1952 United States presidential election in Virginia

Main article: 1952 United States presidential election

1952 United States presidential election in Virginia

←  1948 November 4, 1952 1956  →

Nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson Party Republican Democratic Home state New York [1] Illinois Running mate Richard Nixon John Sparkman Electoral vote 12 0 Popular vote 349,037 268,677 Percentage 56.32% 43.36%

County Results Eisenhower   50-60%   60-70%   70-80% Stevenson   40-50%   50-60%   60-70%

President before election Harry S. Truman Democratic Elected President Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican

The 1952 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 4, 1952. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

For the previous five decades Virginia had almost completely disenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use of a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests. ^[2] So restricted was suffrage in this period that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia’s electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders. ^[2]

This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by the Byrd Organization, as progressive “antiorganization” factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote. ^[3] Historical fusion with the “Readjuster” Democrats, ^[4] defection of substantial proportions of the Northeast-aligned white electorate of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia over free silver, ^[5] and an early move towards a “lily white” Jim Crow party ^[4] meant Republicans retained a small but permanent number of legislative seats and local offices in the western part of the state. ^[6] In 1928 a combination of growing middle-class Republicanism in the cities and anti-Catholicism against Al Smith in the Tidewater ^[7] allowed the GOP to carry Virginia and elect three Congressmen, including one representing the local district of emerging machine leader Byrd. ^[8] However, from 1932 with the state severely affected by the Depression, Republican strength declined below its low pre-1928 level, although Byrd himself became highly critical of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal policies as early as 1940. ^[9]

Largely because of fear of losing several seats in the House to resurgent Republicans, Virginia’s federal officeholders, although all firmly opposed to Harry S. Truman’s civil rights bills, did not endorse Strom Thurmond in 1948. ^[10] However, Byrd became almost completely opposed to the Truman administration’s policies during the ensuing presidential term, ^[11] and after initially preferred nominee Richard Russell Jr. called for repealing the Taft–Hartley Act, the Byrd Organization refused to endorse any Democratic nominee, ^[11] explicitly rejecting eventual nominees Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson II and Alabama Senator John Sparkman. ^[12]

Background

Following the end of Reconstruction Virginia voted for every Democratic presidential nominee except for Al Smith in the 1928 election. ^[13]

Campaign

U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd Jr. opposed President Harry S. Truman's support for civil rights and chose to remain neutral in presidential elections. This allowed his political machine to support Republican presidential candidates while voting for Democratic candidates down ballot. ^[13]

Following this election Virginia would support every Republican presidential nominee except for the victory of Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 election. Virginia was the only southern state that Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter failed to win in the 1976 election. ^[14]

Polls

Source	Rating	As of
Lansing State Journal [15]	Tossup	September 17, 1952
The Salt Lake Tribune [16]	Tilt D (flip)	October 24, 1952
Lubbock Morning Avalanche [17]	Tossup	October 24, 1952
The Greeneville Sun [18]	Lean D (flip)	October 25, 1952
The New York Times [19]	Lean R	October 25, 1952
The Modesto Bee [20]	Lean R	October 27, 1952
The New York Times [21]	Lean D (flip)	October 27, 1952

Results

Despite polls being uncertain, Virginia would be comfortably won by Republican nominees, Columbia University President Dwight D. Eisenhower, running with California Senator Richard Nixon.

1952 United States presidential election in Virginia [22]
Party		Candidate	Votes	Percentage	Electoral votes
	Republican	Dwight Eisenhower	349,037	56.32%	12
	Democratic	Adlai Stevenson	268,677	43.36%	0
	Socialist Labor	Eric Hass	1,160	0.19%	0
	Social Democrat	Darlington Hoopes	504	0.08%	0
	Progressive	Vincent Hallinan	311	0.05%	0
Totals			619,689	100.00%	12

Results by county or independent city

1952 United States presidential election in Virginia by county or independent city [23] [24]
	Dwight David Eisenhower Republican		Adlai Stevenson II Democratic		Eric Hass Socialist Labor		Darlington Hoopes Social Democrat		Vincent William Hallinan Progressive		Margin		Total votes cast
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Accomack County	2,626	53.99%	2,220	45.64%	12	0.25%	4	0.08%	2	0.04%	406	8.35%	4,864
Albemarle County	2,523	60.32%	1,642	39.25%	8	0.19%	8	0.19%	2	0.05%	881	21.06%	4,183
Alleghany County	2,564	52.88%	2,274	46.90%	7	0.14%	2	0.04%	2	0.04%	290	5.98%	4,849
Amelia County	832	53.64%	703	45.33%	8	0.52%	5	0.32%	3	0.19%	129	8.32%	1,551
Amherst County	1,407	40.20%	2,078	59.37%	11	0.31%	3	0.09%	1	0.03%	-671	-19.17%	3,500
Appomattox County	929	49.13%	957	50.61%	3	0.16%	2	0.11%	0	0.00%	-28	-1.48%	1,891
Arlington County	22,158	60.91%	14,032	38.57%	157	0.43%	5	0.01%	28	0.08%	8,126	22.34%	36,380
Augusta County	3,414	69.97%	1,453	29.78%	6	0.15%	2	0.05%	4	0.10%	1,961	40.19%	4,879
Bath County	765	62.65%	451	36.94%	2	0.16%	3	0.25%	0	0.00%	314	25.72%	1,221
Bedford County	2,916	54.47%	2,426	45.32%	4	0.07%	5	0.09%	2	0.04%	490	9.15%	5,353
Bland County	1,000	57.21%	743	42.51%	2	0.11%	1	0.06%	2	0.11%	257	14.70%	1,748
Botetourt County	2,021	61.50%	1,264	38.47%	1	0.03%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	757	23.04%	3,286
Brunswick County	1,098	39.97%	1,635	59.52%	5	0.18%	9	0.33%	0	0.00%	-537	-19.55%	2,747
Buchanan County	2,330	38.65%	3,613	59.93%	69	1.14%	11	0.18%	6	0.10%	-1,283	-21.28%	6,029
Buckingham County	811	46.58%	919	52.79%	5	0.29%	4	0.23%	2	0.11%	-108	-6.20%	1,741
Campbell County	2,447	47.26%	2,713	52.39%	14	0.27%	2	0.04%	2	0.04%	-266	-5.14%	5,178
Caroline County	858	47.01%	954	52.27%	12	0.66%	1	0.05%	0	0.00%	-96	-5.26%	1,825
Carroll County	3,774	68.68%	1,711	31.14%	7	0.13%	1	0.02%	2	0.04%	2,063	37.54%	5,495
Charles City County	342	40.24%	492	57.88%	8	0.94%	5	0.59%	3	0.35%	-150	-17.65%	850
Charlotte County	949	36.56%	1,630	62.79%	8	0.31%	7	0.27%	2	0.08%	-681	-26.23%	2,596
Chesterfield County	4,482	55.70%	3,546	44.07%	9	0.11%	5	0.06%	4	0.05%	936	11.63%	8,046
Clarke County	809	52.88%	716	46.80%	4	0.26%	1	0.07%	0	0.00%	93	6.08%	1,530
Craig County	425	46.45%	490	53.55%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	-65	-7.10%	915
Culpeper County	1,507	60.33%	987	39.51%	1	0.04%	2	0.08%	1	0.04%	520	20.82%	2,498
Cumberland County	695	54.42%	574	44.95%	3	0.23%	5	0.39%	0	0.00%	121	9.48%	1,277
Dickenson County	2,913	47.41%	3,210	52.25%	17	0.28%	3	0.05%	1	0.02%	-297	-4.83%	6,144
Dinwiddie County	983	39.77%	1,462	59.14%	11	0.44%	11	0.44%	5	0.20%	-479	-19.38%	2,472
Essex County	610	52.45%	545	46.86%	6	0.52%	2	0.17%	0	0.00%	65	5.59%	1,163
Fairfax County	13,020	60.90%	8,329	38.96%	7	0.03%	7	0.03%	16	0.07%	4,691	21.94%	21,379
Fauquier County	2,068	56.27%	1,597	43.46%	8	0.22%	2	0.05%	0	0.00%	471	12.82%	3,675
Floyd County	1,626	71.69%	619	27.29%	17	0.75%	2	0.09%	4	0.18%	1,007	44.40%	2,268
Fluvanna County	724	57.74%	519	41.39%	5	0.40%	5	0.40%	1	0.08%	205	16.35%	1,254
Franklin County	1,976	49.08%	2,012	49.98%	13	0.32%	20	0.50%	5	0.12%	-36	-0.89%	4,026
Frederick County	1,803	57.53%	1,326	42.31%	4	0.13%	1	0.03%	0	0.00%	477	15.22%	3,134
Giles County	1,935	52.94%	1,717	46.98%	3	0.08%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	218	5.96%	3,655
Gloucester County	1,073	52.44%	961	46.97%	6	0.29%	4	0.20%	2	0.10%	112	5.47%	2,046
Goochland County	714	46.12%	820	52.97%	10	0.65%	4	0.26%	0	0.00%	-106	-6.85%	1,548
Grayson County	4,449	61.78%	2,734	37.97%	10	0.14%	5	0.07%	3	0.04%	1,715	23.82%	7,201
Greene County	537	67.80%	250	31.57%	3	0.38%	2	0.25%	0	0.00%	287	36.24%	792
Greensville County	988	43.47%	1,259	55.39%	15	0.66%	6	0.26%	5	0.22%	-271	-11.92%	2,273
Halifax County	2,274	40.70%	3,296	58.99%	10	0.18%	6	0.11%	1	0.02%	-1,022	-18.29%	5,587
Hanover County	2,257	59.76%	1,518	40.19%	2	0.05%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	739	19.57%	3,777
Henrico County	10,682	66.62%	5,339	33.30%	4	0.02%	7	0.04%	3	0.02%	5,343	33.32%	16,035
Henry County	1,871	44.34%	2,323	55.05%	17	0.40%	8	0.19%	1	0.02%	-452	-10.71%	4,220
Highland County	696	62.25%	419	37.48%	2	0.18%	1	0.09%	0	0.00%	277	24.78%	1,118
Isle of Wight County	996	44.52%	1,227	54.85%	9	0.40%	4	0.18%	1	0.04%	-231	-10.33%	2,237
James City County	527	60.23%	346	39.54%	2	0.23%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	181	20.69%	875
King and Queen County	415	51.23%	387	47.78%	3	0.37%	3	0.37%	2	0.25%	28	3.46%	810
King George County	577	52.94%	503	46.15%	5	0.46%	3	0.28%	2	0.18%	74	6.79%	1,090
King William County	730	57.39%	533	41.90%	7	0.55%	2	0.16%	0	0.00%	197	15.49%	1,272
Lancaster County	1,228	61.49%	753	37.71%	10	0.50%	6	0.30%	0	0.00%	475	23.79%	1,997
Lee County	4,622	51.99%	4,242	47.71%	16	0.18%	4	0.04%	7	0.08%	380	4.27%	8,891
Loudoun County	2,540	54.86%	2,075	44.82%	9	0.19%	3	0.06%	3	0.06%	465	10.04%	4,630
Louisa County	1,135	52.26%	1,025	47.19%	6	0.28%	4	0.18%	2	0.09%	110	5.06%	2,172
Lunenburg County	837	35.27%	1,528	64.39%	4	0.17%	3	0.13%	1	0.04%	-691	-29.12%	2,373
Madison County	1,012	64.96%	540	34.66%	3	0.19%	1	0.06%	2	0.13%	472	30.30%	1,558
Mathews County	951	63.87%	533	35.80%	4	0.27%	1	0.07%	0	0.00%	418	28.07%	1,489
Mecklenburg County	1,891	42.46%	2,525	56.69%	20	0.45%	15	0.34%	3	0.07%	-634	-14.23%	4,454
Middlesex County	705	57.74%	507	41.52%	5	0.41%	3	0.25%	1	0.08%	198	16.22%	1,221
Montgomery County	3,881	70.68%	1,600	29.14%	7	0.13%	2	0.04%	1	0.02%	2,281	41.54%	5,491
Nansemond County	1,168	32.87%	2,360	66.42%	12	0.34%	12	0.34%	1	0.03%	-1,192	-33.55%	3,553
Nelson County	740	37.56%	1,222	62.03%	5	0.25%	2	0.10%	1	0.05%	-482	-24.47%	1,970
New Kent County	455	52.78%	400	46.40%	5	0.58%	1	0.12%	1	0.12%	55	6.38%	862
Norfolk County	5,614	45.30%	6,766	54.60%	8	0.06%	3	0.02%	1	0.01%	-1,152	-9.30%	12,392
Northampton County	1,307	50.12%	1,289	49.42%	6	0.23%	6	0.23%	0	0.00%	18	0.69%	2,608
Northumberland County	1,230	68.11%	573	31.73%	1	0.06%	1	0.06%	1	0.06%	657	36.38%	1,806
Nottoway County	1,454	51.02%	1,381	48.46%	7	0.25%	4	0.14%	4	0.14%	73	2.56%	2,850
Orange County	1,525	62.17%	916	37.34%	5	0.20%	5	0.20%	2	0.08%	609	24.83%	2,453
Page County	2,649	64.59%	1,441	35.14%	10	0.24%	1	0.02%	0	0.00%	1,208	29.46%	4,101
Patrick County	1,314	45.75%	1,554	54.11%	4	0.14%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	-240	-8.36%	2,872
Pittsylvania County	2,893	41.93%	3,976	57.62%	16	0.23%	10	0.14%	5	0.07%	-1,083	-15.70%	6,900
Powhatan County	558	52.49%	498	46.85%	29	0.29%	10	0.10%	7	0.07%	60	5.64%	1,063
Prince Edward County	1,359	59.34%	926	40.44%	4	0.38%	1	0.09%	2	0.19%	433	18.91%	2,290
Prince George County	541	46.40%	612	52.49%	2	0.09%	2	0.09%	1	0.04%	-71	-6.09%	1,166
Prince William County	1,619	49.14%	1,653	50.17%	11	0.94%	2	0.17%	0	0.00%	-34	-1.03%	3,295
Princess Anne County	3,180	51.04%	3,037	48.75%	14	0.42%	3	0.09%	6	0.18%	143	2.30%	6,230
Pulaski County	2,815	62.03%	1,715	37.79%	4	0.06%	5	0.08%	4	0.06%	1,100	24.24%	4,538
Rappahannock County	619	54.35%	518	45.48%	6	0.13%	1	0.02%	1	0.02%	101	8.87%	1,139
Richmond County	727	68.91%	326	30.90%	2	0.18%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	401	38.01%	1,055
Roanoke County	6,017	68.95%	2,689	30.82%	1	0.09%	1	0.09%	0	0.00%	3,328	38.14%	8,726
Rockbridge County	2,068	65.90%	1,059	33.75%	9	0.10%	5	0.06%	6	0.07%	1,009	32.15%	3,138
Rockingham County	4,350	73.11%	1,591	26.74%	9	0.29%	1	0.03%	1	0.03%	2,759	46.37%	5,950
Russell County	2,937	47.33%	3,253	52.42%	4	0.07%	3	0.05%	2	0.03%	-316	-5.09%	6,206
Scott County	4,703	61.13%	2,990	38.87%	11	0.18%	3	0.05%	2	0.03%	1,713	22.27%	7,693
Shenandoah County	4,284	71.12%	1,734	28.78%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	2,550	42.33%	6,024
Smyth County	3,694	64.98%	1,972	34.69%	3	0.05%	2	0.03%	1	0.02%	1,722	30.29%	5,685
Southampton County	1,166	36.70%	2,000	62.95%	15	0.26%	2	0.04%	2	0.04%	-834	-26.25%	3,177
Spotsylvania County	1,174	48.98%	1,194	49.81%	11	0.38%	3	0.10%	3	0.10%	-20	-0.83%	2,397
Stafford County	1,411	56.35%	1,077	43.01%	5	0.16%	4	0.13%	2	0.06%	334	13.34%	2,504
Surry County	414	41.15%	572	56.86%	21	0.88%	5	0.21%	3	0.13%	-158	-15.71%	1,006
Sussex County	888	47.97%	956	51.65%	9	0.36%	4	0.16%	3	0.12%	-68	-3.67%	1,851
Tazewell County	3,232	55.83%	2,527	43.65%	9	0.89%	11	1.09%	0	0.00%	705	12.18%	5,789
Warren County	1,888	57.90%	1,362	41.77%	5	0.27%	1	0.05%	1	0.05%	526	16.13%	3,261
Washington County	3,810	57.74%	2,778	42.10%	22	0.38%	3	0.05%	5	0.09%	1,032	15.64%	6,599
Westmoreland County	1,117	59.51%	754	40.17%	8	0.25%	3	0.09%	0	0.00%	363	19.34%	1,877
Wise County	3,911	45.16%	4,729	54.61%	10	0.15%	1	0.02%	0	0.00%	-818	-9.45%	8,660
Wythe County	3,580	68.24%	1,654	31.53%	4	0.21%	2	0.11%	0	0.00%	1,926	36.71%	5,246
York County	1,335	50.53%	1,287	48.71%	14	0.16%	4	0.05%	2	0.02%	48	1.82%	2,642
Alexandria City	8,579	56.92%	6,471	42.93%	8	0.15%	3	0.06%	1	0.02%	2,108	13.99%	15,072
Bristol City	1,574	52.31%	1,432	47.59%	12	0.45%	8	0.30%	0	0.00%	142	4.72%	3,009
Buena Vista City	513	56.62%	392	43.27%	9	0.06%	7	0.05%	6	0.04%	121	13.36%	906
Charlottesville City	3,292	60.14%	2,174	39.72%	1	0.03%	2	0.07%	0	0.00%	1,118	20.42%	5,474
Clifton Forge City	936	53.46%	811	46.32%	1	0.11%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	125	7.14%	1,751
Colonial Heights City	896	51.73%	835	48.21%	2	0.04%	5	0.09%	1	0.02%	61	3.52%	1,732
Danville City	4,765	58.49%	3,323	40.79%	3	0.17%	1	0.06%	0	0.00%	1,442	17.70%	8,146
Falls Church City	1,386	59.82%	930	40.14%	1	0.06%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	456	19.68%	2,317
Fredericksburg City	1,536	61.20%	970	38.65%	26	0.32%	26	0.32%	6	0.07%	566	22.55%	2,510
Hampton City	5,505	52.52%	4,946	47.19%	1	0.04%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	559	5.33%	10,481
Harrisonburg City	2,238	77.82%	635	22.08%	2	0.08%	2	0.08%	0	0.00%	1,603	55.74%	2,876
Hopewell City	1,640	49.58%	1,657	50.09%	15	0.14%	9	0.09%	6	0.06%	-17	-0.51%	3,308
Lynchburg City	7,090	64.75%	3,848	35.14%	2	0.07%	1	0.03%	0	0.00%	3,242	29.61%	10,949
Martinsville City	1,772	55.83%	1,391	43.82%	5	0.15%	3	0.09%	3	0.09%	381	12.00%	3,174
Newport News City	2,769	40.46%	4,051	59.20%	6	0.05%	2	0.02%	3	0.03%	-1,282	-18.73%	6,843
Norfolk City	14,166	54.33%	11,862	45.49%	6	0.19%	3	0.09%	2	0.06%	2,304	8.84%	26,074
Petersburg City	2,822	54.49%	2,342	45.22%	12	0.18%	5	0.07%	6	0.09%	480	9.27%	5,179
Portsmouth City	3,621	36.74%	6,188	62.79%	16	0.06%	13	0.05%	17	0.07%	-2,567	-26.05%	9,855
Radford City	1,523	57.73%	1,108	42.00%	9	0.17%	5	0.10%	1	0.02%	415	15.73%	2,638
Richmond City	29,300	60.28%	19,235	39.57%	1	0.04%	4	0.15%	2	0.08%	10,065	20.71%	48,610
Roanoke City	15,673	66.00%	8,042	33.87%	31	0.06%	22	0.05%	22	0.05%	7,631	32.13%	23,747
South Norfolk City	1,098	37.90%	1,782	61.51%	14	0.06%	7	0.03%	11	0.05%	-684	-23.61%	2,897
Staunton City	2,578	73.07%	945	26.79%	4	0.11%	1	0.03%	0	0.00%	1,633	46.29%	3,528
Suffolk City	1,622	57.17%	1,209	42.62%	2	0.07%	3	0.11%	1	0.04%	413	14.56%	2,837
Virginia Beach City	1,310	59.79%	881	40.21%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	429	19.58%	2,191
Warwick City	3,307	54.00%	2,806	45.82%	3	0.05%	5	0.08%	3	0.05%	501	8.18%	6,124
Waynesboro City	1,680	69.62%	730	30.25%	2	0.08%	1	0.04%	0	0.00%	950	39.37%	2,413
Williamsburg City	797	62.12%	483	37.65%	1	0.08%	2	0.16%	0	0.00%	314	24.47%	1,283
Winchester City	2,375	69.20%	1,055	30.74%	1	0.03%	1	0.03%	0	0.00%	1,320	38.46%	3,432
Totals	349,037	56.32%	268,677	43.36%	1,160	0.19%	504	0.08%	311	0.05%	80,360	12.97%	619,689

Analysis

Eisenhower won Virginia by a 12.97 point margin, making this the first time Virginia voted for a Republican since it was won by Herbert Hoover in 1928, and the best Republican performance in Virginia to this point. Virginia was Eisenhower’s strongest state state in the old Confederacy, marking a shift from Virginia being previously regarded as a safe blue state to more of a red state. Eisenhower ultimately won the national election with 55.18 percent of the vote, making Virginia two points more Republican than the nation at-large. This was the first occasion any Confederate State voted more Republican than the nation since Virginia itself in 1888 voted 0.30 points more Republican while its blacks remained enfranchised and large numbers of white Readjusters had joined the GOP. ^[4]

The key to Eisenhower’s win was gains from the large in-migration to Northern Virginia, where the many new voters were not tied to the Democratic Party as Virginia’s older generation was, with the result that Eisenhower gained four-fifths of approximately two hundred thousand new voters since 1948. ^[12] Like the rest of the former Confederacy, Eisenhower also gained from transfer of 1948 Thurmond votes and from increasing upper-class Republican voting in cites such as Richmond. ^[25] Nevertheless, the basis of Republican strength remained the old Readjuster and pro-gold standard regions of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia. ^[25]

This was also the first election after Colonial Heights was incorporated as an independent city. Eisenhower won Colonial Heights by a close margin of roughly three points. In the decades since, Colonial Heights has established itself as one of the most Republican leaning independent cities in Virginia, and has yet to be won by a Democratic presidential candidate. Eisenhower’s 1952 and 1956 victories in Colonial Heights of three points and four points remain the two lowest margins of victory for a Republican presidential candidate as of the 2020 election ^[update] .

As of the 2020 election ^[update] , this is the last occasion when Virginia voted to the left of Oregon. ^{[26] [27]}

References

1. "U.S. presidential election, 1952". Facts on File. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013. Eisenhower, born in Texas, considered a resident of New York, and headquartered at the time in Paris, finally decided to run for the Republican nomination
2. Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN   0-300-01696-4.
3. Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
4. Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. pp. 217–221. ISBN   1107158435.
5. Moger, Allen. "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896". The Journal of Southern History . 4 (3): 295–317.
6. Phillips, Kevin P. (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority. pp. 193, 219. ISBN   0870000586.
7. Phillips. The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 195
8. Hawkes (junior), Robert T. (July 1974). "The Emergence of a Leader: Harry Flood Byrd, Governor of Virginia, 1926-1930". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 82 (3): 259–281.
9. Davidson, Chandler; Grofman, Bernard (1994). Quiet revolution in the South: the impact of the Voting rights act, 1965-1990. pp. 275–276. ISBN   0691032475.
10. Guthrie, Paul Daniel (1955). The Dixiecrat Movement of 1948 (Thesis). Bowling Green State University. pp. 179–181. Docket 144207.
11. Sweeney, J.R. (1978). "Revolt in Virginia: Harry Byrd and the 1952 presidential election". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 86 (2). Old Dominion University: 180–195.
12. Grant Jr., Philip A. (Spring 1990). "Eisenhower and the 1952 Republican Invasion of the South: The Case of Virginia". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 20 (2) (Eisenhower Centennial Issue ed.): 285–293.
13. Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 236.
14. Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 235-236.
15. Cornell, Douglas B. (September 17, 1952). "Ike Given 50–50 Chance To Break into Solid South". Lansing State Journal . Lansing, Michigan. pp. 7, 16.
16. Cornell, Douglas B. (October 24, 1952). "Journalists Bet 50–50 Ike Will Dent South". The Salt Lake Tribune . Salt Lake City. pp. 1–2.
17. Cornell, Douglas B. (October 24, 1952). "Most Southern States Continue to Back Demos Despite Sizeable Republican Inroads — GOP Has Even Chance to Carry Virginia, Texas, Florida". Lubbock Morning Avalanche . Lubbock, Texas. p. 11.
18. "US Poll Shows — Eisenhower Leading Stevenson in Electoral Votes, but Governor Has More States in His Column". The Greeneville Sun . Greeneville, Tennessee. Princeton Research Service. October 25, 1952. pp. 1, 8.
19. White, William S. (October 25, 1952). "Eisenhower Edge Seen in Virginia, With Allegiance to Byrd Big Factor". The New York Times (Special to the New York Times ed.). pp. 1, 64.
20. "NY Times Survey Indicates Close Election Tuesday". The Modesto Bee . Modesto, California. October 27, 1952. p. 8.
21. White, William S. (October 27, 1952). "Stevenson Likely To Win in Virginia: Second Survey Finds States' Rights Bloc and Powell's Activity Hurt G.O.P. — Farmers Are Angry; Negro Votes Switching; Incident Widely Used A Subway in Jersey". The New York Times (Special to the New York Times ed.). pp. 1, 13.
22. "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4, 1952" (PDF). Clerk of the House of Representatives. p. 45.
23. Scammon, Richard M. (compiler); America at the Polls: A Handbook of Presidential Election Statistics 1920-1964; pp. 480-482 ISBN   0405077114
24. "VA US President Race, November 04, 1952". Our Campaigns.
25. Strong, Donald S. (August 1955). "The Presidential Election in the South, 1952". The Journal of Politics. 17 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 343–389.
26. "Virginia Voting Results and Participants". CountingTheVotes.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
27. "Oregon Voting Results and Participants". CountingTheVotes.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

Works cited

• Moreland, Laurence; Steed, Robert; Baker, Tod, eds. (1991). The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics. Praeger Publishers. ISBN   0275931455.