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Cause | Low pressure trough of residual Typhoon Haikui |
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Meteorological history | |
Duration | 7–8 September 2023 |
Flood | |
Maximum rainfall | 158.1 millimetres (6.22 in) hourly [1] |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 15 (4 in Hong Kong,11 in Guangxi) |
Injuries | 144 (Hong Kong) |
Economic losses | HK$100 million |
Areas affected | Hong Kong,Macau,southern coast of China |
[2] [3] |
In the evening of 7 September 2023,a heavy rainstorm struck the city of Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta area,including parts of Guangdong,China and Macau. The record rainfall caused widespread flooding and landslides in the cities,four dead and dozens injured. [4] [5]
On 5 September 2023,Typhoon Haikui made landfall in China's Fujian province,subsequently moving into Guangdong,before its remnants stalled over the Pearl River Delta for over two days. As the low pressure trough associated with Haikui's remnants interacted with the south-westerly monsoon, [6] the Pearl River Delta started experiencing extreme rainfall beginning on the night of 7 September.
By 7 pm on 7 September,Sha Tau Kok in the North District recorded more than 70 millimetres (2.8 in) rainfall. Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) issued a flood warning for Northern New Territories at 7:50 pm. [7] Heavy rainfall then spread to the entire city,forcing the HKO to issue the Amber rainstorm signal,and later the Red signal in less than half an hour. At 11:05 pm,the highest warning level,Black rainstorm signal,was issued due to worsening situations. It was the first time the warning was issued in two years. [8]
According to the HKO,between 11:00 p.m. of 7 September and 12:00 a.m,of 8 September,the HKO headquarters recorded 158.1 millimetres (6.22 in) mm of rainfall within one hour,the highest hourly rainfall rate ever in Hong Kong since records began in 1884. [9]
The torrential rainfall continued overnight and into the morning of 8 September,gradually subsiding by afternoon. The Black rainstorm signal lasted over 16 hours,the longest duration ever since the rainstorm warning system was implemented in 1992. The HKO headquarters accumulated over 632 millimetres (24.9 in) of rainfall within 24 hours,a 24-hour rainfall rate trailing only the record set in May 1889. This also makes Typhoon Haikui the wettest storm in Hong Kong's history,breaking the record of Severe Tropical Storm Sam in 1999. Meanwhile,parts of Hong Kong Island,including Stanley,Chai Wan,Shau Kei Wan and North Point accumulated over 800 millimetres (31 in) of rainfall within just 12 hours,the area around Tai Tam even accumulated over 900 millimetres (35 in). [10]
Flooding were reported across the city,with Wong Tai Sin as one of the hardest hit. Shopping mall on Lung Cheung Road and MTR underground station in the neighbourhood became deluged by water. [11] Kwun Tong line was partly closed due to the severe flooding in the railway tunnel. [12]
Vehicles were trapped due to the widespread flooding,including a flooded bus in Chai Wan on Hong Kong Island. In some parts of New Territories,chest-deep water forced residents to flee villages. [13]
As downpour continued,landslides rocked the city. In the neighbourhood of Shau Kei Wan,giant boulders as large as a bus tumbled down a section of the road,some 50 meters of the road was completely covered with mud and rocks standing up to three meters high. [14] [15] Luxury houses in Redhill Peninsula near Tai Tam Bay were also exposed with illegal structures following the soil slip. [16] [17] Ruptures of underground water pipe created sinkholes in several part of the city,causing minibus and car plunging into the holes. [18] [19]
Shek O and another nearby coastal village were isolated for a day due to a collapsed section of the Shek O Road, [20] with the Government evacuating some residents through boats.
The Hong Kong Government released a brief statement sixteen minutes into Friday,confirming the Shenzhen Reservoir will discharge water from about midnight,and warned that "[t]here may be a risk of flooding in some parts of the New Territories". [21] The discharge began at 12.15 a.m.,whilst villagers scrambled to prepare and battle the torrential rain. [22] Chris Tang,the Security Secretary,claimed the widespread flooding "seemed to have no direct correlation with the water discharge from Shenzhen". [23] Villagers living near the Sham Chun River questioned Tang as neck-deep river water engulfed the houses after the discharge. [24]
As flooding persisted into the morning,all schools in the city had to be shut down on 8 September. [25] However,the Government only "reminded" employers that all non-essential employees "should not be required to report for duty", [26] under a non-binding "extreme conditions" announcement unlike arrangements for typhoons. [27]
The Hong Kong Government first described the historic rainfall as "once-in-a-century", [25] but then upgraded the narrative to "once-in-500-years", [28] or a 0.2% chance. [29] It caused uproar from the public as an attempt to deflect the blame, [30] after the authorities were questioned and criticised for the preparedness for such an emergency. [25] Observers and critics attacked the government’s response for "too little,too late",while lawmakers and analysts urged the government to carry out a full review of the emergency system and capabilities. [31]
Other recent severe rainstorm events in China:
The rainstorm warning signals are a set of signals used in Hong Kong to alert the public about the occurrence of heavy rain which is likely to bring about major disruptions such as traffic congestion and floods. They also ensure a state of readiness within the essential services to deal with emergencies.
China is a mountainous country, which leads to rapid dissipation of cyclones that move inland as well as significant amounts of rain from those dissipating cyclones. Typhoon Nina in 1975 caused the collapse of two huge reservoirs and ten smaller dams when 1062 mm (41.81 inches) of rain fell in Henan Province during a 24‑hour period. Super Typhoon Carla was the wettest tropical cyclone on record for mainland China. Since 1957, there has been a downward trend in tropical cyclone rainfall for the country.
Typhoon Hagupit, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Nina, was a powerful cyclone that caused widespread destruction along its path in September 2008. The 21st depression, 14 tropical storm and 10th typhoon of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season, Hagupit developed from a tropical wave located a couple hundred miles east of the Marshall Islands on September 14. Moving generally north-west westwards towards the Philippines, the depression gradually intensified into a tropical storm the following day, and then into became a typhoon on September 22 off the northern coast of Luzon. Located within an environment conducive for strengthening, Hagupit rapidly strengthened to attain 10-min sustained winds of 165 kilometres per hour and 1-min sustained winds of 230 kilometres per hour. After making landfall in Guangdong province in China at peak intensity on September 23, Hagupit rapidly weakened over rugged terrain and dissipated on the 25th.
Typhoon Fanapi, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Inday, was a damaging and deadly typhoon that struck Taiwan and southeastern China in September 2010. It was the eleventh tropical storm and fourth typhoon of the very inactive season. The storm formed on September 14 east of the Philippines and moved slowly for several days, initially to the northwest, then curving to the northeast before turning westward due to a ridge to the north. During this time, Fanapi intensified to reach 10 minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (109 mph). Fanapi made its first landfall on September 19 over Hualien, Taiwan, becoming the first typhoon to hit the island since Typhoon Morakot in August 2009. Later that day made a final landfall in Fujian, China. The storm dissipated on September 21 over southern China.
Li's field is a tongue-in-cheek conspiracy theory in Hong Kong over the existence of a force field that repels tropical cyclones from the city.
Typhoon Vicente, known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Ferdie, was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike the Chinese province of Guangdong since Hagupit in 2008, and was regarded as the strongest storm to affect Hong Kong and Macau in more than ten years. The eighth named storm and third typhoon of the 2012 Pacific typhoon season, Vicente began as a tropical depression on July 18, 2012 northeast of the Philippines. Vicente soon steadily moved into the South China Sea, and began to intensify above warm sea waters, and began explosive intensification early on July 23, and started to charge toward the Guangdong region prompting the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) to issue the Hurricane Signal, No. 10, the first since York in 1999. The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau also hoisted Signal No. 9 for the first time since York and after the transfer of sovereignty over Macau. Late on the same day, Vicente made landfall over Taishan in Guangdong, China.
Typhoon Sally, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Maring, was an intense tropical cyclone that caused widespread damage across southeastern Asia, particularly in China, in September 1996. Forming well east of the Philippines on 5 September, Sally quickly intensified as it tracked westward within favorable conditions. The system reached tropical storm intensity several hours after tropical cyclogenesis was completed, and strengthened further into typhoon intensity the following day. On 7 September, Sally reached super typhoon status shortly before attaining its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) and a barometric pressure of 940 mbar. Quickly moving across the South China Sea, Sally substantially weakened but remained a strong typhoon before making its first landfall on the Leizhou Peninsula on 9 September. The tropical cyclone's trek brought it briefly over the Gulf of Tonkin before making a final landfall near the border of China and Vietnam. The typhoon rapidly deteriorated inland and dissipated later that day.
Typhoon Ruby, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Yoning, was a strong tropical cyclone that struck Hong Kong, Macau, and southern China in early September 1964. The precursor disturbance to Ruby was first identified on August 29 over the Philippine Sea, and this system organised into a tropical cyclone by September 1. Ruby intensified as it moved west, becoming a typhoon the next day and subsequently passing over the Babuyan Islands of the Philippines. After reaching the South China Sea, Ruby turned northwest and intensified further, attaining peak ten-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (121 mph) before making landfall at the peak intensity near Hong Kong on September 5. The typhoon weakened after moving inland and dissipated on September 6 over southeastern China.
Tropical Storm Kujira was a tropical cyclone that prompted the PAGASA to declare the beginning of the rainy season in the Philippines. The ninth tropical depression, 8th named storm, and first storm to make landfall on China in the 2015 Pacific typhoon season, it formed as a tropical depression south of the Paracel Islands on June 19.
A series of major landslides occurred in Hong Kong in June 1972. Several apartment complexes and houses were wiped out, and at least 156 people lost their lives. The landslides had been caused by waterlogged soils in the area, a result of Typhoon Rose bringing unusually heavy rainfall in August 1971 as well as heavy rainstorms hitting Hong Kong on the days preceding the landslides.
Typhoon Dot was a strong tropical cyclone that made landfalls on Luzon and near Hong Kong in October 1964. It was the fifth typhoon to impact Hong Kong during the active 1964 Pacific typhoon season, and prompted the issuance of the No. 10 typhoon signal from the Royal Observatory in Hong Kong—the highest warning possible. The storm's precursor disturbance formed west of Pohnpei on October 3 and tracked towards the west, becoming a tropical storm by October 6. Gradually strengthening, Dot moved towards the west-northwest, northwest, and then curved west, leading to a landfall at typhoon intensity on Luzon on October 9. A freighter with 32 crewmembers went missing west of the island after passing through the typhoon and was never recovered.
The June 2008 Hong Kong Rainstorm was a rainstorm in Hong Kong on 7 June 2008 that caused flooding and landslides. It resulted in 2 deaths and 16 injuries. The Hong Kong Observatory recorded 145.5mm of precipitation at its headquarters between 08:00 to 09:00, setting the 2nd highest one-hour precipitation record. A total of 307.1mm of precipitation was recorded during that day.
Typhoon Sarika, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Karen, was a powerful tropical cyclone which affected the Philippines, South China, and Vietnam in mid-October 2016. The twenty-first named storm and the tenth typhoon of the annual Pacific typhoon season, Sarika developed from a tropical disturbance east of the Philippines on October 13. The system steadily strengthened as it traveled westwards, becoming a tropical storm later that day and then a typhoon on October 15. Rapid intensification commenced as Sarika turned to the west-northwest towards Luzon, reaching its peak intensity just before making landfall in Aurora early on October 16. Sarika weakened significantly as it crossed land, emerging over the South China Sea as a minimal typhoon, then weakening further to a severe tropical storm on October 17. Sarika maintained its strength for the rest of the day and made landfall in Hainan province in China on October 18. Turning to the northwest, Sarika weakened quickly as it emerged into the Gulf of Tonkin, before moving onshore once again in Guangxi province on October 19. The system dissipated shortly after.
Tropical Storm Ewiniar was a tropical cyclone in early June 2018 that brought prolonged heavy rains to Vietnam and South China, causing damaging floods and landslides. The fourth named storm of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season, Ewiniar developed as a tropical depression just east of Vietnam on June 2. The system moved generally northwards over the South China Sea, before intensifying into a tropical storm near the Qiongzhou Strait on June 5. Ewiniar proceeded to stall over the region as steering currents collapsed, making landfall over the Leizhou Peninsula and later over northern Hainan. Ewiniar accelerated to the northeast on June 7 and moved back over open sea, allowing it to strengthen slightly and reach peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 km/h (47 mph) and a central pressure of 998 hPa. The storm made landfall in eastern Guangdong shortly thereafter and weakened into a tropical depression on June 8. The system ultimately dissipated east of Taiwan on June 11.
Tropical Storm Bebinca was a weak but erratic and long-lived tropical cyclone that affected South China and Vietnam in mid-August 2018. Bebinca originated from a tropical depression over the South China Sea on August 9. Maintaining this intensity for a few days near the Guangdong coast, the system intensified into a tropical storm south of Jiangmen on August 13. The storm moved slowly to the east and then curved back on the next day, before making landfall in the Leizhou Peninsula on August 15. Bebinca crossed the Gulf of Tonkin and made landfall in Vietnam on August 16, before dissipated on the next day.
Severe Tropical Storm Durian was a deadly system that caused severe impacts in China and Vietnam. The seventh tropical depression and third named storm of the 2001 Pacific typhoon season, the storm was first noted on June 29 and quickly intensified into a tropical storm and given the name Durian by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Durian continued northwestward before intensifying into a severe tropical storm as it approached the Chinese coast. On July 1 just before landfall, Durian peaked in intensity, with the JMA estimating 10-min winds of 110 km/h (68 mph) and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimating 1-min winds of 140 km/h (87 mph). Durian made landfall on Zhanjiang at peak intensity, before quickly weakening over land and dissipating on July 3 over the mountains of Vietnam.
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Typhoon Haikui, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Hanna, was the first major storm to hit Taiwan since Megi in 2016 and the first typhoon to do so since Nesat in 2017. The eleventh tropical storm and eighth typhoon of the 2023 Pacific typhoon season, Haikui began its life as a broad low pressure area near the Northern Mariana Islands on August 27. The system intensified to a tropical storm the next day and was named Haikui by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), with the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) following suit shortly thereafter; PAGASA then named the same system as Hanna when it entered the Philippine area of responsibility. In the succeeding days, Haikui reached severe tropical storm strength and eventually became a typhoon, before making landfall near Taitung City, Taiwan on September 3.