Women in the 43rd Canadian Parliament

Last updated

The 43rd Canadian Parliament once again set a record number of female Members of Parliament, with 98 women elected to the 338-member House of Commons of Canada (28.9%) in the 2019 election. [1] Of those 98 women, 31 were elected for the first time in the 2019 election. 2 more women were elected in by-elections in October 2020, reaching the historic milestone of 100 women in the House of Commons for the first time. [2] This represents a gain of twelve seats over the previous record of 88 women in the 42nd Canadian Parliament. By contrast, the 116th United States Congress had 102 women sitting in the 435-seat United States House of Representatives (23.4%). [3]

Contents

Party standings

PartyTotal women candidates in the 2019 Election % women of total candidates in the 2019 ElectionTotal women elected in the 2019 Election% women elected of total women candidates in the 2019 Election% women elected of total elected in the 2019 ElectionTotal women members of the House of Commons at dissolution% women of members in the House of Commons at dissolution
Liberal 133 (of 338)39.3%52 (of 157)39.1%33.1%54 (of 337)16.0%
Conservative 106 (of 338)31.4%22 (of 121)20.8%18.2%21 (of 337)6.2%
Bloc Québécois 36 (of 78)46.2%12 (of 32)33.3%37.5%12 (of 337)3.6%
New Democrats 166 (of 338)49.1%9 (of 24)5.4%37.5%9 (of 337)2.7%
Green 156 (of 336)46.4%2 (of 3)1.3%66.6%1 (of 337)0.3%
Independents 2 (of 337)0.6%
Total98 (of 338)29.0%99 (of 337)29.4%
Table source: [4] Table source: [5] and List of House members of the 43rd Parliament of Canada

Female Members

NamePartyElectoral districtNotes
  Leona Alleslev Conservative Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill
 Hon. Anita Anand† Liberal Oakville Minister of Public Services and Procurement
  Niki Ashton New Democrat Churchill—Keewatinook Aski
  Jenica Atwin† Liberal Fredericton Elected as a Green MP. Crossed the floor to the Liberal Party on June 10, 2021.
  Rachel Bendayan Liberal Outremont
 Hon. Carolyn Bennett Liberal Toronto—St. Paul's Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations
 Hon. Candice Bergen Conservative Portage—Lisgar
  Sylvie Bérubé† Bloc Québécois Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou
  Lyne Bessette† Liberal Brome—Mississquoi
 Hon. Marie-Claude Bibeau Liberal Compton—Stanstead Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food
  Rachel Blaney New Democrat North Island—Powell River
  Kelly Block Conservative Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek
  Élisabeth Brière† Liberal Sherbrooke
  Louise Chabot† Bloc Québécois Thérèse-De Blainville
 Hon. Bardish Chagger Liberal Waterloo Minister of Diversity, Inclusion and Youth
  Louise Charbonneau† Bloc Québécois Trois-Rivières
  Laurel Collins† New Democrat Victoria
  Julie Dabrusin Liberal Toronto—Danforth
  Pam Damoff Liberal Oakville North—Burlington
  Raquel Dancho† Conservative Kildonan—St. Paul
  Claude DeBellefeuille†† Bloc Québécois Salaberry—Suroît
  Caroline Desbiens† Bloc Québécois Beauport—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île d'Orléans—Charlevoix
  Anju Dhillon Liberal Dorval—Lachine—LaSalle
 Hon. Kirsty Duncan Liberal Etobicoke North Deputy Leader of the Government in the House of Commons.
  Julie Dzerowicz Liberal Davenport
  Rosemarie Falk Conservative Battlefords—Lloydminster
 Hon. Kerry-Lynne Findlay†† Conservative South Surrey—White Rock
 Hon. Diane Finley Conservative Haldimand—Norfolk Resigned on May 11, 2021.
 Hon. Mona Fortier Liberal Ottawa—Vanier Minister of Middle Class Prosperity and Associate Minister of Finance
 Hon. Chrystia Freeland Liberal University—Rosedale Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance
 Hon. Hedy Fry Liberal Vancouver Centre Longest Currently Serving Female Member of Parliament
  Cheryl Gallant Conservative Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke
  Marie-Hélène Gaudreau† Bloc Québécois Laurentides—Labelle
  Leah Gazan† New Democrat Winnipeg Centre
  Marilène Gill Bloc Québécois Manicouagan
  Marilyn Gladu Conservative Sarnia—Lambton
 Hon. Karina Gould Liberal Burlington Minister of International Development
  Tracy Gray† Conservative Kelowna—Lake Country
 Hon. Patty Hajdu Liberal Thunder Bay—Superior North Minister of Health
  Rachael Harder Conservative Lethbridge
  Carol Hughes New Democrat Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing Assistant Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons
  Gudie Hutchings Liberal Long Range Mountains
  Marci Ien††† Liberal Toronto Centre
  Helena Jaczek† Liberal Markham—Stouffville
  Tamara Jansen† Conservative Cloverdale—Langley City
 Hon. Mélanie Joly Liberal Ahuntsic—Cartierville Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages
  Yvonne Jones Liberal Labrador
 Hon. Bernadette Jordan Liberal South Shore—St. Margaret's Ministers of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard
  Iqra Khalid Liberal Mississauga—Erin Mills
  Kamal Khera Liberal Brampton West
  Annie Koutrakis† Liberal Vimy
  Stephanie Kusie Conservative Calgary Midnapore
  Jenny Kwan New Democrat Vancouver East
  Marie-France Lalonde† Liberal Orléans
  Emmanuella Lambropoulos Liberal Saint-Laurent
  Andréanne Larouche† Bloc Québécois Shefford
  Patricia Lattanzio† Liberal Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel
 Hon. Diane Lebouthillier Liberal Gaspésie—Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine Minister of National Revenue
  Soraya Martinez Ferrada† Liberal Hochelaga
  Lindsay Mathyssen† New Democrat London—Fanshawe
  Elizabeth May Green Saanich—Gulf Islands Leader of the Green Party until November 4, 2019.
  Karen McCrimmon Liberal Kanata—Carleton
 Hon. Catherine McKenna Liberal Ottawa Centre Minister of Infrastructure and Communities
  Cathy McLeod Conservative Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo
  Heather McPherson† New Democrat Edmonton—Strathcona
  Alexandra Mendès Liberal Brossard—Saint-Lambert Assistant Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons
 Hon. Maryam Monsef Liberal Peterborough—Kawartha Minister for Women and Gender Equality
  Kristina Michaud† Bloc Québécois Avignon—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia
 Hon. Joyce Murray Liberal Vancouver Quadra Minister of Digital Government
 Hon. Mary Ng Liberal Markham-Thornhill Minister of Small Business, Export Promotion and International Trade
  Christine Normandin† Bloc Québécois Saint-Jean
  Jennifer O'Connell Liberal Pickering—Uxbridge
  Monique Pauzé Bloc Québécois Repentigny
 Hon. Ginette Petitpas Taylor Liberal Moncton-Riverview-Dieppe Deputy Government Whip.
  Mumilaaq Qaqqaq New Democrat Nunavut
 Hon. Carla Qualtrough† Liberal Delta Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Disability Inclusion
  Yasmin Ratansi Independent Don Valley East Resigned from the Liberal caucus in November 2020 to sit as an Independent.
 Hon. Michelle Rempel Conservative Calgary Nose Hill
  Sherry Romanado† Liberal Longueuil—Charles-LeMoyne
  Lianne Rood† Conservative Lambton—Kent—Middlesex
  Jag Sahota† Conservative Calgary Skyview
  Ruby Sahota Liberal Brampton North
  Ya'ara Saks††† Liberal York Centre
 Hon. Deb Schulte Liberal King—Vaughan Minister of Seniors
 Hon. Judy Sgro Liberal Humber River—Black Creek
  Brenda Shanahan Liberal Châteauguay—Lacolle
  Nelly Shin† Conservative Port Moody—Coquitlam
  Sonia Sidhu Liberal Brampton South
  Shannon Stubbs Conservative Lakeland
 Hon. Filomena Tassi Liberal Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas Minister of Labour
  Anita Vandenbeld Liberal Ottawa West—Nepean
  Karen Vecchio Conservative Elgin—Middlesex—London
  Julie Vignola† Bloc Québécois Beauport—Limoilou
  Cathay Wagantall Conservative Yorkton—Melville
 Hon. Jody Wilson-Raybould Independent Vancouver Granville
 Hon. Alice Wong Conservative Richmond Centre
  Jean Yip Liberal Scarborough-Agincourt
  Kate Young Liberal London West
  Salma Zahid Liberal Scarborough Centre
  Lenore Zann† Liberal Cumberland—Colchester

Accessibility to Office and Equal Representation

The Canadian Parliament has seen a dramatic increase in the number of women and racialized people that sit in the House of Commons in the last decade. However, the representation of women in the house has not always been key to the government's success. In 1921, the first federal election where the majority of women could vote took place. [6] This was also the year that the very first woman was elected to sit in the House. Although 4 women ran, only one was elected: Agnes Campbell Macphail. [6]

The 2019 Canadian election saw a record number of women in terms of the number of candidates as well as the proportion of women in contrast to all of the candidates. More than 700 of the 2,146 candidates were women, meaning that 34% of candidates identified as Female. [6] It was the first federal election where the data compiled on candidates’ gender identities could possible to be other than a man or woman. Elections Canada data states that 19 of the 2,146 did not state their gender and 5 of the 2,146 candidates identified as a different identity. [6] Since 1968, the percentage of women that have run in the Canadian Federal election has gone up by seven times, and with the 43rd Canadian Parliament setting records for representation, we can see change occurring. [6]

One of the largest reasons why there is not a  higher percentage of female candidates is because of the barriers to entry that they face. According to the Library of the Canadian Parliament, there are seven key factors that contribute to the barriers to entry that women face: gender stereotypes and discrimination, lack of confidence in their abilities, insufficient efforts to recruit female candidates, difficulties in financing their campaigns, absence of family-friendly and gender-sensitive workplaces, gender-based violence and harassment, and gender-biased media treatment. [7] These seven reasons, identified by the Government of Canada, are the issues that must be addressed if equality is to be achieved in representation. Similarly, a book written by Newman et al. also noted similar things to be barriers to entry for women into the political landscape in Canada. [8]

Female Representation in Canada Compared to International and Provincial Representation

The number of women in the Canadian Parliament has been slowly but steadily increasing since the 1980s [9] and has reached its highest point following the 2019 Canadian federal election where women made up 29.6% [10] of the Canadian Parliament which is higher than the global average of 25.5% [11] and very close to the 1995 United Nations goal of 30% female representation in government. [12] In terms of gender representation in government, Canada outperforms a country like the United States in which the House of Representatives is made up of 27.4% women. [10] However, in a country where women make up a slim majority of the population at 50.4% as of 2010, [13] the 43rd Canadian Parliament still falls short when it comes to achieving gender parity in government. Canada also currently ranks 53rd in the world in gender representation in government which is behind the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Rwanda. [10] However, with prominent Canadian political parties like the Liberals Party pledging to include more female representation in government [14] as well as parties like the New Democratic Party putting forward a slate of candidates that was 49% women in the 2019 election, [15] there is significant political pressure to increase the number of women representatives in government.

Canadian Provinces and Territories come much closer to achieving gender parity in their Legislative Assemblies than their federal counterparts. Similar to the rest of Canada in the province of Ontario women make up a little over half of the population at 50.7% [16] but unlike the rest of Canada 35.5% of Ontario Member's of the Legislative Assembly are women. [17] In Quebec, a province where women make up 50.4% [16] of the population, gender parity is even closer to being achieved with women making up 42.4% of the National Assembly. [18] The Northwest Territory has come the closest to achieving gender parity with women making up 48.3% [16] of the population and 47.3% of the Legislative Assembly. [19] The Northwest Territories is also currently the only Province or Territory in Canada that has a female Premier, Caroline Cochrane. [19]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proportional representation</span> Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals

Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to political divisions among voters. The essence of such systems is that all votes cast – or almost all votes cast – contribute to the result and are effectively used to help elect someone – not just a bare plurality or (exclusively) the majority – and that the system produces mixed, balanced representation reflecting how votes are cast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Member of the European Parliament</span> Person who has been elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament

A member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open list</span> Personalized list proportional voting system

Open list describes any variant of party-list proportional representation where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected. This is as opposed to closed list, which allows only active members, party officials, or consultants to determine the order of its candidates and gives the general voter no influence at all on the position of the candidates placed on the party list.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Assembly (Nigeria)</span> Legislature of Nigeria

The National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a bicameral legislature established under section 4 of the Nigerian Constitution. It consists of a Senate with 109 members and a 360-member House of Representatives. The body, modeled after the federal Congress of the United States, is supposed to guarantee equal representation with 3 senators to each 36 states irrespective of size in the Senate plus 1 senator representing the Federal Capital Territory and single-member district, plurality voting in the House of Representatives. The National Assembly, like many other organs of the Nigerian federal government is based in Abuja in the Federal Capital Territory.

There have been 122 women in the Australian Senate since the establishment of the Parliament of Australia. Women have had the right to stand for federal parliament since 1902, and there were three female candidates for the Senate at the 1903 federal election. However, it was not until Dorothy Tangney's victory at the 1943 federal election that a woman was elected. Since then, all states and territories have had multiple female senators – in chronological order: Western Australia (1943), Queensland (1947), Victoria (1950), South Australia (1955), Tasmania (1975), the Australian Capital Territory (1975), New South Wales (1987), and the Northern Territory (1998).

Government in Australia is elected by universal suffrage and Australian women participate in all levels of the government of the nation. In 1902, the newly formed Commonwealth of Australia became the first nation on earth to enact equal suffrage, enabling women to both vote and stand for election alongside men Women have been represented in Australian state parliaments since 1921, and in the Federal Parliament since 1943. The first female leader of an Australian State or Territory was elected in 1989, and the first female Prime Minister took office in 2010. In 2019 for the first time, a majority of members of the Australian Senate were women. At the time of its foundation in 1901, and again from 1952 to 2022, Australia has had a female monarch as ceremonial Head of State, while the first female Governor of an Australian State was appointed in 1991, and the first female Governor-General of Australia took office in 2008.

Representation by women has been a significant issue in Canadian politics since 1900.

Upon the dissolution of the 39th Canadian Parliament, 65 of the 308 seats were held by women. Canada ranks 45th in the world in representation of women in the national lower house.

This is a list of women who are currently members of the provincial and territorial Legislative Assemblies in Canada.

In many countries, women have been underrepresented in the government and different institutions. This historical tendency still persists, although women are increasingly being elected to be heads of state and government.

All-women shortlists (AWS) is an affirmative action practice intended to increase the proportion of female Members of Parliament (MPs) in the United Kingdom, allowing only women to stand in particular constituencies for a particular political party. Only the Liberal Democrats currently use this practice. Labour abandoned the shortlist for general election purposes in March 2022. Political parties in other countries, such as South Korea and various Latin American countries, have used practices analogous to AWS, especially in relation to government sex quotas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in Armenia</span> Overview of the status of women in Armenia

Women in Armenia have had equal rights, including the right to vote, since the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. On June 21 and 23, 1919, the first direct parliamentary elections were held in Armenia under universal suffrage - every person over the age of 20 had the right to vote regardless of gender, ethnicity or religious beliefs. The 80-seat legislature, charged with setting the foundation for an Armenian state, contained three women deputies: Katarine Zalyan-Manukyan, Perchuhi Partizpanyan-Barseghyan and Varvara Sahakyan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in the Czech Republic</span> Overview of the status of women in the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic provides a wide variety of civil rights to female citizens and Czech women have a long history of actively participating in Czech society. However, women in the Czech Republic continue to experience gender discrimination, particularly in the workforce and political arena.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sonia Sidhu</span> Canadian politician

Satinderpal "Sonia" Sidhu is a Canadian politician who was elected as a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada to represent the federal electoral district of Brampton South during the 2015 Canadian federal election.

The 42nd Canadian Parliament includes a record number of female Members of Parliament, with 88 women elected to the 338-member House of Commons of Canada (26%) in the 2015 election. This represents a gain of twelve seats over the previous record of 76 women in the 41st Canadian Parliament. By contrast, the 114th United States Congress had 105 women sitting in the 435-seat United States House of Representatives.

The zipper system, also known as "vertical parity" or the "zebra system", is a type of gender quota for party lists in proportional representation electoral systems. It requires that parties alternate between women and men on their candidate lists, meaning that 50% of the candidates are women and 50% are men. The zipper method is applied to election laws in many countries in order to achieve equal gender representation in candidates and, potentially, elected members.

RepresentWomen is a 501(c)(3) organization that argues in favor of institutional reforms to help women achieve gender parity in public office in the United States. The organization conducts research and advocacy work to advance women's representation through candidate recruitment rules, electoral reforms, and the modernization of legislative rules. Their mission, according to their website, is to "strengthen our democracy by advancing reforms that break down barriers to ensure more women can run, win, serve, and lead."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shannon Stubbs</span> Canadian politician (born 1979)

Shannon Stubbs is a Canadian politician who was elected to represent the riding of Lakeland in the House of Commons of Canada in the 2015 federal election. She was re-elected to represent the same riding in the 2019 and 2021 federal elections.

The 44th Canadian Parliament includes a record number of female Members of Parliament, with 103 women elected to the 338-member House of Commons of Canada (30.5%) in the 2021 election. Of those 103 women, 22 were elected for the first time in the 2021 election. This represents a gain of five seats over the previous record of 98 women elected at the beginning of the 43rd Canadian Parliament, and a gain of three seats from the record high of 100 women during the previous parliamentary session following by-elections.

A gender quota is a quota used by countries and parties to increase women's representation or substantive equality based on gender in legislatures. Women are largely underrepresented in parliaments and account for a 26.9% average in parliaments globally. As of November 2021, gender quotas have been adopted in 132 countries. Around the world, quotas vary greatly in their enforcement and the stage of electoral process targeted, creating three main types of quotas: legislated candidate quotas, voluntary party quotas, and reserved seats. Regardless of their prevalence, they are a controversial measure, creating debates concerning their impacts, both negative and positive.

References

  1. ↑ Lupick, Travis (October 22, 2019). "A record 98 women elected to Canada's 43rd Parliament, but equality advocates say that's not good enough". The Georgia Straight . Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  2. ↑ HuffPost Canada Staff (October 31, 2020). "Canada Has Hit A Historic Milestone In Female Political Representation". HuffPost Canada . Retrieved September 23, 2021.
  3. ↑ "Women in Congress: Statistics and Brief Overview". Congressional Research Service. June 29, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  4. ↑ "Women Candidates in General Elections". Library of Parliament. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
  5. ↑ "Members of the 43rd Parliament". House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Women in the Parliament of Canada". HillNotes. 2020-01-23. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
  7. ↑ Vecchio, Karen (2019). "Elect Her: A Roadmap for Improving the Representation of Women in Canadian Politics" (PDF). House of Commons of Canada.
  8. ↑ Newman, Jacquetta (2012). Women, politics, and public policy: the political struggles of Canadian women. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780195432497.
  9. ↑ Griffiths, Nathan (2019-10-25). "Record 98 women were elected in Canada's 43rd Parliament". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
  10. 1 2 3 "Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments". Parline: the IPU’s Open Data Platform. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  11. ↑ "Global and regional averages of women in national parliaments". Parline: the IPU’s Open Data Platform. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  12. ↑ "Women politicians 'making gains'". BBC News. 2006-02-28. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  13. ↑ "Female Population". Statistics Canada. 2015-11-30.
  14. ↑ "Add Women. Change Politics". Liberal Party of Canada. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  15. ↑ Raman-Wilms, Menaka (2019-12-29). "2019 saw a record number of women elected — but gender equity in the Commons is still far off". CBC News. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  16. 1 2 3 "Population, by province and territory, Canada, 2010". Statistics Canada. 2015-11-30. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
  17. ↑ "Ontario Ranks First in Canada for Women's Representation... but Canada now has just one female Premier". Equal Voice. 2018-06-08. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
  18. ↑ "Right of Québec women to vote and to stand for office". Elections Quebec. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
  19. 1 2 "Record number of women elected in Northwest Territories". CBC News. 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.