Zygiella

Zygiella
Zygiella atrica
Zygiella x-notata, female
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Araneidae
Genus:	Zygiella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 [1]
Type species
Z. atrica (C. L. Koch, 1845)
Species
11, see text
Synonyms [1]
ParazygiellaWunderlich, 2004

Zygiella is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1902. ^[2] In 2015, Parazygiella was determined to be a taxonomic synonym of Zygiella, and its species were moved to Zygiella. ^[3]

Identification

Zygiella species are distinguished by the structure of the web, which has a missing sector containing a signaling thread leading to a retreat. ^[4] Zygiella x-notata , a species in the Zygiella genus, is well-researched for its missing-sector web construction behaviors. ^[5]

• 
  Web of Zygiella x-notata

Species

As of April 2019 ^[update] it contains eleven species: ^[1]

• Zygiella atrica (C. L. Koch, 1845) (type) – Europe. Introduced to USA, Canada
• Zygiella calyptrata (Workman & Workman, 1894) – China, Myanmar, Malaysia
• Zygiella carpenteri Archer, 1951 – USA
• Zygiella dispar (Kulczyński, 1885) – North America, Russia (Far East), Japan
• Zygiella hiramatsui Tanikawa, 2017 – Japan
• Zygiella keyserlingi (Ausserer, 1871) – Southern Europe, Ukraine, Turkey
• Zygiella kirgisica Bakhvalov, 1974 – Kyrgyzstan
• Zygiella minima Schmidt, 1968 – Canary Is., Madeira
• Zygiella montana (C. L. Koch, 1834) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Middle Siberia), Uzbekistan
• Zygiella nearctica Gertsch, 1964 – Canada, USA
• Zygiella x-notata (Clerck, 1757) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran? Introduced to North America, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, China, Japan, Réunion

References

1. "Gen. Zygiella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2 . Retrieved 2019-05-15.
2. Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1902). "A revision of the genera of Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 9 (7): 5–20. doi:10.1080/00222930208678530.
3. Gregorič, Matjaž; Agnarsson, Ingi; Blackledge, Todd A.; Kuntner, Matjaž (2015). "Phylogenetic position and composition of Zygiellinae and Caerostris, with new insight into orb-web evolution and gigantism". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (2): 225–243. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12281 .
4. Roberts, Michael J. (1995). "Genus Zygiella". Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe. London: HarperCollins. pp. 333ff. ISBN   978-0-00-219981-0.
5. Venner, Samuel; Pasquet, Alain; Leborgne, Raymond (2000). "Web-building behaviour in the orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata: influence of experience" . Animal Behaviour. 59 (3): 603–611. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1327. ISSN   0003-3472. PMID   10715183. S2CID   41339367.