Wiebesia pumilae

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Wiebesia pumilae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Agaonidae
Genus: Wiebesia
Species:
W. pumilae
Binomial name
Wiebesia pumilae
(Hill, 1967)

Wiebesia pumilae is a fig wasp species in the genus Wiebesia , Family Agaonidae. W. pumilae is the pollinator of Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang (Jelly Fig) and Ficus pumila var. pumila (Creeping Fig). [1] The scientific name was first published as Blastophaga pumilae in 1967 by Hill. [2]

Contents

W. pumilae is found in Taiwan, Hong Kong and China. [2] [3] There are three species of pollinators of Ficus pumila: Wiebesia pumilae sp.1, Wiebesia pumilae sp.2, Wiebesia pumilae sp.3. [4]

Morphology

Male Wiebesia pumilae is 3.1–3.2 mm in length. Its body colour is yellow brown. [2]

Female Wiebesia pumilae is 2.0–2.8 mm in length, with forward ovipositor. Its body colour is dark brown with yellowish tibiae and tarsi. [2]

Pollination

The relationship of fig and fig wasp is a classic example of obligate mutualism and coevolution. Only pollinating wasps pollinate the figs, while fig wasps only lay their eggs inside the fig ovules. [5] [6]

Jelly fig pollinating W. pumilae are different from Creeping fig pollinating W. pumilae in gene expression. [7] The genetic incompatibility can be caused by altitudinal adaptations, since jelly fig and creeping fig prefer different habitat altitudes. [8]

Creeping fig wasps can enter receptive female Jelly fig syconia and bear seeds, but they cannot enter its male syconia. [1] Jelly fig wasps can enter both receptive female Creeping fig syconia and bear seeds and can oviposit there as well. [1]

Life Cycle of Wiebesia pumilae

Pre-receptive stage

Wiebesia pumilae spend most of their time in larvae stage, from three weeks to nine months. [9] [10] [11] [12] Wiebesia pumilae larvae grow in a galled ovule inside fig syconia. [13]

Receptive stage

During the receptive stage, adult female Wiebesia pumilae are attracted by host-specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs). [1] VOCs aid adult female wasps to locate host figs. Female wasps enter figs through ostiole. [13]

Post-receptive stage

Wiebesia pumilae pollinate fig flowers and lay eggs inside their ovules. [13] After oviposition, the larvae feed on gall tissue and mature alongside fig seeds and pollen grains. [13]

Mature stage

As fertilised female pollinating wasps reach maturity, they leave their original fig and transfer pollen to another tree. [13]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Chen, You-Ling; Huang, Mei-li; Wu, Wen-Shan; Wang, Ai-Fang; Bao, Tiantian; Zheng, Cui-Fang; Chou, Lien-Siang; Tzeng, Hsy-yu; Tu, Shu-wen (2016-10-01). "The floral scent of Ficus pumila var. pumila and its effect on the choosing behavior of pollinating wasps of Wiebesia pumilae" . Acta Ecologica Sinica. 36 (5): 321–326. doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.06.008. ISSN   1872-2032.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Hill, Dennis S (1966). The figs (Ficus spp.) and fig wasps (Chalcidoidea) of Hong Kong (Thesis). The University of Hong Kong Libraries. doi:10.5353/th_b3122847.
  3. ↑ Wang, Hurng-Yi; Hsieh, Chia-Hung; Huang, Chin-Gi; Kong, Siu-Wah; Chang, Hsiao-Chi; Lee, Ho-Huei; Wang, Wei-Kuang; Chen, Shih-Lun; Tzeng, Hsy-Yu; Wu, Wen-Jer (2013). "Genetic and physiological data suggest demographic and adaptive responses in complex interactions between populations of figs ( Ficus pumila ) and their pollinating wasps ( Wiebesia pumilae )" . Molecular Ecology. 22 (14): 3814–3832. doi:10.1111/mec.12336. PMID   23841862. S2CID   206179942.
  4. ↑ CHEN, YAN; COMPTON, STEPHEN G.; LIU, MIN; CHEN, XIAO-YONG (2012-02-15). "Fig trees at the northern limit of their range: the distributions of cryptic pollinators indicate multiple glacial refugia" . Molecular Ecology. 21 (7): 1687–1701. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05491.x. ISSN   0962-1083. PMID   22335780. S2CID   20361148.
  5. ↑ Kjellberg F, Jousselin E, Hossaert-McKey M, Rasplus J-Y (2005) Biology, ecology, and evolution of fig-pollinating wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). In: Raman A, Schaefer W, Withers TM (eds) Biology, ecology and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield (NH) USA, Plymouth (UK), pp 539–572
  6. ↑ Bain, Anthony; Tzeng, Hsy-Yu; Wu, Wen-Jer; Chou, Lien-Siang (December 2015). "Ficus (Moraceae) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Taiwan". Botanical Studies. 56 (1): 11. doi: 10.1186/s40529-015-0090-x . ISSN   1999-3110. PMC   5432906 . PMID   28510820.
  7. ↑ Wang, Hurng-Yi; Hsieh, Chia-Hung; Huang, Chin-Gi; Kong, Siu-Wah; Chang, Hsiao-Chi; Lee, Ho-Huei; Wang, Wei-Kuang; Chen, Shih-Lun; Tzeng, Hsy-Yu; Wu, Wen-Jer (July 2013). "Genetic and physiological data suggest demographic and adaptive responses in complex interactions between populations of figs ( F icus pumila ) and their pollinating wasps ( W iebesia pumilae )" . Molecular Ecology. 22 (14): 3814–3832. doi:10.1111/mec.12336. ISSN   0962-1083. PMID   23841862. S2CID   206179942.
  8. ↑ Bai-Wei LO; Hunrg-Yi WANG (2021-09-01). "Genetic data revealed co-diversification and host switching in the Wiebesia pumilae species complex, pollinators of Ficus pumila". Taiwania. 66 (3). doi:10.6165/tai.2021.66.345.
  9. ↑ Wang, Rong; Yang, Yang; Jing, Yi; Segar, Simon T.; Zhang, Yu; Wang, Gang; Chen, Jin; Liu, Qing-Feng; Chen, Shan; Chen, Yan; Cruaud, Astrid; Ding, Yuan-Yuan; Dunn, Derek W.; Gao, Qiang; Gilmartin, Philip M. (July 2021). "Molecular mechanisms of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions in a plant–pollinator association". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (7): 974–986. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01469-1. ISSN   2397-334X. PMID   34002050. S2CID   234768590.
  10. ↑ Souza, Camila D.; Pereira, Rodrigo A. S.; Marinho, Cristina R.; Kjellberg, Finn; Teixeira, Simone P. (2015-09-29). "Diversity of fig glands is associated with nursery mutualism in fig trees". American Journal of Botany. 102 (10): 1564–1577. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1500279 . ISSN   0002-9122. PMID   26419809.
  11. ↑ Souto-Vilarós, Daniel; Proffit, Magali; Buatois, Bruno; Rindos, Michal; Sisol, Mentap; Kuyaiva, Thomas; Isua, Brus; Michalek, Jan; Darwell, Clive T.; Hossaert-McKey, Martine; Weiblen, George D.; Novotny, Vojtech; Segar, Simon T. (2018-05-25). "Pollination along an elevational gradient mediated both by floral scent and pollinator compatibility in the fig and fig-wasp mutualism". Journal of Ecology. 106 (6): 2256–2273. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12995 . ISSN   0022-0477. S2CID   90343266.
  12. ↑ Wang, Rong; Chen, Xiao-Yong; Chen, Yan; Wang, Gang; Dunn, Derek W.; Quinnell, Rupert J.; Compton, Stephen G. (2019-02-20). "Loss of top-down biotic interactions changes the relative benefits for obligate mutualists". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1897): 20182501. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2501. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   6408880 . PMID   30963835.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Kjellberg, F., Jousselin, E., Hossaert-McKey, M., & Rasplus, J. Y. (2005). Biology, ecology, and evolution of fig-pollinating wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). Biology, ecology and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods, 2, 539–572.


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