Xerocomellus

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Xerocomellus
Xerocomus chrysenteron1.jpg
Xerocomellus chrysenteron
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Xerocomellus
Šutara (2008)
Type species
Xerocomellus chrysenteron
(Bull.) Šutara (2008)
Species

See text

Xerocomellus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. The genus, as it was described in 2008, contained 12 species. [1] However X. rubellus and X. engelii were transferred to the new genus Hortiboletus and X. armeniacus was transferred to the new genus Rheubarbariboletus in 2015. [2] [3] Molecular analysis supports the distinction of Xerocomellus species from Boletus and Xerocomus , within which these species were formerly contained. Xerocomellus in fact is only distantly related to Xerocomus and is most closely related to Tylopilus , Boletus sensu stricto, Porphyrellus , Strobilomyces , and Xanthoconium . [4]

Contents

Taxonomy

Members of the genus had been classified either in the genus Boletus or Xerocomus until Czech mycologist Josef Šutara examined a number of species and concluded that there was a defined group containing X. chrysenteron, X. armeniacus and relatives that are distinct morphologically from the group containing Xerocomus subtomentosus and related species. He deferred fully delimiting the genus until genetic work confirmed their distinctness. [1] Previously, Manfred Binder had coined the term Paraxerocomus for the group but this was not officially published. [1]

The type species is the red-cracked bolete ( Xerocomellus chrysenteron ). [1]

Genetic analysis published in 2013 showed that X. chrysenteron and X. zelleri form a Xerocomellus clade within a larger group informally called "anaxoboletus" in the Boletineae. It appears to have affinities with what was then known informally as the "rubellus clade", which contained the species X. rubellus and X. armeniacus, now known as Hortiboletus rubellus and Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus respectively. [2] The same study found Xerocomellus to be more distantly to a 'badius' clade containing Boletus badius, now known as Imleria badia , and relatives. [5] Other clades in the group include the porcini (true Boletus species) and Strobilomyces clades, species currently designated Xerocomus (the species are not true Xerocomus species), and smaller genera whose relationships are unclear. [4]

Description

Members of the genus have small to medium-size fruit bodies with more slender stipes compared with other boletes. They are often brightly coloured. [1] The caps are dry and do not become sticky when wet. Their cuticle tissue is a palisadoderm, comprising parallel or roughly parallel hypha arranged in an anticlinal fashion. The palisoderm, which is generally between 120 and 350  μm thick (although extremes of 80 μm and 500 μm are known), maintains its characteristic arrangement for longer periods than other boletes. The tubes are generally yellow and adnate or slightly decurrent. The pores are also yellow and quite large, up to 2.5 mm in diameter each and angular in shape. The spores are generally spindle-shaped to oval and have a smooth or striate surface. The spore print is brown or slightly olive-tinged when fresh. [1]

Morphological Features of Xerocomoid Boletes [1] [6] [7]

Boletus s.str. Hemileccinum Xerocomellus Xerocomus s.str.
Spore surfaceSmoothSmoothLongitudinally striated or smooth, never bacilateBacilate
Hymenophoral tramaBoletoid type with gelatinous lateral strataBoletoid type with gelatinous lateral strataIntermediate between boletoid and phylloporoid when fully developed with distinct but weakly gelatinous lateral strataPhylloporoid type with nongelatinous lateral strata
PileipellisTrichoderm, sometimes collapsing, rarely ixotrichoderm or otherInitially trichoderm but collapses with ageInitially palisadoderm, typically encrustedInitially a trichoderm, never encrusted
Lateral stipe stratumFrequently gelatinous, 60–90 μm thick, thicker than that of XerocomellusSimilar to that of Leccinum species, ornamented with stipe scabrousities up to 400–640 μm thickFrequently not present, reduced to no more than 30–40 μm thick, not gelatinousLateral stipe stratum never gelatinous and 80–200 μm thick

Ecology

Xerocomellus species form mycorrhizal associations with coniferous and deciduous trees. [1]

Species

ImageScientific NameTaxon authorYear Basionym Distribution
X. amylosporus (A.H. Sm.) J.L. Frank & N. Siegel,2020Porphyrellus amylosporus A.H. Sm., (1965).Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, south into California
X.  atropurpureus J.L. Frank, N. Siegel & C.F. Schwarz,2020British Columbia south at least to Monterey County, California along the coast, inland to the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range
X.  behrii (Harkn.) Castellano, M.E. Sm. & J.L. Frank2018 Splanchnomyces behrii Harkn., (1884).California and Oregon
X.  bolinii J.A. Bolin, A.E. Bessette, A.R. Bessette, L.V. Kudzma, J.L. Frank & A. Farid2021Florida [8]
X. carmeniae Garza-Ocañas, J. García & de la Fuente2022Mexico (Nuevo León) [9]
Xerocomellus chrysenteron G4.jpg X. chrysenteron (Bull.) Šutara2008Boletus chrysenteron Bull. (1791) [10] Taiwan
2012-08-26 Boletus cisalpinus (Simonini, H. Ladurner & Peintner) Watling & A.E. Hills 254673.jpg X. cisalpinus (Simonini, H.Ladurner & Peintner) Klofac [11] 2011Xerocomus cisalpinus Simonini, H. Ladurner & Peintner (2003) [12] mainland Europe and in North America.
X. communis Xue T. Zhu & Zhu L. Yang2016China (Yunnan)
X. corneri Xue T. Zhu & Zhu L. Yang2016China
Xerocomellus diffractus imported from iNaturalist photo 101062476 on 16 February 2024.jpg X.  diffractus N. Siegel, C.F. Schwarz, & J.L. Frank2020central California, through the Pacific Northwest into British Columbia, Canada, east to the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, and south into Arizona
1996-02-15 Xerocomus dryophilus (Thiers) Singer 14.jpg X. dryophilus (Thiers) N. Siegel, C.F. Schwarz & J.L. Frank2014Boletus dryophilus ThiersNorth America.
X. fennicus (Harmaja) Šutara2008Boletellus fennicus Harmaja (1999) [13] Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland and Sweden, possibly also Belgium
X. fulvus Sarwar, I. Ahmad & Khalid2016Pakistan [14]
X. himalayanus D. Chakr and A. Ghosh2023India (Himachal Pradesh) [15]
X. intermedius (A.H. Sm. & Thiers) Svetash., Simonini & Vizzini2016Boletellus intermedius A.H.Sm. & Thiers (1971)Northeastern United States
X.  macmurphyi (Zeller & C.W. Dodge) Castellano, Saylor, M.E. Sm., & J.L. Frank2018Hymenogaster macmurphyi Zeller & C.W. Dodge, 1934.California and Oregon
2012-08-16 Xerocomellus marekii (Sutara & Skala) Sutara 309306.jpg X. marekii (Šutara & Skála) Šutara2008Boletus marekii Šutara & Skála (2007) [16] Czech Republic and Hungary
Xerocomellus mendocinensis.jpg X. mendocinensis (Thiers) N. Siegel, C.F. Schwarz & J.L. Frank2020Boletus truncatus (Singer, Snell, & Dick) PouzarWestern United States
Xerocomellus perezmorenoi Ajusco.jpg X. perezmorenoi Martínez-Reyes M, Carrera-Martínez A...

[17]

2023Mexico
X. poederi G. Moreno, Heykoop, Esteve-Rav., P. Alvarado & Traba2016Europe
2012-08-16 Xerocomus porosporus (Imler- G. Morena & Bon) Contu 309289.jpg X. porosporus (Imler ex G.Moreno & Bon) Šutara2008Boletus porosporus Imler ex Bon & G.Moreno (1977) [18] Europe
2009-09-29 Xerocomellus pruinatus.jpg X. pruinatus (Fr. & Hök) Šutara2008Boletus pruinatus Fr. & Hök (1835) [19] Europe
X.  rainisiae (Bessette & O.K. Mill.) N. Siegel, C.F. Schwarz & J.L. Frank2014Boletus rainisiae Bessette & O.K. Mill. [as “rainisii”], in Bessette et al., 2000.Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, south into Oregon.
2018-12-21 Xerocomellus redeuilhii A.F.S. Taylor, U. Eberh., Simonini, Gelardi & Vizzini 982281.jpg X. redeuilhii A.F.S. Taylor, U. Eberh., Simonini, Gelardi & Vizzini2016Boletus dryophilus Simonini, (1994)

Xerocomus dryophilus Ladurner & Simonini (2003)

Europe [20]
2013-07-17 Xerocomellus ripariellus (Redeuilh) Sutara 350064.jpg X. ripariellus (Redeuilh) Šutara2008Xerocomus ripariellus Redeuilh (1997) [21] Europe
X. salicicola C.F. Schwarz, N. Siegel & J.L. Frank2020Xerocomus salicicola C.F. Schwarz, N. Siegel & J.L. Frank (2020) [22] Western North America
X. sarnarii Simonini, Vizzini & Eberhardt2015Italy, France
X. truncatus (Singer, Snell & E.A.Dick) Klofac [11] 2011Xerocomus truncatus Singer, Snell & E.A.Dick (1959) [23] Eastern North America
Xerocomellus zelleri (4037904836).jpg X. zelleri (Murrill) Klofac 2011 [11] 2011Ceriomyces zelleri Murrill (1912) [24] Northwestern North America

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Šutara J. (2008). "Xerocomus s. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge" (PDF). Czech Mycology. 60 (1): 29–62. doi:10.33585/cmy.60104.
  2. 1 2 Vizzini A. (26 June 2015). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum: 1. ISSN   2049-2375.
  3. ↑ Biketova, Alona Yu. (2 September 2015). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum (257): 1. ISSN   2049-2375.
  4. 1 2 Nuhn ME, Binder M, Taylor AF, Halling RE, Hibbett DS (2013). "Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae". Fungal Biology. 117 (7–8): 479–511. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008. PMID   23931115.
  5. ↑ Vizzini A. (12 June 2014). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum (147): 1. ISSN   2049-2375.
  6. ↑ Šutara, J. (1989). "The delimitation of the genus Leccinum". Ceská Mykologie. 43: 1–12.
  7. ↑ Šutara J. (1991). "Pseudoboletus, a new genus of Boletales". Ceská Mykologie. 45 (1–2): 1–9.
  8. ↑ Farid, Arian; Ae, Bessette; Ar, Bessette; Ja, Bolin; Garey, James R. (2021-10-12). "Investigations in the boletes (Boletaceae) of southeastern USA: four novel species and three novel combinations". Mycosphere. 12 (1). Mushroom Research Foundation: 1038–1076. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/12 . ISSN   2077-7019 . Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  9. ↑ Garza-Ocañas, Fortunato; García Jiménez, Jesús; Guevara-Guerrero, Gonzalo; Martínez-González, Cesar Ramiro; Ayala-Vásquez, Olivia; De la Fuente, Javier Isaac (2022-06-21). "Xerocomellus carmeniae (Boletales, Basidiomycota), a new fungus from northeastern Mexico". Acta Botanica Mexicana (129). Instituto de Ecologia, A.C. doi: 10.21829/abm129.2022.2039 . ISSN   2448-7589.
  10. ↑ Bulliard JBF. (1791). Herbier de la France (in French). Vol. 11. plate 490.3.
  11. 1 2 3 Klofac W. "Rotfußröhrlinge (Gattung Xerocomellus) in aktueller Sicht". Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde (in German). 20: 35–43.
  12. ↑ Peintner U, Ladurner H, Simonini G (2003). "Xerocomus cisalpinus sp. nov., and the delimitation of species in the X. chrysenteron complex based on morphology and rDNA-LSU sequences". Mycological Research. 107 (6): 659–79. doi:10.1017/S0953756203007901. PMID   12951793.
  13. ↑ Harmaja H. (1999). "Boletellus fennicus, a new species from Finland". Karstenia. 39 (2): 37–8. doi: 10.29203/ka.1999.335 .
  14. ↑ Hernández-Restrepo, Margarita; Schumacher, René K.; Wingfield, Michael J. (2016). "Fungal Systematics and Evolution: FUSE 2". Sydowia (68). Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne GmbH: 193–230. doi:10.12905/0380.sydowia68-2016-0193. ISSN   0082-0598.
  15. ↑ Das, Kanad; Ghosh, Aniket; Chakraborty, Dyutiparna; Datta, Sudeshna; Bera, Ishika; Layola MR, Ranjith; Banu, Farheen; Vizzini, Alfredo; Wisitrassameewong, Komsit (2023-07-17). "Four Novel Species and Two New Records of Boletes from India". Journal of Fungi. 9 (7). MDPI AG: 754. doi: 10.3390/jof9070754 . ISSN   2309-608X. PMC   10381181 . PMID   37504742.
  16. ↑ Šutara J, Skála E (2007). "Boletus marekii, a new species with truncate spores from the Boletus chrysenteron group" (PDF). Czech Mycology. 59 (1): 11–24. doi:10.33585/cmy.59103.[ permanent dead link ]
  17. ↑ MartíNez-Reyes, Magdalena; Carrera-MartíNez, Anaitzi; De La Fuente, Javier Isaac; RíOs-GarcíA, Uzziel; Ortiz-Lopez, Ivette; Ayala-VáSquez, Olivia (2023-02-14). "Xerocomellus perezmorenoi (Boletaceae, Boletales), a new edible species from Mexico" . Phytotaxa. 584 (2). doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.584.2.3. ISSN   1179-3163. S2CID   256861337.
  18. ↑ Moreno G. (1977). "Nouveaux taxons de la famille Boletaceae Chev. trouvés en Espagne". Documents Mycologiques (in French). 7: 27–8.
  19. ↑ Fries EM, Hök CT. Boleti, fungorum generis, illustratio (in Latin). Uppsala. p. 9.
  20. ↑ G, Simonini; M, Gelardi; A, Vizzini (2016-10-01). "Xerocomellus redeuilhii sp. nov". ResearchGate. pp. 123–127. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  21. ↑ Redeuilh G. (1997). "Xerocomus ripariellus Redeuilh". Documents Mycologiques. 26 (104): 30–1.
  22. ↑ Frank, J. L.; Siegel, N.; Schwarz, C. F.; Araki, B.; Vellinga, E. C. (15 December 2020). "Xerocomellus (Boletaceae) in western North America: Ingenta Connect". Fungal Systematics and Evolution. 6 (1): 265–288. doi:10.3114/fuse.2020.06.13. PMC   7453129 . PMID   32904489 . Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  23. ↑ Snell WH, Singer R, Dick EA (1959). "Notes on boletes. XI" . Mycologia. 51 (4): 564–77. doi:10.2307/3756143. JSTOR   3756143.
  24. ↑ Murrill WA. (1912). "Polyporaceae and Boletaceae of the Pacific Coast". Mycologia. 4 (2): 91–100. doi:10.2307/3753546. JSTOR   3753546.
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