2013 Balochistan earthquakes

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2013 Balochistan earthquakes
Pakistan Balochistan relief map.svg
Bullseye1.png
Pakistan relief location map.jpg
Bullseye1.png
UTC  time2013-09-24 11:29:47
ISC  event 608458290
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Local date24 September 2013
Local time16:29:48 PKT (UTC+5)
Magnitude7.7 Mw
Depth15.0 km (9.3 mi)
Epicenter 26°57′04″N65°30′04″E / 26.951°N 65.501°E / 26.951; 65.501
Type Oblique-slip
Areas affectedPakistan
Max. intensity MMI IX (Violent) [1]
Casualties825 dead, [2] [3] 700 injured [4] [5] [6]

The 2013 Balochistan earthquakes took place in late September in southwestern Pakistan. The mainshock had a moment magnitude of 7.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 825 people were killed and hundreds more were injured. On 28 September, a M6.8 aftershock occurred to the north at a depth of 14.8 kilometres (9.2 miles), killing at least 22 people. [7] [8]

Contents

Tectonic setting

On a broad scale, the tectonics of southern and central Pakistan reflect a complex plate boundary where the India plate slides northward relative to the Eurasia plate in the east, and the Arabia plate subducts northward beneath the Eurasia plate in the Makran (western Pakistan). These motions typically result in north–south to northeast–southwest strike-slip motion at the latitude of the 24 September earthquake that is primarily accommodated on the Chaman Fault, with the earthquake potentially occurring on one of the southernmost strands of this fault system. Further, more in-depth studies will be required to identify the precise fault associated with this event. Although seismically active, this portion of the Eurasia plate boundary region has not experienced large damaging earthquakes in recent history. In the past 40 years, only one significant event has occurred within 200 kilometres (120 mi) of this event, which was a Mw 6.1 earthquake in July 1990 that killed six people. [9]

Earthquake

USGS ShakeMap showing for the event M7.7 - 66km NNE of Awaran, Pakistan.jpg
USGS ShakeMap showing for the event

The United States Geological Survey reported that the earthquake took place on Tuesday 24 September 2013 at 11:29:48  UTC. The depth was reported to be 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). The earthquake reportedly lasted about a minute, causing panic in cities of southern Pakistan such as Karachi and Hyderabad. [10]

The earthquake occurred as a result of the oblique-strike-slip type motion at shallow crustal depths. The location and mechanism of the earthquake are consistent with rupture within the Eurasia plate above the Makran Trench subduction zone. The event occurred within the transition zone between northward subduction of the Arabian plate beneath the Eurasia plate and northward collision of the India plate with the Eurasia plate. [9] A 200 km (120 mi) surface rupture occurred as a result. Rupture initiated along a near-vertical fault and propagated mainly southwest along a curved fault that dipped 50° to the north. The fault segment is part of the Chaman Fault; during which its southern segment ruptured. Despite a mostly southwest rupture direction (with some rupture to the north), most of the aftershocks occurred north of the epicenter. Backprojection studies by Wang et al. suggest possible supershear rupture propagation velocity along some segments. [11]

The source fault, identified as the Hoshab Fault, was likely an old thrust fault due to its shallow dip angle. It formed within an accretionary wedge related to the Makran Trench. During the earthquake, displacements along the fault was exclusively strike-slip. A possible explanation for the faulting behavior is due to the accretionary wedge being pushed eastwards towards the Indian Plate. Much of the inferred displacements occurred no less than 10 km (6.2 mi) beneath the surface. Peak slip was estimated at 10 m (33 ft) while the average slip across the rupture was 6 m (20 ft). [12]

Impact

The earthquake killed at least 825 people and injured hundreds of others. [3] The earthquake struck a sparsely populated region of Pakistan. Most homes and buildings in the region are constructed of mud bricks and collapsed during the earthquake and aftershocks. An official in the Balochistan province claimed that 80 percent of the homes in the Awaran District had collapsed or were damaged. [13] In the regional capital Quetta, some areas appeared to be badly damaged. [14] [15] Officials from the Balochistan government estimated that at least 21,000 houses had been completely destroyed by the tremor, while some areas remained beyond the reach of rescue services 48 hours after the initial quake. [4]

PAGER impact estimates from the United States Geological Survey included a red alert level for initial shaking-related fatalities (35% chance of 1,000–10,000 fatalities, 27% chance of 10,000–100,000 fatalities) and an orange alert level for economic impact (35% chance of US$100 million–$1 billion, 26% chance of US$1–10 billion). [16]

The earthquake was felt in major cities across Pakistan, including Karachi, Hyderabad, Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Larkana, and Lahore. [10] The quake was also felt in Delhi, India, where some buildings shook, [17] and Muscat, Oman—800 kilometres (500 mi) from the epicenter—where mild tremors shook tables and cabinets. [18] The earthquake shook in the parts of UAE, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran and Qatar. [19] The earthquake also shook Saravan, Iran without causing any damage or casualties. [20] There were also minor tremors and aftershocks in the United Arab Emirates. [21]

Ground effects

Satellite images of Zalzala Jazeera off the coast of Gwadar Pakistan Earthquake Island.png
Satellite images of Zalzala Jazeera off the coast of Gwadar

The earthquake was apparently powerful enough to raise a small island, later dubbed Zalzala Jazeera, meaning "quake island", in the Arabian Sea, variously reported as being 350 metres (1,150 ft) to 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) off the shore of Gwadar. [15] [22] [23] The island is partially composed of rock, but mostly consists of mud and sand. The oval-shaped island was 60–70 feet (18–21 m) high and about 200–300 feet (61–91 m) long according to local people that visited the island the day after it appeared. They noticed a smell of gas and managed to ignite it, later extinguishing it with difficulty. [22]

The island is believed to be the result of a mud volcano. [24] In the region, deposits of frozen gas hydrates—which have a large methane content—exist beneath 300 to 800 metres (980–2,620 ft) of compressed sediment. [22] After such a large earthquake, the gas hydrates converted from frozen to gaseous form through the heat of friction and either raised the overlaying sediment enough to create fissures through which it escaped or rose through fissures resulting from the earthquake itself. Another possible contributing factor in the island's creation was the liquefaction of the seabed, which allowed finer, loosely packed sediments to become liquid-like and squeeze up through fissures in overlying compressed sediment. Locals who ventured to the island shortly after it formed heard a hissing noise at one end and started a fire which was difficult to extinguish. There are several mud volcanoes inland near Zalzala Jazeera and they are common in the vicinity of subducting plate boundaries; in fact, similar islands have appeared in the same region following earthquakes in 1945, 1999, 2001, and 2010. Because of its composition of softer sediments, the sea was predicted to erode the island completely within a few months. [22] By the end of 2016, the island had completely disappeared. [25]

Tsunami

Despite its inland epicentre, the earthquake generated a tsunami with a maximum height of 0.57 m (1.9 ft) in eastern Oman. [26]

Aftershocks

Aftermath

On 26 September, two days after the disaster, two rockets were fired at a helicopter carrying Maj. Gen. Muhammad Saeed Aleem, the National Disaster Management Authority chairman, as well as other officials and members of the media. Government sources blamed Balochi separatists, who are very active in the Awaran area. [4]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "M 7.7 - 113 km NW of Bela, Pakistan". United States Geological Survey. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  2. ↑ "825 dead, relief slow to reach Balochistan quake victims". Dunya News. 4 October 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Balochistan quake: toll jumps to 825". The Nation (Pakistan) . 1 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 "Pakistan quake death toll rises to 350". CNN. 26 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  5. ↑ "Pakistan: Death toll in the earthquake rises to 515". The Indian Express. 27 September 2013.
  6. ↑ "More than 100,000 left homeless after Pakistan earthquake". Al Jazeera. 27 September 2013.
  7. ↑ "M6.8 - 96 kilometres NNE of Awaran, Pakistan". United States Geological Survey. 28 September 2013.
  8. ↑ Agence France Presse (28 September 2013). "Powerful new Pakistan earthquake kills at least 22". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  9. 1 2 PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from M7.7 - 63km NNE of Awaran, Pakistan. United States Geological Survey.
  10. 1 2 Menon, Meena (24 September 2013). "Quake in southern Pakistan kills 2, damages houses". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  11. ↑ Wang, Dun; Kawakatsu, Hitoshi; Mori, Jim; Ali, Babar; Ren, Zhikun; Shen, Xuelin (March 2016). "Backprojection analyses from four regional arrays for rupture over a curved dipping fault: The Mw 7.7 24 September 2013 Pakistan earthquake". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 121 (3): 1948–1961. Bibcode:2016JGRB..121.1948W. doi: 10.1002/2015JB012168 . S2CID   130332801.
  12. ↑ Avouac, Jean-Philippe; Ayoub, Francois; Wei, Shengji; Ampuero, Jean-Paul; Meng, Lingsen; Leprince, Sebastien; Jolivet, Romain; Duputel, Zacharie; Helmberger, Don (2014). "The 2013, Mw 7.7 Balochistan earthquake, energetic strike-slip reactivation of a thrust fault". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 391: 128-134. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.036.
  13. ↑ "At least 208 killed in Balochistan earthquake". Dawn. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  14. ↑ Yusufzai, Gul (24 September 2013). "Quake kills 45 in Pakistan, creates new island in sea". Reuters. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  15. 1 2 "Deadly earthquake strikes Pakistan's Balochistan". BBC News. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  16. ↑ "M7.8 – 69km NNE of Awaran, Pakistan (BETA)". Earthquake Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  17. ↑ "Powerful earthquake strikes Pakistan's Balochistan". BBC News. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  18. ↑ Vaidya, Sunil (24 September 2013). "Tremors from Pakistan quake felt in Muscat". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  19. ↑ "New photos of Pakistan's 'Earthquake Island'". Fox News. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  20. ↑ "Strong Quake in Pakistan Spares Southeast Iran". Tasnim News Agency. 25 September 2013.
  21. ↑ "Earthquake jolts Pakistan, tremors felt in". Gulf News . 28 September 2013.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Khan, Ilyas (27 September 2013). "Pakistan quake island off Gwadar 'emits flammable gas'". BBC News. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  23. ↑ "Island discovered as a result of earthquake in Pakistan". IBNLive.in.com. Press Trust of India. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  24. ↑ "Satellites reveal new views of Pakistan's 'Earthquake Island'". NBC News . 1 October 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  25. ↑ "Gwadar's quake island disappears". DAWN.COM. 31 December 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  26. ↑ "Tsunami Event: BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN". NGDC.
  27. ↑ "M 5.8 - 89km NNE of Awaran, Pakistan". United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  28. ↑ "M 5.6 - 102km NNE of Awaran, Pakistan". United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  29. ↑ "M5.5 – 78km NNE of Awaran, Pakistan". United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  30. ↑ "M6.8 - 85km NNE of Awaran, Pakistan". United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 28 September 2013.

Sources

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