(612267) 2001 SG286

(612267) 2001 SG₂₈₆

Discovery [1]
Discovered by	LINEAR
Discovery site	Socorro, United States
Discovery date	27 September 2001
Designations
Minor planet category	Apollo NEO
Orbital characteristics [2]
Epoch 5 May 2005 (JD 2460800.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	6988 days (19.13 yr)
Aphelion	1.8302  AU (273.79  Gm)
Perihelion	0.8864 AU (132.60 Gm)
Semi-major axis	1.3583 AU (203.20 Gm)
Eccentricity	0.3474
Orbital period (sidereal)	1.583 yr (578.231 d)
Mean anomaly	1.0953°
Mean motion	0.6226° / day
Inclination	7.773°
Longitude of ascending node	241.110°
Argument of perihelion	56.273°
Earth  MOID	0.00515 AU
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter	160±30 m [3] : 3085
Synodic rotation period	12.3±0.01 h [3] : 3085
Spectral type	D-type [4] : 9  or S-type [3] : 3085
Absolute magnitude (H)	20.91 (JPL) [2] 21.4±0.3 (Gherase et al.) [3] : 3085

(612267) 2001 SG₂₈₆ is a small, unnamed near-Earth asteroid orbiting in the inner Solar System. Classified as an Apollo asteroid, its orbit crosses Earth's. Like many near-Earth asteroids, it is thought to originate from the main asteroid belt, ejected into the inner Solar System through dynamical interactions with Jupiter and Saturn. Initially classified as a relatively rare D-type asteroid, more recent spectroscopic observations indicate it is instead a stony S-type asteroid. It was discovered on 27 September 2001 by the LINEAR survey at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico. ^[5] It was considered as a sample-return target for the Marco Polo and the MarcoPolo-2D mission concepts, but the proposals were rejected in 2010 and 2015, respectively.

Orbit

A diagram of 2001 SG₂₈₆'s orbit, with the orbits of the inner planets shown for comparison.

Orbiting at an average distance of 1.3583 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, 2001 SG₂₈₆ is classified as both an Apollo asteroid and a near-Earth asteroid (NEA). Over the course of its 1.58 years (580 days) long orbit, its distance from the Sun varies from 0.8864 AU at perihelion to 1.8302 AU at aphelion. Its orbit is moderately elliptical, with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3474, and has an orbital inclination of 7.773° with respect to the ecliptic plane. ^[2]

NEAs are chaotic objects that have mean dynamical lifetimes shorter than the age of the Solar System. Over 10–100 million years (Myr), NEAs are removed through ejection into interstellar space or collisions with the inner planets. NEAs are then likely repopulated by fragments originating from the asteroid belt. ^[6] Investigations of 2001 SG₂₈₆'s dynamical history, conducted through numerical integration models, indicate that it most likely originated through the destabilizing ${\displaystyle \nu _{\rm {6}}}$ secular resonance with Saturn in the inner main belt. Another less probable source is through the 3:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter, located at about 2.5 AU. However, although 2001 SG₂₈₆'s spectral type indicates an origin in the outer main belt, dynamical models fail to reproduce its current position for an outer main belt origin. If 2001 SG₂₈₆ originates from the outer main belt, then its orbit may have been influenced by the Yarkovsky effect until it reached either the ${\displaystyle \nu _{\rm {6}}}$ secular resonance or 3:1 Jovian resonance. In the future, 2001 SG₂₈₆ is likely to eventually collide with the Sun after encounters with the inner planets and interactions with the 3:1 Jovian resonance or both the 4:1 Jovian resonance and the ${\displaystyle \nu _{\rm {6}}}$ secular resonance. ^{[7] : 524–526}

Physical characteristics

2001 SG₂₈₆ was initially classified under the spectral type D within the Bus–DeMeo classification scheme in a 2004 spectroscopic survey in the visible-wavelength range led by astronomer Richard P. Binzel. ^{[8] : 358, 360  [3] : 3085} Using an average albedo of 0.09 for D-type asteroids, Binzel et al. calculated an estimated diameter of about 350 metres (1,150 ft) for the asteroid. A followup study led by Marcel Popescu reaffirmed 2001 SG₂₈₆'s D-type classification using observations in both visible and near-infrared wavelengths. ^{[4] : 9} However, more accurate observations in 2024 revealed that 2001 SG₂₈₆'s spectrum is instead consistent with the more common S-type classification, with data from the 1-μm band indicative of an olivine–pyroxene composition. In previous studies, the 1-μm band was hidden by noise, leading to the earlier D-type classification. Using the average S-type albedo of 0.20, 2001 SG₂₈₆'s estimated diameter was recalculated as 160 metres (520 ft), with an uncertainty of 30 metres (98 ft). ^{[3] : 3085}

Analysis of 2001 SG₂₈₆'s lightcurve—variations in its observed brightness as it rotates—shows that it rotates once every 12.3 hours, with an uncertainty of 0.01 hours. This makes 2001 SG₂₈₆ a slow rotator. Its lightcurve has an amplitude of 0.62 mag. ^{[3] : 3085–3086}

Exploration

2001 SG₂₈₆ serves as an attractive target for a spacecraft mission due to its accessibility—the delta-v budget required to reach it is roughly 5.6 km/s. ^{[4] : 9  [9] : 4486}2001 SG₂₈₆ was considered as one of several candidate targets for the Marco Polo mission concept, an asteroid sample-return mission studied by the European Space Agency (ESA) under its Cosmic Vision program as a collaboration with JAXA. In early 2010, the advisory body of ESA's Science and Robotic Exploration Directorate rejected the Marco Polo concept. ^{[10] [11]} A resubmitted proposal for the Cosmic Vision M4 opportunity, under the name MarcoPolo-2D , selected 2001 SG₂₈₆ as the mission's baseline target. MarcoPolo-2D was proposed as a collaboration between the ESA and the China National Space Administration (CNSA), and would have involved an orbiter and sample-return lander. ^{[12] [3] : 3078}MarcoPolo-2D was rejected in the first round of competition in 2015, likely due to budgetary concerns. ^[13]

See also

• 162173 Ryugu – baseline target for the original Marco Polo study; visited by the Hayabusa2 sample-return mission in 2018.

References

1. "(612267) = 2001 SG286". Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 23 January 2025. Retrieved 26 July 2025. (400 obs)
2. "JPL Small-Body Database Lookup: 612267 (2001 SG286)" (2020-11-14 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 17 July 2025. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
3. Gherase, R. M.; et al. (December 2024). "The physical properties of two potential targets for space missions: (155140) 2005 UD and (612267) 2001 SG286". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 535 (4): 3077–3087. Bibcode:2024MNRAS.535.3077G. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stae2460 .
4. Popescu, M.; Birlan, M.; Binzel, R.; Vernazza, P.; Barucci, A.; Nedelcu, D. A.; DeMeo, DeMeo; Fulchignoni, M. (November 2011). "Spectral properties of eight near-Earth asteroids". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 535: A15. Bibcode:2011A&A...535A..15P. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201117118 . A15.
5. Minor Planet Center Staff (29 September 2001). "MPEC 2001-S72 : 2001 SG286". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. 2001-S7. Minor Planet Center. doi:10.48377/MPEC/2001-S7 (inactive 31 July 2025). Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2025.
6. Binzel, Richard P.; Xu, Shui; Bus, Schelte J.; Bowell, Edward (August 1992). "Origins for the Near-Earth Asteroids". Science. 257 (5071): 779–782. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..779B. doi:10.1126/science.257.5071.779. PMID   17736464.
7. Michel, Patrick; Delbo, Marco (October 2010). "Orbital and thermal evolutions of four potential targets for a sample return space mission to a primitive near-Earth asteroid". Icarus. 209 (2): 520–534. Bibcode:2010Icar..209..520M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.05.013. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
8. Binzel, Richard P.; Perozzi, Ettore; Rivkin, Andrew S.; Rossi, Alessandro; Harris, Alan W.; Bus, Schelte J.; Valsecchi, Giovanni B.; Slivan, Stephen M. (March 2004). "Dynamical and compositional assessment of near-Earth object mission targets". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 39 (3): 351–366. Bibcode:2004M&PS...39..351B. doi: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00098.x .
9. Barucci, Maria Antonietta; et al. (June 2018). "Small D-type asteroids in the NEO population: new targets for space missions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 476 (4): 4481–4487. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.476.4481B. doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty532 .
10. Katzkowski, M. (22 September 2009). Marco Polo Assessment Study (PDF) (Report).
11. "Marco Polo Mission Summary". European Space Agency. 1 September 2019. Archived from the original on 20 July 2025. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
12. "MarcoPolo-2D overview". The Open University. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
13. Amos, Jonathan (18 March 2015). "Europe drops asteroid sample-return idea". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2025.