issues and inefficiencies. While streets serve as a destination and provide access to shops and residences at safe traffic speeds, and roads serve as a high-speed connection that can efficiently move traffic at high speed and volume, stroads are often expensive, inefficient, and dangerous.

References

  1. ↑ Goodyear, Sarah (20 November 2014). "The Swedish Approach to Road Safety: 'The Accident Is Not the Major Problem'" (Written account of Goodyear's interview with Matts-Åke Belin, traffic safety strategist with the Swedish Transport Administration and one of its key architects of the original Vision Zero program). CityLab . Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  2. ↑ See for example, Ezra Hauer, "Computing what the Public wants: Some issues in road safety cost-benefit analysis", Accident Analysis and Prevention, January 2011
  3. ↑ "Road Safety: Vision Zero on the move" (PDF). Swedish Transport Administration.
  4. 1 2 3 "The Economist explains: Why Sweden has so few road deaths". The Economist . 26 February 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  5. 1 2 Tingvall, Claes; Haworth, Narelle. "Vision Zero - An ethical approach to safety and mobility". Monash University Accident Research Center. Monash University. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  6. ↑ Claes Tingvall and Narelle Haworth. "Vision Zero - An ethical approach to safety and mobility". Table 1. Possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure, given best practice in vehicle design and 100% restraint use...
  7. 1 2 Wilson, Steven (1 January 2006). "Speed Management". International Transport Forum, OECD. p. 41. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  8. 1 2 "Speed management: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners". www.who.int. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  9. ↑ "EU wants to slash rural speed limit". Irish Independent newspaper. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
  10. ↑ "NRA New Divided Road Types: Type 2 and Type 3 Dual-carriageways" (PDF). (Ireland) National Road Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  11. ↑ "Traffic and Accident Data: Summary Statistics – Germany" (PDF). Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (Federal Highway Research Institute). Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen. September 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  12. ↑ "How to Stop a Global Killer of Children". Pulitzer Center. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  13. ↑ "Is Twenty Plenty?". www.speedlimit.org.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  14. ↑ Goodyear, Sarah. "The Grassroots Campaign to Slow U.K. Traffic to 20 mph". CityLab. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  15. ↑ Journal, Katie Colaneri/The Jersey (28 October 2010). "City launches "Twenty is Plenty" campaign". nj. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  16. ↑ Chason, Rachel (23 June 2014). "NYC trying to lower speed limit as others raise it". USA TODAY. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  17. ↑ "Essay: It's time to rethink how the world's great cities manage traffic | CityMetric". www.citymetric.com. 26 September 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  18. ↑ "Parachute - Preventing Injuries. Saving Lives". parachutecanada.org. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  19. ↑ "Zero expectations drive efforts to drastically reduce traffic-related deaths in Canada". www.newswire.ca. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  20. ↑ "Main". Parachute Vision Zero Network. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  21. ↑ "Parachute and State Farm Canada Partner for Vision Zero". www.parachutecanada.org. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  22. ↑ "Summit 2017". Parachute Vision Zero Network. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  23. ↑ "#VisionZero Canada (@VisionZeroCA) | Twitter". visionzero.ca. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  24. ↑ "Active Transportation". City of Brantford. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  25. ↑ "Vision Zero :: City of Edmonton". www.edmonton.ca. City of Edmonton. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  26. ↑ Craggs, Samantha (4 February 2019). "Hamilton's Vision Zero plan is a lot of 'fluff,' says road safety advocate". CBC.ca . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  27. ↑ Thompson, Catherine (2 March 2020). "Vision Zero would systematically aim to reduce deadly crashes in Kitchener". Waterloo Region Record . Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  28. ↑ Campaigne, Stu (6 September 2018). "Vision Zero eyes advisory role in the future of North Bay's road safety". My North Bay Now. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  29. ↑ "Minutes of the Ottawa Transportation Committee, July 5, 2017".
  30. ↑ "Public Safety Committee Minutes" (PDF).
  31. ↑ Spurr, Ben (13 June 2016). "Lower speed limits part of Toronto plan to reduce pedestrian deaths". Toronto star. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016.
  32. ↑ "2022 Council Briefing: Vision Zero 2.0 – Road Safety". City of Toronto. 14 November 2022.
  33. ↑ "New Action to Enhance Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists" (PDF). Vancouver City Council. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  34. ↑ Vancouver, City of. "VANquish Collisions Hackathon". vancouver.ca. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  35. ↑ "Haryana Becomes First Indian State to Adopt a Vision Zero Approach Towards Road Safety". WRI INDIA. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  36. ↑ "Zero mishap campaign: Haryana launches zero fatality campaign | Chandigarh News - Times of India". The Times of India. TNN. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  37. ↑ "Road Safety Project in Haryana Aids in Lowering Fatalities by 10%". The Wire. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  38. ↑ "Road accident deaths drop 6.7% in Haryana in the first six months of 2019". Hindustan Times. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  39. ↑ J. Theeuwes and H. Godthelp, "Self-explaining roads," Saf. Sci., vol. 19, no. 2–3, pp. 217–225, 1995
  40. 1 2 Hill, Joanne. "Getting Ahead: Returning Britain to European leadership in road casualty reduction" (PDF). Road Safety Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
  41. ↑ Sharpe, Marty (17 July 2019). "New strategy aims to reduce number of road deaths by 40 per cent". Stuff . Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  42. ↑ Strang, Ben (23 February 2022). "Speed limit review planned as Waka Kotahi and police launch Road to Zero safety campaign". Stuff . Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  43. ↑ Moayyed, Mava (7 September 2024). "'Risky, expensive and confusing' – councils challenge government's proposed speed limit changes". 1 News . TVNZ. Archived from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  44. ↑ Victims in road accidents by NUTS 2 regions (tran_r_acci) in Sweden
  45. ↑ "Vision zero: Adopting a Target of Zero for Road Traffic Fatalities and Serious Injuries" (PDF). Department for Transport. 2006. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  46. ↑ "Road Safety Plan for Edinburgh to 2020" (PDF). Edinburgh.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  47. ↑ "Safe speeds for central London – introducing 20mph speed limits". Transport for London. 5 June 2019.
  48. ↑ "Central London 20mph speed limit introduced". BBC. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  49. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. ↑ "Vision Zero". Nyc.gov. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  51. 1 2 NYC traffic injuries are up despite drop in fatalities
  52. ↑ "Vision Zero Resolution 2014" (PDF). 2014.
  53. ↑ Kwong, Jessica (19 February 2014). "SF takes step forward in education for pedestrians, cyclists and drivers". San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  54. ↑ "About VisionZeroMT". www.mdt.mt.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  55. ↑ Orlov, Rick (29 September 2014). "Making Los Angeles streets 'great,' ending pedestrian deaths are Mayor Eric Garcetti and LADOT's goals". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  56. ↑ {{ authors[i].name }}. "Great Streets for Los Angeles | Bus". Scribd.com. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  57. ↑ "Vision Zero – Los Angeles County". pw.lacounty.gov. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  58. ↑ "Resolution No. 20141120-103" (PDF). Austintexas.gov. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  59. ↑ "Vision Zero | Planning and Zoning | AustinTexas.gov – The Official Website of the City of Austin". AustinTexas.gov. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  60. ↑ Boone, Andrew (20 February 2015). "San Mateo Adopts Vision Zero and LOS Reform With Sustainable Streets Plan". Streetsblog San Francisco. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  61. ↑ "Sustainable Streets San Mateo —". Sustainablestreetssanmateo.com. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  62. ↑ Amelia Templeton. "Portland Transportation Leaders Set Goal To End All Traffic Fatalities In the City . News". OPB. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  63. ↑ "Portland Progress: A 2-Year Workplan | The City of Portland, Oregon". Portlandoregon.gov. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  64. ↑ "Vision Zero: Seattle's plan to end traffic deaths and serious injuries by 2030 – VisionZero". Seattle.gov. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  65. ↑ "Seattle launches Vision Zero plan to end traffic deaths and injuries by 2030 – Mayor Murray". Office of the Mayor – Mayor Edward B. Murray. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  66. ↑ [ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)]
  67. ↑ Welsh, Nick (14 May 2015). "Hard Stop on Traffic Deaths: City Council Embraces 'Vision Zero' Program". Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  68. ↑ Cavanaugh, Maureen (23 June 2015). "Eliminating Traffic Deaths: San Diego Vision Zero Goal For 2025". KPBS. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  69. ↑ "City of Fort Lauderdale, FL: Vision Zero Fort Lauderdale". Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  70. ↑ "Vision Zero Boston". Vision Zero Boston. 4 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  71. 1 2 Halsey, Ashley (10 December 2015). ""Violate D.C.'s Traffic Laws? It's going to cost you — a lot". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  72. 1 2 3 Weiner, Rachel (23 August 2024). "Traffic fatalities have doubled since D.C.'s promise of zero". The Washington Post . Retrieved 31 August 2024. A decade ago, incoming Mayor Muriel E. Bowser (D) pledged to eliminate traffic deaths and serious injuries in D.C. by 2024. Instead, the number of fatalities has risen in all but two years since the initiative, dubbed 'Vision Zero,' was launched.
  73. ↑ "Denver Commits to Vision Zero". www.denvergov.org. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  74. ↑ "Denver implements 'Vision Zero' plan to decrease roadway fatalities". FOX31 Denver. 29 July 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  75. ↑ "Mayor Kenney Issues Vision Zero Executive Order". 5th Square. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  76. ↑ "Mayor Parker Recommits Philadelphia to Zero Deaths Ahead of Vision Zero Conference | Office of Transportation and Infrastructure Systems". City of Philadelphia. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  77. ↑ "Vision Zero Crash Study". www2.minneapolismn.gov. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  78. ↑ "2018 State of the State Address, North Dakota Office of the Governor" . Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  79. ↑ "Vision Zero Tempe". tempe.gov.
  80. ↑ Burness, Alex. "Vision Zero campaign aims to eliminate deadly and serious-injury crashes in Boulder". Daily Camera. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  81. ↑ Lotus, Jean (15 December 2017). "Boulder Joins Denver In Vision Zero Traffic Fatality Plan". Boulder, CO Patch. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  82. ↑ "Boulder City Council adopts '20 is plenty,' slowing residential speed limits". Boulder Daily Camera. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  83. ↑ "Group launches regional 'Vision Zero' plan for Denver metro area". KUSA. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  84. ↑ "Regional Vision Zero | DRCOG". drcog.org. 19 April 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  85. ↑ "Bill text for HB 885". mgaleg.maryland.gov.
  86. ↑ "Wisconsin Department of Transportation Zero in Wisconsin Page" . Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  87. ↑ Vision Zero in ABQ, City of Albuquerque, Accessed 15 December 2021
  88. ↑ "City Launches New Vision Zero Planning Process". www.cincinnati-oh.gov. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  89. ↑ "Vision Zero". www.houstontx.gov. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  90. ↑ Zuvanich, Adam (21 March 2024). "Houston deemphasizing commitment to 'Vision Zero' traffic safety initiative under new Mayor John Whitmire". Houston Public Media. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  91. ↑ City of Alameda. "Vision Zero in Alameda" . Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  92. ↑ City of Dallas. "Vision Zero in Dallas" (PDF). Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  93. ↑ City of Mountain View. "Vision Zero" . Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  94. ↑ "About Vision Zero – Vision Zero Lancaster – City of Lancaster, PA". Vision Zero Lancaster. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  95. ↑ "City-county council passes 'Vision Zero' to enhance pedestrian and cyclist safety". WRTV . 12 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  96. ↑ "About EuroRAP". Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  97. ↑ "WHITE PAPER: Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system" (PDF). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  98. ↑ "UN Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020". Road Safety fund. FIA foundation / WHO. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  99. ↑ "International Traffic and Accident Data" (PDF). Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  100. ↑ "Aiming to Reduce Fatal Traffic Accidents: Zero Vision, Zero Results?" . Retrieved 13 November 2008.
  101. ↑ "Historisk lave dødstall på norske veier i 2020". Statensvegvesen.no. Statens Vegvesen – Norwegian Road Authorities. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  102. ↑ Anders Lie; Claes Tingvall. "Government Status Report, Sweden" (PDF). Swedish Road Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.
  103. ↑ "DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD SAFETY IN SWEDEN" (PDF). Unece.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  104. ↑ Road traffic injuries
  105. ↑ "Sweden: road traffic fatalities 2006-2019". Statista. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  106. ↑ "Nollvisionen". Transportstyrelsen [Swedish Transport Agency] (in Swedish).
  107. ↑ "Deaths in traffic fewer than 200 in Sweden last year". Smart City Sweden. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  108. ↑ "Does the Vision Zero work?". Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.