MPEG-4

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MPEG-4 is a group of international standards for the compression of digital audio and visual data, multimedia systems, and file storage formats. It was originally introduced in late 1998 as a group of audio and video coding formats and related technology agreed upon by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC29/WG11) under the formal standard ISO/IEC 14496 – Coding of audio-visual objects. Uses of MPEG-4 include compression of audiovisual data for Internet video and CD distribution, voice (telephone, videophone) and broadcast television applications. The MPEG-4 standard was developed by a group led by Touradj Ebrahimi (later the JPEG president) and Fernando Pereira. [1]

Contents

Background

MPEG-4 absorbs many of the features of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 and other related standards, adding new features such as (extended) VRML support for 3D rendering, object-oriented composite files (including audio, video and VRML objects), support for externally specified Digital Rights Management and various types of interactivity. AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) was standardized as an adjunct to MPEG-2 (as Part 1) before MPEG-4 was issued.

MPEG-4 is still an evolving standard and is divided into a number of parts. Companies promoting MPEG-4 compatibility do not always clearly state which "part" level compatibility they are referring to. The key parts to be aware of are MPEG-4 Part 2 (including Advanced Simple Profile, used by codecs such as DivX, Xvid, Nero Digital and 3ivx and by QuickTime 6) and MPEG-4 part 10 (MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 or Advanced Video Coding, used by the x264 encoder, Nero Digital AVC, QuickTime 7, and high-definition video media like Blu-ray Disc).

Most of the features included in MPEG-4 are left to individual developers to decide whether or not to implement. This means that there are probably no complete implementations of the entire MPEG-4 set of standards. To deal with this, the standard includes the concept of "profiles" and "levels", allowing a specific set of capabilities to be defined in a manner appropriate for a subset of applications.

Initially, MPEG-4 was aimed primarily at low-bit-rate video communications; however, its scope as a multimedia coding standard was later expanded. MPEG-4 is efficient across a variety of bit rates ranging from a few kilobits per second to tens of megabits per second. MPEG-4 provides the following functions:

Overview

MPEG-4 provides a series of technologies for developers, for various service-providers and for end users:

The MPEG-4 format can perform various functions, among which might be the following:

Profiles and Levels

MPEG-4 provides a large and rich set of tools for encoding.[ vague ] Subsets of the MPEG-4 tool sets have been provided for use in specific applications.[ vague ] These subsets, called 'Profiles', limit the size of the tool set a decoder is required to implement. [3] In order to restrict computational complexity, one or more 'Levels' are set for each Profile. [3] A Profile and Level combination allows: [3]

MPEG-4 Parts

MPEG-4 consists of several standards—termed "parts"—including the following (each part covers a certain aspect of the whole specification):

MPEG-4 parts [4] [5]
PartNumberFirst public release date (first edition)Latest public release date (last edition)Latest amendmentTitleDescription
Part 1 ISO/IEC 14496-1 19992010 [6] 2014 [7] SystemsDescribes synchronization and multiplexing of video and audio. For example, the MPEG-4 file format version 1 (obsoleted by version 2 defined in MPEG-4 Part 14). The functionality of a transport protocol stack for transmitting and/or storing content complying with ISO/IEC 14496 is not within the scope of 14496-1 and only the interface to this layer is considered (DMIF). Information about transport of MPEG-4 content is defined e.g. in MPEG-2 Transport Stream, RTP Audio Video Profiles and others. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
Part 2 ISO/IEC 14496-2 19992004 [13] 2009 Visual A compression format for visual data (video, still textures, synthetic images, etc.). Contains many profiles, including the Advanced Simple Profile (ASP), and the Simple Profile (SP).
Part 3 ISO/IEC 14496-3 19992009 [14] 2017 [15] Audio A set of compression formats for perceptual coding of audio signals, including some variations of Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) as well as other audio/speech coding formats and tools (such as Audio Lossless Coding (ALS), Scalable Lossless Coding (SLS), Structured Audio, Text-To-Speech Interface (TTSI), HVXC, CELP and others)
Part 4 ISO/IEC 14496-4 20002004 [16] 2016Conformance testingDescribes procedures for testing conformance to other parts of the standard.
Part 5 ISO/IEC 14496-5 20002001 [17] 2017Reference softwareProvides reference software for demonstrating and clarifying the other parts of the standard.
Part 6 ISO/IEC 14496-6 19992000 [18] Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF)
Part 7 ISO/IEC TR 14496-7 20022004 [19] Optimized reference software for coding of audio-visual objectsProvides examples of how to make improved implementations (e.g., in relation to Part 5).
Part 8 ISO/IEC 14496-8 20042004 [20] Carriage of ISO/IEC 14496 contents over IP networksSpecifies a method to carry MPEG-4 content on IP networks. It also includes guidelines to design RTP payload formats, usage rules of SDP to transport ISO/IEC 14496-1-related information, MIME type definitions, analysis on RTP security and multicasting.
Part 9 ISO/IEC TR 14496-9 20042009 [21] Reference hardware descriptionProvides hardware designs for demonstrating how to implement the other parts of the standard.
Part 10 ISO/IEC 14496-10 20032014 [22] 2016 [23] Advanced Video Coding (AVC)A compression format for video signals which is technically identical to the ITU-T H.264 standard.
Part 11 ISO/IEC 14496-11 20052015 [24] Scene description and application engine Can be used for rich, interactive content with multiple profiles, including 2D and 3D versions. MPEG-4 Part 11 revised MPEG-4 Part 1 – ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001 and two amendments to MPEG-4 Part 1. It describes a system level description of an application engine (delivery, lifecycle, format and behaviour of downloadable Java byte code applications) and the Binary Format for Scene (BIFS) and the Extensible MPEG-4 Textual (XMT) format  – a textual representation of the MPEG-4 multimedia content using XML, etc. [24] (It is also known as BIFS, XMT, MPEG-J. [25] MPEG-J was defined in MPEG-4 Part 21)
Part 12 ISO/IEC 14496-12 20042015 [26] 2017 [27] ISO base media file format A file format for storing time-based media content. It is a general format forming the basis for a number of other more specific file formats (e.g. 3GP, Motion JPEG 2000, MPEG-4 Part 14). It is technically identical to ISO/IEC 15444-12 (JPEG 2000 image coding system – Part 12).
Part 13 ISO/IEC 14496-13 20042004 [28] Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) ExtensionsMPEG-4 Part 13 revised an amendment to MPEG-4 Part 1 – ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001/Amd 3:2004. It specifies common Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) processing, syntax and semantics for the carriage of IPMP tools in the bit stream, IPMP information carriage, mutual authentication for IPMP tools, a list of registration authorities required for the support of the amended specifications (e.g. CISAC), etc. It was defined due to the lack of interoperability of different protection mechanisms (different DRM systems) for protecting and distributing copyrighted digital content such as music or video. [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]
Part 14 ISO/IEC 14496-14 20032003 [38] 2010 [39] MP4 file format It is also known as "MPEG-4 file format version 2". The designated container file format for MPEG-4 content, which is based on Part 12. It revises and completely replaces Clause 13 of ISO/IEC 14496-1 (MPEG-4 Part 1: Systems), in which the MPEG-4 file format was previously specified.
Part 15 ISO/IEC 14496-15 20042022 [40] 2023 [41] Part 15: Carriage of network abstraction layer (NAL) unit structured video in the ISO base media file formatFor storage of Part 10 video. File format is based on Part 12, but also allows storage in other file formats.
Part 16 ISO/IEC 14496-16 20042011 [42] 2016 [43] Animation Framework eXtension (AFX)It specifies MPEG-4 Animation Framework eXtension (AFX) model for representing 3D Graphics content. MPEG-4 is extended with higher-level synthetic objects for specifying geometry, texture, animation and dedicated compression algorithms.
Part 17 ISO/IEC 14496-17 20062006 [44] Streaming text format Timed Text subtitle format
Part 18 ISO/IEC 14496-18 20042004 [45] 2014Font compression and streamingFor Open Font Format defined in Part 22.
Part 19 ISO/IEC 14496-19 20042004 [46] Synthesized texture streamSynthesized texture streams are used for creation of very low bitrate synthetic video clips.
Part 20 ISO/IEC 14496-20 20062008 [47] 2010 Lightweight Application Scene Representation (LASeR) and Simple Aggregation Format (SAF) LASeR requirements (compression efficiency, code and memory footprint) are fulfilled by building upon the existing the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format defined by the World Wide Web Consortium. [48]
Part 21 ISO/IEC 14496-21 20062006 [49] MPEG-J Graphics Framework eXtensions (GFX)Describes a lightweight programmatic environment for advanced interactive multimedia applications – a framework that marries a subset of the MPEG standard Java application environment (MPEG-J) with a Java API. [25] [49] [50] [51] (at "FCD" stage in July 2005, FDIS January 2006, published as ISO standard on 2006-11-22).
Part 22 ISO/IEC 14496-22 20072015 [52] 2017 Open Font Format OFFS is based on the OpenType version 1.4 font format specification, and is technically equivalent to that specification. [53] [54] Reached "CD" stage in July 2005, published as ISO standard in 2007
Part 23 ISO/IEC 14496-23 20082008 [55] Symbolic Music Representation (SMR)Reached "FCD" stage in October 2006, published as ISO standard in 2008-01-28
Part 24 ISO/IEC TR 14496-24 20082008 [56] Audio and systems interactionDescribes the desired joint behavior of MPEG-4 File Format and MPEG-4 Audio.
Part 25 ISO/IEC 14496-25 20092011 [57] 3D Graphics Compression ModelDefines a model for connecting 3D Graphics Compression tools defined in MPEG-4 standards to graphics primitives defined in any other standard or specification.
Part 26 ISO/IEC 14496-26 20102010 [58] 2016Audio Conformance
Part 27 ISO/IEC 14496-27 20092009 [59] 2015 [60] 3D Graphics conformance3D Graphics Conformance summarizes the requirements, cross references them to characteristics, and defines how conformance with them can be tested. Guidelines are given on constructing tests to verify decoder conformance.
Part 28 ISO/IEC 14496-28 20122012 [61] Composite font representation
Part 29 ISO/IEC 14496-29 20142015Web video codingText of Part 29 is derived from Part 10 - ISO/IEC 14496-10. Web video coding is a technology that is compatible with the Constrained Baseline Profile of ISO/IEC 14496-10 (the subset that is specified in Annex A for Constrained Baseline is a normative specification, while all remaining parts are informative).
Part 30 ISO/IEC 14496-30 20142014Timed text and other visual overlays in ISO base media file formatIt describes the carriage of some forms of timed text and subtitle streams in files based on ISO/IEC 14496-12 - W3C Timed Text Markup Language 1.0, W3C WebVTT (Web Video Text Tracks). The documentation of these forms does not preclude other definition of carriage of timed text or subtitles; see, for example, 3GPP Timed Text (3GPP TS 26.245).
Part 31 ISO/IEC 14496-31 Under development (2018-05)Video Coding for BrowsersVideo Coding for Browsers (VCB) - a video compression technology that is intended for use within World Wide Web browser
Part 32 ISO/IEC CD 14496-32 Under developmentConformance and reference software
Part 33 ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-33 Under development Internet video coding

Profiles are also defined within the individual "parts", so an implementation of a part is ordinarily not an implementation of an entire part.

MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 are other suites of MPEG standards.

Licensing

MPEG-4 contains patented technologies, the use of which requires licensing in countries that acknowledge software algorithm patents. Over two dozen companies claim to have patents covering MPEG-4. MPEG LA [62] licenses patents required for MPEG-4 Part 2 Visual from a wide range of companies (audio is licensed separately) and lists all of its licensors and licensees on the site. New licenses for MPEG-4 System patents are under development [63] and no new licenses are being offered while holders of its old MPEG-4 Systems license are still covered under the terms of that license for the patents listed (MPEG LA – Patent List).

The majority of patents used for the MPEG-4 Visual format are held by three Japanese companies: Mitsubishi Electric (255 patents), Hitachi (206 patents), and Panasonic (200 patents).

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moving Picture Experts Group</span> Alliance of working groups to set standards for multimedia coding

The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is an alliance of working groups established jointly by ISO and IEC that sets standards for media coding, including compression coding of audio, video, graphics, and genomic data; and transmission and file formats for various applications. Together with JPEG, MPEG is organized under ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 – Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MPEG-2</span> Video encoding standard

MPEG-2 is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information". It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio data compression methods, which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth. While MPEG-2 is not as efficient as newer standards such as H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC, backwards compatibility with existing hardware and software means it is still widely used, for example in over-the-air digital television broadcasting and in the DVD-Video standard.

Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is an audio coding standard for lossy digital audio compression. Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC generally achieves higher sound quality than MP3 encoders at the same bit rate.

MPEG-4 Part 3 or MPEG-4 Audio is the third part of the ISO/IEC MPEG-4 international standard developed by Moving Picture Experts Group. It specifies audio coding methods. The first version of ISO/IEC 14496-3 was published in 1999.

Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding, abbreviated as HVXC is a speech coding algorithm specified in MPEG-4 Part 3 standard for very low bit rate speech coding. HVXC supports bit rates of 2 and 4 kbit/s in the fixed and variable bit rate mode and sampling frequency of 8 kHz. It also operates at lower bitrates, such as 1.2 - 1.7 kbit/s, using a variable bit rate technique. The total algorithmic delay for the encoder and decoder is 36 ms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding</span> Audio codec

High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding (HE-AAC) is an audio coding format for lossy data compression of digital audio defined as an MPEG-4 Audio profile in ISO/IEC 14496–3. It is an extension of Low Complexity AAC (AAC-LC) optimized for low-bitrate applications such as streaming audio. The usage profile HE-AAC v1 uses spectral band replication (SBR) to enhance the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) compression efficiency in the frequency domain. The usage profile HE-AAC v2 couples SBR with Parametric Stereo (PS) to further enhance the compression efficiency of stereo signals.

TwinVQ is an audio compression technique developed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) Human Interface Laboratories in 1994. The compression technique has been used in both standardized and proprietary designs.

MPEG-4 Part 2, MPEG-4 Visual is a video compression format developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). It belongs to the MPEG-4 ISO/IEC standards. It uses block-wise motion compensation and a discrete cosine transform (DCT), similar to previous standards such as MPEG-1 Part 2 and H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2.

The Extensible MPEG-4 Textual Format (XMT) is a high-level, XML-based file format for storing MPEG-4 data in a way suitable for further editing. In contrast, the more common MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4) format is less flexible and used for distributing finished content.

MPEG-4 Part 11Scene description and application engine was published as ISO/IEC 14496-11 in 2005. MPEG-4 Part 11 is also known as BIFS, XMT, MPEG-J. It defines:

MPEG-4 Audio Lossless Coding, also known as MPEG-4 ALS, is an extension to the MPEG-4 Part 3 audio standard to allow lossless audio compression. The extension was finalized in December 2005 and published as ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 2:2006 in 2006. The latest description of MPEG-4 ALS was published as subpart 11 of the MPEG-4 Audio standard in December 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MPEG-4 SLS</span> Extension to the MPEG-4 Audio standard

MPEG-4 SLS, or MPEG-4 Scalable to Lossless as per ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 3:2006 (Scalable Lossless Coding), is an extension to the MPEG-4 Part 3 (MPEG-4 Audio) standard to allow lossless audio compression scalable to lossy MPEG-4 General Audio coding methods (e.g., variations of AAC). It was developed jointly by the Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R) and Fraunhofer, which commercializes its implementation of a limited subset of the standard under the name of HD-AAC. Standardization of the HD-AAC profile for MPEG-4 Audio is under development (as of September 2009).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MP4 file format</span> Digital format for storing video and audio

MPEG-4 Part 14 or MP4 is a digital multimedia container format most commonly used to store video and audio, but it can also be used to store other data such as subtitles and still images. Like most modern container formats, it allows streaming over the Internet. The only filename extension for MPEG-4 Part 14 files as defined by the specification is .mp4. MPEG-4 Part 14 is a standard specified as a part of MPEG-4.

The MPEG-4 Low Delay Audio Coder is audio compression standard designed to combine the advantages of perceptual audio coding with the low delay necessary for two-way communication. It is closely derived from the MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) standard. It was published in MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 and in its later revisions.

MPEG Surround, also known as Spatial Audio Coding (SAC) is a lossy compression format for surround sound that provides a method for extending mono or stereo audio services to multi-channel audio in a backwards compatible fashion. The total bit rates used for the core and the MPEG Surround data are typically only slightly higher than the bit rates used for coding of the core. MPEG Surround adds a side-information stream to the core bit stream, containing spatial image data. Legacy stereo playback systems will ignore this side-information while players supporting MPEG Surround decoding will output the reconstructed multi-channel audio.

Structured Audio Orchestra Language (SAOL) is an imperative, MUSIC-N programming language designed for describing virtual instruments, processing digital audio, and applying sound effects. It was published as subpart 5 of MPEG-4 Part 3 in 1999.

MPEG-D is a group of standards for audio coding formally known as ISO/IEC 23003 - MPEG audio technologies, published since 2007.

The ISO base media file format (ISOBMFF) is a container file format that defines a general structure for files that contain time-based multimedia data such as video and audio. It is standardized in ISO/IEC 14496-12, a.k.a. MPEG-4 Part 12, and was formerly also published as ISO/IEC 15444-12, a.k.a. JPEG 2000 Part 12.

Unified Speech and Audio Coding (USAC) is an audio compression format and codec for both music and speech or any mix of speech and audio using very low bit rates between 12 and 64 kbit/s. It was developed by Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and was published as an international standard ISO/IEC 23003-3 and also as an MPEG-4 Audio Object Type in ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 3 in 2012.

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, entitled Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information, is a standardization subcommittee of the Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It develops and facilitates international standards, technical reports, and technical specifications within the field of audio, picture, multimedia, and hypermedia information coding. SC 29 includes the well-known JPEG and MPEG experts groups, and the standards developed by SC 29 have been recognized by nine Emmy Awards.

References

  1. ↑ Ebrahimi, Touradj; Pereira, Fernando (2002). The MPEG-4 Book. Prentice Hall Professional. ISBN   9780130616210.
  2. ↑ Wiegand, T; Sullican, G J; Bjontegaard, G; Luthra, A (2003). "Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard". IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology. 13 (7): 560–576. doi:10.1109/TCSVT.2003.815165.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 MacKie, David; Singer, David; Meer, Jan Van der; Swaminathan, Viswanathan; Gentric, Philippe (December 2003), RFC 3640, IETF, p. 31.
  4. ↑ MPEG. "MPEG standards – Full list of standards developed or under development". Chiariglione. Archived from the original on 2010-04-20. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
  5. ↑ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2009-11-09). "Programme of Work – MPEG-4 (Coding of audio-visual objects)". Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2009-11-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-1:2010 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 1: Systems" . Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  7. ↑ ISO. "ISO/IEC 14496-1:2010/Amd 2:2014 – Support for raw audio-visual data" . Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  8. ↑ ISO/IEC (2004-11-15), ISO/IEC 14496-1:2004 – Third edition 2004-11-15 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 1: Systems (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-31, retrieved 2010-04-11
  9. ↑ WG11 (MPEG) (March 2002). "Overview of the MPEG-4 Standard" . Retrieved 2010-04-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ WG11 (1997-11-21), Text for CD 14496-1 Systems (MS Word .doc), retrieved 2010-04-11{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ "MPEG-4 Systems Elementary Stream Management (ESM)". July 2001. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  12. ↑ "MPEG Systems (1-2-4-7) FAQ, Version 17.0". July 2001. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  13. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-2:2004 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 2: Visual". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  14. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 3: Audio". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  15. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 6:2017, Profiles, levels and downmixing method for 22.2 channel programs". ISO. 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  16. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-4:2004 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 4: Conformance testing". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  17. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-5:2001 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 5: Reference software". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  18. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-6:2000 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 6: Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF)". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  19. ↑ "ISO/IEC TR 14496-7:2004 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 7: Optimized reference software for coding of audio-visual objects". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  20. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-8:2004 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 8: Carriage of ISO/IEC 14496 contents over IP networks". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  21. ↑ "ISO/IEC TR 14496-9:2009 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 9: Reference hardware description". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  22. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-10:2014 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 10: Advanced Video Coding". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  23. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-10:2014/Amd 3:2016 – Constrained Additional supplemental enhancement information". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  24. 1 2 "ISO/IEC 14496-11:2015 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 11: Scene description and application engine". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  25. 1 2 "MPEG-J White Paper". July 2005. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  26. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-12:2015 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 12: ISO base media file format". ISO. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  27. ↑ ISO. "ISO/IEC 14496-12:2015/Amd 1:2017 – DRC Extensions" . Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  28. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-13:2004 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 13: Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) extensions". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  29. ↑ MPEG (March 2002), FPDAM ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001 / AMD3 (Final Proposed Draft Amendment), archived from the original (MS Word .doc) on 2014-05-12, retrieved 2010-08-01
  30. ↑ "MPEG-4 IPMPX white paper". MPEG. July 2005. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  31. ↑ "MPEG Intellectual Property Management and Protection". MPEG. April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  32. ↑ MPEG-4 IPMP Extension – For Interoperable Protection of Multimedia Content (PDF), 2004, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-18, retrieved 2010-08-01
  33. ↑ "MPEG Registration Authority – IPMP". MPEG RA International Agency (CISAC). Archived from the original on 2007-06-16. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  34. ↑ "MPEG RA – FAQ IPMP". MPEG RA International Agency (CISAC). Retrieved 2010-08-01.[ permanent dead link ]
  35. ↑ "Intellectual Property Management and Protection Registration Authority". CISAC. 2004-12-05. Archived from the original on 2004-12-05. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  36. ↑ Chiariglione, Leonardo (2003), Digital media: Can content, business and users coexist?, Torino, IT: Telecom Italia Lab, archived from the original on 2011-07-25, retrieved 2010-08-01
  37. ↑ IPMP in MPEG – W3C DRM workshop 22/23 January 2001 (PPT), retrieved 2010-08-01
  38. ↑ ISO. "ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 14: MP4 file format" . Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  39. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003/Amd 1:2010 – Handling of MPEG-4 audio enhancement layers". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  40. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-15:2022 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 15: Carriage of network abstraction layer (NAL) unit structured video in the ISO base media file format". ISO. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  41. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-15:2022/Amd 1:2023 - Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 15: Carriage of network abstraction layer (NAL) unit structured video in the ISO base media file format — Amendment 1: Support for LCEVC". ISO. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  42. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-16:2011 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 16: Animation Framework eXtension (AFX)". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  43. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-16:2011/Amd 3:2016 – Printing material and 3D graphics coding for browsers" . Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  44. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-17:2006 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 17: Streaming text format". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  45. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-18:2004 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 18: Font compression and streaming". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  46. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-19:2004 – Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 19: Synthesized texture stream". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  47. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-20:2008 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 20: Lightweight Application Scene Representation (LASeR) and Simple Aggregation Format (SAF)". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  48. ↑ "MPEG-4 LASeR white paper". July 2005. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  49. 1 2 "ISO/IEC 14496-21:2006 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 21: MPEG-J Graphics Framework eXtensions (GFX)". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  50. ↑ "MPEG-4 Systems MPEG-J". July 2001. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  51. ↑ "MPEG-J GFX white paper". July 2005. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  52. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-22:2009 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 22: Open Font Format". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  53. ↑ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 (July 2008). "ISO/IEC 14496-22 "Open Font Format"". Chiariglione. Retrieved 2010-02-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  54. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-22 Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 22: Open Font Format" (Zip) (first ed.). 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  55. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-23:2008 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 23: Symbolic Music Representation". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  56. ↑ "ISO/IEC TR 14496-24:2008 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 24: Audio and systems interaction". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  57. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-25:2011 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 25: 3D Graphics Compression Model". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  58. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-26:2010 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 26: Audio conformance". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  59. ↑ "ISO/IEC 14496-27:2009 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 27: 3D Graphics conformance". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  60. ↑ ISO. "ISO/IEC 14496-27:2009/Amd 6:2015 – Pattern-based 3D mesh coding conformance" . Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  61. ↑ "ISO/IEC CD 14496-28 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 28: Composite font representation". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  62. ↑ "MPEG Licensing Authority – MPEG-4 Visual: Introduction". Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  63. ↑ "MPEG Licensing Authority – MPEG-4 Systems: Introduction". Archived from the original on 2011-01-22. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
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