2021 Makassar cathedral bombing

Last updated
2021 Makassar cathedral bombing
Part of terrorism in Indonesia and persecution of Christians in the modern era
Location map Makassar.png
Red pog.svg
Sacred Heart Cathedral
2021 Makassar cathedral bombing (Makassar)
Location Sacred Heart Cathedral, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Date28 March 2021, Palm Sunday
±10:28 WITA (UTC+8)
TargetChurchgoers
Attack type
 Suicide bombings
Deaths0 (+2 terrorists) [1]
Injured20
Perpetrators
Motive Anti-Christian sentiment fueled by radical Islamic extremism

The Makassar cathedral bombing was an attack occurred on 28 March 2021, around 10:28 Central Indonesia Time (UTC+8) at the Sacred Heart Cathedral (Indonesian : Gereja Katolik Hati Yesus yang Mahakudus) in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, during a Palm Sunday service. [2] [3] [4] It was the first church bombing in Indonesia since the 13 May 2018 bombings of three churches in Surabaya.

Contents

Bombing

The bombing happened outside the Sacred Heart Cathedral of Makassar, the oldest church in the city, while a Palm Sunday service was being conducted inside. The explosion occurred at the southeastern gate of the cathedral, near the intersection of Thamrin and Kajaolalido streets. According to police, the perpetrators were riding a motorcycle and intended to enter the church when they were stopped by police in front of the cathedral. When the perpetrators were asked to get off the motorcycle, the blast occurred. [5] [6]

Several churchgoers were reportedly injured in the attack. The South Sulawesi regional police described the incident as a suicide bombing. National Police spokesman Argo Yuwono said there were two perpetrators of the attack. [7]

The bombing location was in the vicinity of Makassar City Police headquarters and City Hall. Human remains were found at the scene. [8] The two perpetrators were the only people killed by the blast, which also injured 20 people. [1] [7] [9] [10] A CCTV recording showed three pedestrians and a car passing the site moments before the explosion occurred. [5]

Perpetrators

The attack was conducted by two suicide bombers riding a Honda Beat motorcycle. [11] The motorcycle's annual taxation was overdue for five months and was not paid. [12]

The Indonesian authorities identified one of the bombers hours after the attack. He was described as a member of a terrorist cell which carried out another attack on a cathedral in Jolo, Philippines, in 2019. [13] [14] The other perpetrator, a woman, by then was under examination. [15] On the next day, the identity of both perpetrators were revealed by the police. The perpetrators were just married for 6–7 months prior to the bombing. [16] They were confirmed as members of the Jamaah Ansharut Daulah. [17] Prior to the action, the husband signed a last will and testament – which subsequently found by the police during a raid on their house – saying about the bombing, farewell messages, and willingness to die as an Islamic martyr. Upon the bombing, the police apprehended many of the perpetrators' accomplices around the country. [18]

An Indonesian scholar on terrorism, Al Chaidar, earlier had said that the attack was carried by Islamic terrorist group Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD), which also responsible for the Jolo attack. [19]

On 30 March 2021, National Police announced a new fact regarding the perpetrators and perpetrators' accomplices in South Sulawesi. It was found that they were joined same JAD's majlis ta'lim (study group) and also pledged allegiance to ISIL's proposed caliphate at one of Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) office in South Sulawesi. Police also revealed the presence of a JAD's study group that involved in determining target, mapping, and planning of the bombing. [20] [21]

Nearly one month after the bombing, on 27 April 2021, former FPI General Secretary and Muhammad Rizieq Shihab's close confidante, Munarman, captured by Police. [22] He was captured due to possessing the knowledge about the terrorist network, but choose to hide it. Not only that he also involved in inciting people to commit terrorism and conspiring with terrorists against the state. [23] He also charged by police to be involved with "bay'ah" of terrorists' group and their pledge of allegiance to ISIL in Makassar, Jakarta, and Medan terror networks. [24]

On 8 December 2021, Munarman trial held. The trial was held in close for public in accordance to the Law on Terrorism, but summary of the trial procession is made available. In the trial several facts brought into the light. Included into summaries were: his involvement in Makassar terror network, his past underground publications praising Al-Qaeda terrorism acts, and his pledge to ISIS. [25] [26]

Allegations of ex-Islamic Defenders Front ties and support

In search of perpetrators' accomplices around the country, National Police launched raids across the country. [27] During raids on various places such as in Condet (East Jakarta), Serangbaru (Bekasi Regency), and Bima, the police found numerous banned organization Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) uniforms, apparels, and membership cards. FPI itself was an Islamic fundamentalist organization led by Rizieq which had been banned by the government in December 2020 for declaring support for ISIL. They also found five unexploded but armed IEDs, explosives precursors enough to make up to 70 bombs, books, and documents. [28] [29] Moreover, one of alleged bomb maker captured in Condet was identified as a member of Laskar Pembela Islam (LPI, Islamic Defenders Paramilitary), the paramilitary wing of the FPI and reported as one among its first members. [30] Another captured member of Condet cell was also identified as a high-ranked FPI member. He is a former vice head of FPI's Department of Jihad and State Defense, which oversees the LPI. He was caught in camera present at Muhammad Rizieq Shihab's trial at the East Jakarta State Court. [31] Despite that, the chairman of Islamic fundamentalist group 212 Movement Alumni, Slamet Ma'arif, denied any FPI involvement. [32] Aziz Yanuar, Rizieq Shihab's lawyer, told that Rizieq knows the former vice head and aware of his capture, but chose not to give any comment. [33]

JAD connection with FPI is still questionable. However, Zainal Anshori, former national leader of JAD, confessed on 9 February 2021, that the current JAD was actually found in 2005 from the disavowed Lamongan branch of FPI. [34] Earlier that month, several members of JAD in Makassar were captured. At that time, it was found that the captured JAD members were also affiliated with FPI. [35]

Further investigation also revealed many former FPI members involved. Confessions of captured members of Makassar terrorist network which were released on 3 March 2021, suggesting that the bombing also partially motivated by trial process of Muhammad Rizieq Shihab and asking for state to release him, at all costs even by force. Aside of this, based from the confessions, Islamic supremacism, nativism, anti-corporatism, and anti-China sentiment elements also take part as the motive of the bombing. The investigations hinted that the cathedral bombing might a part or larger plot involving now former FPI members. [36] [37]

On 27 April 2021, Munarman, former FPI general secretary captured by police. While he was captured in afternoon in his residence, police subsequently launched raid to former FPI headquarters at Petamburan III St., Jakarta. Police confiscated many documents, forbidden attributes, and also large amount of "white powders" (later known as one of explosive precursor, potassium nitrate) and acetone (TATP precursor) stored there. [38] [39]

Reaction

Alissa Qotrunnada  [ id ], the eldest daughter of former president and democracy activist Abdurrahman Wahid, offered her condolences and condemned the attack as a "wound of the nation". [40] Minister of Religious Affairs Yaqut Cholil Qoumas also condemned the attack. [41] Nahdlatul Ulama condemned the attack, stating that anything that harms social harmony is never justified. [42] Amnesty International condemned the attack as "an insult to human rights principles". [43] Makassar mayor Ramdhan Pomanto urged people to stop sharing photos and video footages of the explosion. [44] He planned to visit the scene and phoned the pastor of the church to confirm that there were no victims from the church's congregation. [45] The Indonesian Churches Fellowship (PGI) asked people to be calm and trust the authorities to investigate the attack, while they also discouraged people from sharing images of the attack. [46] Indonesian vice president Ma'ruf Amin urged police to investigate the attack as fast as possible. [47] President Joko Widodo strongly condemned the attack in a news conference later on. [48]

The chairman of Islamic fundamentalist group 212 Movement Alumni, Slamet Ma'arif, also condemned the bombing and called on the public not to speculate on the motive of the attackers. He claimed that the attack had nothing to do with religion, so the public should instead focus on Muhammad Rizieq Shihab's trial and the police's December 2020 killing towards members of the Islamic Defenders Front. [49]

Subsequent event

On 31 March 2021, the National Police headquarters in Jakarta was attacked by an armed assailant. The assailant, a woman wearing niqāb, was shot dead by the police after firing shots several times. [50] [51] [52]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terrorism in Indonesia</span> Overview of terrorism in Indonesia

Terrorism in Indonesia refer to acts of terrorism that take place within Indonesia or attacks on Indonesian people or interests abroad. These acts of terrorism often target the government of Indonesia or foreigners in Indonesia, most notably Western visitors, especially those from the United States and Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rizieq Shihab</span> Indonesian Islamist scholar

Muhammad Rizieq bin Hussein Shihab is an Indonesian Islamist cleric, the founder and leader of the Islamist group Islamic Defenders Front, which was banned by the government in December 2020. Facing criminal charges in Indonesia, he lived in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from 2017 to November 2020. Following his return to Indonesia, he was arrested in late 2020, accused of criminal incitement for holding crowded events that violated the COVID-19 pandemic regulations.

Mohamad, Ardyan (2016-03-31). "Filipina tolak TNI ikut bebaskan WNI disandera Abu Sayyaf". merdeka.com. Retrieved 2023-05-25.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Indonesia Mujahideen</span> Indonesian Islamist militant organization

The East Indonesia Mujahideen was an Islamist militant group operating out of Poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The group was led by Abu Wardah until he was killed by Indonesian police on 18 July 2016. After the death of Santoso, the group was led by Ali Kalora until he was killed on 18 September 2021. The group has pledged allegiance to the Islamic State.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Samarinda church bombing</span> Terrorist attack in Indonesia

A terrorist attack occurred on November 13, 2016 when a man named Juhanda detonated a Molotov bomb in front of Oikumene Church in Samarinda Seberang, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, where children were playing. A toddler was killed in the incident and three other toddlers were injured. In September 2017, Juhanda and four others were convicted of the attack, with Juhanda sentenced to life imprisonment, while the others received sentences ranging from six to seven years.

On 24 May 2017, two explosions occurred at a bus terminal in Kampung Melayu, East Jakarta. Police confirmed that the explosions were caused by multiple explosive devices found in the toilet and in another part of the terminal. The bombings killed five people: three policemen and two attackers. The 11 injured people were taken to multiple hospitals across the Eastern Jakarta area.

The Monas incident was an incident in Merdeka Square in Jakarta in Indonesia on 1 June 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic Defenders Front</span> Indonesian hardline Islamist organization

The Islamic Defenders Front was an Indonesian hardline Islamist organization founded in 1998 by Muhammad Rizieq Shihab with backing from military and political figures. Since 2015, Ahmad Shabri Lubis has been the organization's leader, while Rizieq Shihab holds the title of Grand Imam of the FPI for life. The FPI originally positioned itself as an Islamic religious police, mostly by conducting illegal and unauthorized vigilante operations. It also acted as an Islamist pressure group with prominent social media activism and mass mobilizations against pro-government activists, ethnic Chinese, Christian minority, as well as liberal and reformist politicians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surabaya bombings</span> Terrorist attacks in Indonesia

The 2018 Surabaya bombings were a series of terrorist attacks that initially occurred on 13 May 2018 in three churches in Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia and the capital of East Java province. The explosions occurred at Immaculate Saint Mary Catholic Church on Ngagel Madya Street; Indonesia Christian Church on Diponegoro Street; and Surabaya Central Pentecost Church on Arjuno Street. The first explosion took place at the SMTB Church; the second and third explosions followed within an hour.

Jamaah Ansharut Daulah is an Indonesian group that has been reported to be linked to the 2018 Surabaya bombings as well as the 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has been reported as claiming responsibility for both attacks. The group had been identified by the United States Department of State as a terrorist organization in 2017. It is banned by Iraq and Indonesia. It is also listed as a terrorist organization by the United Nations Security Council on 4 March 2020.

A suicide bombing was conducted in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia on 13 November 2019, targeting the city's metropolitan police (Polrestabes) headquarters. No person other than the attacker was killed in the attack, though six others were injured. The single attacker was affiliated with the Jamaah Ansharut Daulah.

Munarman is the former spokesman of the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI), advocate, former human rights activist, former chairman of the YLBHI, who later became the Commander of the Laskar Islam Command of FPI.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian National Police headquarters shooting</span>

On 31 March 2021, at around 16:30 Western Indonesia Time (UTC+7), a shooting occurred at the Indonesian National Police headquarters in South Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia. A female assailant attacked police headquarters with a handgun and was shot dead after firing several rounds. The shooting happened three days after the cathedral bombing in Makassar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ummah Party</span> Political party in Indonesia

The Ummah Party is a political party of Indonesia. The party formation was announced on 1 October 2020 and declared on 29 April 2021.

Jamaah Ansharusy Syariah is an Islamist organization split from Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid. The organization described as splinter group of JAT, after Abu Bakar Ba’asyir expelled his sons and top aides from JAT following their refusal to support his pledge of support to the Islamic State (IS). JAS objective is the rival of JAT recruitment for followers in support of the full implementation of Sharia in Indonesia. JAS claimed a membership of 2,000 in Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, West Nusa Tenggara, and Bengkulu.

On 7 December 2022, at around 8:20 AM Western Indonesia Time (UTC+7), a suicide bombing incident occurred at an Indonesian National Police station in Astana Anyar District, Bandung, West Java. The attacker and one police officer were killed by the explosion, while 11 people were injured including 3 police officers.

The Criminal Code Act 2023, or the 2023 Indonesian Criminal Code, is the new Indonesian criminal code replacing the Dutch-era code. The law is the most expensive and longest ever made in Indonesia, being more than 50 years in the making since formulation until finally commenced by the Indonesian government.

References

  1. 1 2 Agung Sandy Lesmana (28 March 2021). "Diduga Beraksi Naik Motor Matik, 2 Pelaku Bom Gereja Makassar Tewas di TKP". Suara.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  2. ↑ "Explosion rocks church in Makassar: Police". The Jakarta Post. 28 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  3. ↑ Cahya, Yuddy; Nangoy, Fransiska (28 March 2021). Perry, Michael (ed.). "Indonesia police: explosion in Makassar suspected to be a suicide bombing". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  4. ↑ "Makassar explosion: Worshippers wounded in Indonesian church bombing". BBC News. 28 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  5. 1 2 Mappiwali, Hermawan (28 March 2021). "Pastor: Pelaku Bom Bunuh Diri Berusaha Masuk ke Gereja Katedral Makassar". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  6. ↑ "Pelaku Bom Bunuh Diri di Makassar Diduga Kendarai Motor". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 28 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  7. 1 2 Al Ayyubi, Sholahuddin (28 March 2021). "Pelaku Bom Bunuh Diri di Gereja Katedral Makassar Dua Orang". Bisnis.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  8. ↑ "Potongan Tubuh Ditemukan Usai Bom di Gereja Katedral Makassar". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 28 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  9. ↑ Santosa, Dwi Argo (28 March 2021). "Ledakan Bom, Polda: Tidak Ada Jemaat Gereja Katedral Makassar Menjadi Korban". BeritaSatu.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  10. ↑ Wahil, Yusuf; Karmini, Niniek (28 March 2021). "Suicide bomb hits Palm Sunday Mass in Indonesia, 20 wounded". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  11. ↑ "Hancur, Ini Motor yang Dipakai Pelaku Bom Gereja Katedral Makassar". Detik.com (in Indonesian). 29 March 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  12. ↑ "Pelaku Bom Bunuh Diri Makassar Beraksi Pakai Motor Matik yang Pajaknya Mati". Detik.com (in Indonesian). 28 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  13. ↑ "Indonesia church suicide bomber was member of pro-Islamic State group behind Jolo attack: Police". CNA. 28 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  14. ↑ "Indonesia: Several injured in church suicide bombing". Deutsche Welle. 28 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  15. ↑ Mappiwali, Hermawan; Taufiqqurahman, Muhammad (28 March 2021). "Pelaku Kedua Bom Bunuh Diri Makassar Wanita, Masih Diidentifikasi". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  16. ↑ Munsir, Ibnu (29 March 2021). "Ibu: Pasutri Pelaku Bom Bunuh Diri Makassar Baru Nikah 7 Bulan". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  17. ↑ "6 Hal yang Diketahui dari Pasutri Bomber Gereja Katedral Makassar". Detik.com (in Indonesian). 29 March 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  18. ↑ Mappiwali, Hermawan (29 March 2021). "Pelaku Bom Bunuh Diri Makassar Tinggalkan Surat Wasiat Siap Mati Syahid". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  19. ↑ Subarkah, Muhammad (28 March 2021). "Al Chaidar: Aksi Bom Bunuh Diri Makasar Dilakukan JAD". Republika.co.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  20. ↑ "Polri: Tersangka Teroris Makassar Baiat di Markas FPI". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  21. ↑ Wijayaatmaja, Yakub Pryatama (30 March 2021). "Tersangka Teroris Bom Makassar Melakukan Baiat di Markas FPI". Media Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  22. ↑ "Munarman Ditangkap Polisi!". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  23. ↑ Dirgantara, Adhyasta. "Ditangkap Densus, Munarman Diduga Gerakkan Orang Lain untuk Terorisme". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  24. ↑ Dirgantara, Adhyasta. "Munarman Ditangkap Terkait Baiat Teroris di 3 Kota". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  25. ↑ Aprillya, Salma Rafifa. "Sidang Munarman Digelar, Ini 5 Hal Terbaru yang Diketahui". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  26. ↑ Putri, Zunita. "Jaksa Sebut FPI Pernah Terbitkan Maklumat Dukung Seruan Al Qaeda". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  27. ↑ "13 Terduga Teroris Diringkus Usai Ledakan Bom Makassar". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 29 March 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  28. ↑ Guritno, Tatang (29 March 2021). Prabowo, Dani (ed.). "Dari Bom Aktif hingga Atribut FPI, Ini Temuan Polisi di 3 Lokasi Penggerebekan Terduga Teroris". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  29. ↑ "Deretan Pernak-pernik FPI Ditemukan di Rumah Terduga Teroris". Detik.com (in Indonesian). 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  30. ↑ Kurniawan, Hasan (30 March 2021). "Punya Tato dan Suka Mabuk, Terduga Teroris di Ciputat Hijrah Setelah Dibui". Sindonews.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  31. ↑ Syarif, Helmi (29 March 2021). "Beredar Foto Terduga Teroris Condet saat Sidang Habib Rizieq". Sindonews.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  32. ↑ Maulana, Riezky (29 March 2021). "Atribut FPI Disita dari Terduga Teroris Condet-Bekasi, PA 212: Bisa Dibeli di Mana Saja". Sindonews.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  33. ↑ Lesmana, Agung Sandi; Hutasuhut, Yaumal Asri Adi (30 March 2021). "Rizieq Sudah Tahu Husein FPI Ditangkap karena Kasus Teroris, Tapi Bungkam". Suara.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  34. ↑ "Zainal Anshori Sebut JAD Jadi Sayap FPI Lamongan, Munarman Membantah". Detik.com (in Indonesian). 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  35. ↑ "Polisi Sebut Belasan Terduga Teroris JAD Makassar Anggota FPI". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  36. ↑ "Pengakuan Teroris di Jakarta: Simpatisan FPI-Ingin Ledakkan Industri China". detiknews (in Indonesian). 3 April 2021. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  37. ↑ "Penelusuran Jaringan Bomber Gereja Merambah Jagakarsa". detiknews (in Indonesian). 7 April 2021. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  38. ↑ Viossa, Yussa Ariska (27 April 2021). "Atribut Terlarang Hingga Bahan Peledak Ditemukan di Eks Markas FPI". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  39. ↑ Ernes, Yogi (27 April 2021). "Atribut Ormas Terlarang-Dokumen Juga Ditemukan di Eks Markas FPI". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  40. ↑ Alissa Wahid [@alissawahid] (28 March 2021). "Berduka sangat atas bom bunuh diri di Gereja Katedral Makassar pagi ini. Tidak ada korban jiwa dari umat gereja. Duka untuk luka batin bangsa yang menginginkan kedamaian" (Tweet) (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 March 2021– via Twitter.
  41. ↑ Firmansyah, Asep (28 March 2021). Setyorini, Virna (ed.). "Menag Yaqut kutuk keras aksi teror di depan Gereja Katedral Makassar". AntaraNews.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  42. ↑ Dewi, Anita Permata (28 March 2021). Subagyo, Triono (ed.). "PB NU kutuk keras peristiwa ledakan depan Gereja Katedral Makassar". AntaraNews.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  43. ↑ Ridwan, Muhammad (28 March 2021). "Kutuk Bom di Makassar, Amnesty International: Penghinaan Prinsip HAM". JawaPos.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  44. ↑ Antony, Noval Dhwinuari (28 March 2021). "Wali Kota: Setop Sebar Foto-Video Korban Bom Bunuh Diri Makassar!". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  45. ↑ "Bom di Depan Gereja Katedral Makassar, Ini Pernyataan Walikota Danny Pomanto". Pedomanrakyat.com (in Indonesian). 28 March 2021. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  46. ↑ Firdaus, Iman (28 March 2021). "Imbauan PGI Soal Bom Makassar: Tenang, Percayakan Aparat dan Jangan Unggah Gambar Meresahkan". Kompas.tv (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  47. ↑ Sihaloho, Markus Junianto (28 March 2021). "Wapres Ma'ruf Amin Minta Polisi Segera Ungkap Dalang dan Motif Bom Makassar". BeritaSatu.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  48. ↑ "Jokowi Kutuk Keras Teror Bom Bunuh Diri di Depan Gereja Katedral Makassar". Detik.com (in Indonesian). 28 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  49. ↑ Sinaga, Fathan (28 March 2021). "Respons PA 212 soal Bom Bunuh Diri di Gereja Katedral Makassar, Singgung Sidang Habib Rizieq". JPNN.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  50. ↑ "Gunfire breaks out at Indonesian national police HQ in Jakarta". Al Jazeera. 31 March 2021. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  51. ↑ Da Costa, Agustinus Beo; Widianto, Stanley (31 March 2021). "Indonesian police shoot dead female attacker in gunfire exchange at police headquarters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  52. ↑ Arnaz, Farouk (31 March 2021). "Woman Pointing Gun at Police HQ Shot to Death". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.