2024 San Jose Earthquakes season

Last updated

San Jose Earthquakes
2024 season
San Jose Earthquakes wordmark black-red.svg
Head coach Luchi Gonzalez
Stadium PayPal Park
San Jose, California
MLS Cup Playoffs Did not qualify
U.S. Open Cup Round of 16
Leagues Cup Round of 16
←  2023
2025 →

The 2024 season will be the San Jose Earthquakes' 42nd year of existence, their 27th season in Major League Soccer and their 17th consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer. [1] It will be the 50th anniversary of the original San Jose Earthquakes' first season in the NASL. The club's jerseys unveiled for their season campaign, had commemorated the Earthquakes legacy, and donned the NASL Earthquakes' logo.

Contents

Roster

As of December 7, 2023 [2] [3]
No.Pos.PlayerNation
1 GK JT Marcinkowski (HG)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
3 DF Paul Marie Flag of France.svg  France
7 MF Carlos Gruezo (DP)Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador
10 FW Cristian Espinoza (DP)Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
11 FW Jeremy Ebobisse Flag of the United States.svg  United States
14 MF Jackson Yueill Flag of the United States.svg  United States
15 DF Tanner Beason Flag of the United States.svg  United States
20 MF Will Richmond (HG)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
24 DF Daniel Munie Flag of the United States.svg  United States
25 FW Ousseni Bouda (GA)Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso
26 DF Rodrigues Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
28 FW Benjamin Kikanović Flag of the United States.svg  United States
29 DF Carlos Akapo Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea
30 MF Niko Tsakiris (HG)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
41 GK Emi Ochoa (HG)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
42 GK Daniel Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
55 MF Michael Baldisimo Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines
77 DF Casey Walls (HG)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
99 MF Cruz Medina (HG)Flag of the United States.svg  United States

Transfers

In

No.Pos.PlayerPrevious clubFee/notesDateRef.
26MF Flag of Brazil.svg Rodrigues Flag of Brazil.svg Grêmio Loan purchase optionDecember 1, 2023 [4]
19FW Flag of the United States.svg Preston Judd Flag of the United States.svg LA Galaxy TradeDecember 14, 2023 [5]
MF Flag of the United States.svg Alfredo Morales Flag of the United States.svg New York City FC Free transferJanuary 4, 2024 [6]
25GK Flag of the United States.svg William Yarbrough Flag of the United States.svg Colorado Rapids Free transferJanuary 16, 2024 [7]
DF Flag of Brazil.svg Vítor Costa Flag of Portugal.svg Marítimo Undisclosed feeFebruary 7, 2024 [8]
GK Flag of Poland.svg Mikołaj Biegański Flag of Poland.svg Wisła Kraków LoanFebruary 8, 2024 [9]
DF Flag of Portugal.svg Bruno Wilson Flag of Portugal.svg Vizela Undisclosed feeFebruary 8, 2024 [10]
FW Flag of Norway.svg Amahl Pellegrino Flag of Norway.svg Bodø/Glimt Undisclosed feeFebruary 9, 2024 [11]

Out

No.Pos.PlayerTransferred toFee/notesDateRef.
23DF Flag of Sweden.svg Oskar Ågren Flag of Sweden.svg IK Brage Option DeclinedDecember 1, 2023 [4]
9FW Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Ayo Akinola Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Toronto FC Loan endedDecember 1, 2023 [4]
19MF Flag of the United States.svg Cam Cilley Flag of the United States.svg St. Louis City SC 2 Optioned DeclinedDecember 1, 2023 [4] [12]
12MF Flag of the United States.svg Matthew Hoppe Flag of England.svg Middlesbrough Loan endedDecember 1, 2023 [4]
93MF Flag of Brazil.svg Judson Flag of Brazil.svg Avaí FC Option DeclinedDecember 1, 2023 [4] [13]
13DF Flag of Brazil.svg Nathan Flag of the United States.svg Seattle Sounders FC Option DeclinedDecember 1, 2023 [4] [14]
4DF Flag of Ghana.svg Jonathan Mensah Flag of the United States.svg New England Revolution Out of contractDecember 1, 2023 [4] [15]
35MF Flag of Cape Verde.svg Jamiro Monteiro Flag of Turkey.svg Gaziantep Option DeclinedDecember 1, 2023 [4]
17DF Flag of the United States.svg Keegan Tingey Flag of the United States.svg Loudoun United Option DeclinedDecember 1, 2023 [4] [16]
21DF Flag of Peru.svg Miguel Trauco Flag of Brazil.svg Criciúma Option DeclinedDecember 1, 2023 [4] [17]
44FW Flag of the United States.svg Cade Cowell Flag of Mexico.svg C.D. Guadalajara Club record transferJanuary 15, 2024 [18]

Competitions

Friendlies

January 27 San Jose Earthquakes 1–1 LA Galaxy
Skahan Soccerball shade.svg Report Berry Soccerball shade.svg
Note: Closed-door friendly
May 23 Friendly Guatemala  Flag of Guatemala.svg4–0 Flag of the United States.svg San Jose Earthquakes San Jose, United States
 Report Stadium: PayPal Park

[19] [20] [21]

Major League Soccer

Standings

MLS Western Conference table (2024)
PosTeam
PldWLTGFGAGDPts
10 FC Dallas 31101475052−237
11 Austin FC 3191393444−1036
12 St. Louis City SC (E)31711134658−1234
13 Sporting Kansas City (E)3281775061−1131
14 San Jose Earthquakes (E)3152333772−3518
Updated to match(es) played on September 28, 2024. Source: MLS
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) total wins; 3) total goal differential; 4) total goals scored; 5) fewer disciplinary points; 6) away goal differential; 7) away goals scored; 8) home goals differential; 9) home goals scored; 10) coin toss (2 clubs tied) or drawing of lots (≥3 clubs tied)
(E) Eliminated

Overall table

Overall MLS standings table
PosTeam
PldWLTGFGAGDPtsQualification
25 Nashville SC 3181493147−1633
26 New England Revolution 3091743360−2731
27 Sporting Kansas City (Q)3281775061−1131Qualification for the CONCACAF Champions Cup Round One [lower-alpha 1]
28 Chicago Fire FC 3271693755−1830
29 San Jose Earthquakes 3152333772−3518
Updated to match(es) played on September 28, 2024. Source: MLS
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) total wins; 3) total goal differential; 4) total goals scored; 5) fewer disciplinary points; 6) away goal differential; 7) away goals scored; 8) home goals differential; 9) home goals scored; 10) coin toss (2 clubs tied) or drawing of lots (≥3 clubs tied)
(Q) Qualified for the phase indicated
Notes:
  1. ↑ Sporting Kansas City qualified as 2024 U.S. Open Cup finalists as the champions, Los Angeles FC, already qualified via the 2024 Leagues Cup.

Match results

February 241 FC Dallas 2–1 San Jose Earthquakes Frisco, Texas
5:30 pm PST
 Report
Stadium: Toyota Stadium
Attendance: 19,096
Referee: DeShun Beard
March 2 2 San Jose Earthquakes 1–3 LA Galaxy San Jose, California
7:30 pm PST
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 18,000
Referee: Cristian Campo Hernandez
March 93 San Jose Earthquakes 0–2 Vancouver Whitecaps FC San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 16,045
Referee: Christopher Calderon
March 164 Sporting Kansas City 2–1 San Jose Earthquakes Kansas City, Kansas
5:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Children's Mercy Park
Attendance: 18,219
Referee: Amin Hadzic
March 23 5 San Jose Earthquakes 3–2 Seattle Sounders FC San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 16,109
Referee: Gabriele Ciampi
March 306 Houston Dynamo FC 2–1 San Jose Earthquakes Houston, Texas
5:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Shell Energy Stadium
Attendance: 16,184
Referee: Ismir Pekmic
April 67 Austin FC 4–3 San Jose Earthquakes Austin, Texas
5:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Q2 Stadium
Attendance: 20,738
Referee: Lukasz Szpala
April 138 San Jose Earthquakes 0–3 Colorado Rapids San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 14,232
Referee: Malik Badawi
April 21 9 LA Galaxy 4–3 San Jose Earthquakes Carson, California
5:15 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Dignity Health Sports Park
Attendance: 25,335
Referee: Rosendo Mendoza
Note: Greg Vanney got a yellow card at Yellow card.svg 90+1'
April 2710 Nashville SC 1–1 San Jose Earthquakes Nashville, Tennessee
5:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Geodis Park
Attendance: 28,984
Referee: Allen Chapman
May 411 San Jose Earthquakes 3–1 Los Angeles FC Santa Clara, California
4:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Levi's Stadium
Attendance: 43,774
Referee: Victor Rivas
May 1112 Colorado Rapids 2–3 San Jose Earthquakes Commerce City, Colorado
6:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Dick's Sporting Goods Park
Attendance: 15,557
Referee: Natalie Simon
May 1513 Portland Timbers 4–2 San Jose Earthquakes Portland, Oregon
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Providence Park
Attendance: 19,113
Referee: Pierre-Luc Lauziere
May 1814 San Jose Earthquakes 0–1 Orlando City SC San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 14,172
Referee: Malik Badawi
May 2515 San Jose Earthquakes 1–1 Austin FC San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 13,744
Referee: Chris Penso
May 3116 New York City FC 5–1 San Jose Earthquakes New York, New York
4:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Yankee Stadium
Attendance: 20,188
Referee: Mark Allatin
June 1517 San Jose Earthquakes 2–4 FC Cincinnati San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 14,182
Referee: Lukasz Szpala
June 1918 San Jose Earthquakes 1–2 Portland Timbers San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT Marie Soccerball shade.svg50' Report Evander Soccerball shade.svg22', Yellow card.svg 76'
Bravo Yellow card.svg 48'
Rodríguez Soccerball shade.svg72'
Fogaça Yellow card.svg 87'
Moreno Yellow card.svg 89'
E. Miller Yellow card.svg 90+4'		Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 12,122
Referee: Marcos DeOliveira II
June 2219 Los Angeles FC 6–2 San Jose Earthquakes Los Angeles, California
7:30 pm PDT Bogusz Soccerball shade.svg15', 48'
Bouanga Soccerball shade.svg26'
Kamara Soccerball shade.svg33'
Hollingshead Soccerball shade.svg42'
Ángel Soccerball shade.svg87'		 Report Rodrigues Soccerball shade.svg45+3'
Vítor Costa Yellow card.svg 46'
Kikanović Soccerball shade.svg57'		Stadium: BMO Stadium
Attendance: 22,146
Referee: Segrii Boiko
June 29 20 San Jose Earthquakes 0–3 LA Galaxy Stanford, California
7:30 pm PDT Rodrigues Yellow card.svg 45+3' Report Delgado Yellow card.svg 22'
Cerrillo Yellow card.svg 29'
Paintsil Soccerball shade.svg37'
Neal Yellow card.svg 39'
Joveljić Soccerball shade.svg72'
McCarthy Yellow card.svg 75'
Cuevas Soccerball shade.svg90+1'		Stadium: Stanford Stadium
Attendance: 40,844
Referee: Guido Gonzales Jr.
July 321 St. Louis City SC 2–0 San Jose Earthquakes St. Louis, Missouri
5:30 pm PDT Löwen Soccerball shade.svg28'
Kijima Soccerball shade.svg41'
Reid Yellow card.svg 56'
Vassilev Yellow card.svg 61'		 Report López Yellow card.svg 66'
Vítor Costa Yellow card.svg 72'		Stadium: CityPark
Attendance: 22,500
Referee: Malik Badawi
July 722 San Jose Earthquakes 1–0 Chicago Fire FC San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT López Soccerball shade.svg49', Yellow card.svg 62'
Skahan Yellow card.svg 87'		 Report Czichos Yellow card.svg 24'
Acosta Yellow card.svg 37'
Herbers Yellow card.svg 90+5'		Stadium: PayPal Park
Referee: Ramy Touchan
July 1323 San Jose Earthquakes 1–2 Sporting Kansas City San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT Kikanović Yellow card.svg 37'
Shelton Soccerball shade.svg83' (o.g.)
Skahan Yellow card.svg 87'		 Report Leibold Yellow card.svg 38'
Thommy Soccerball shade.svg48'
Pulido Soccerball shade.svg57'		Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 12,034
Referee: Alexis Da Silva
July 1724 San Jose Earthquakes 0–1 Houston Dynamo FC San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT Report Bassi Yellow card.svg 15'
Steres Soccerball shade.svg86'		Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 12,177
Referee: Natalie Simon
July 2025 Minnesota United FC 2–0 San Jose Earthquakes Saint Paul, Minnesota
5:30 PM
 Report
Stadium: Allianz Field
Attendance: 19,679
Referee: Ismir Pekmic
August 2426 Real Salt Lake 0–2 San Jose Earthquakes Sandy, Utah
6:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: America First Field
Attendance: 21,015
Referee: Ricardo Fierro
August 3127 San Jose Earthquakes 1–2 Minnesota United FC San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Referee: Sergii Demianchuk
September 1428 Vancouver Whitecaps FC 2–0 San Jose Earthquakes Vancouver, British Columbia
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: BC Place
Attendance: 21,309
Referee: Lukasz Szpala
September 18 29 Seattle Sounders FC 2–2 San Jose Earthquakes Seattle, Washington
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Lumen Field
Attendance: 29,326
Referee: Victor Rivas
September 2130 San Jose Earthquakes 1–2 St. Louis City SC San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 15,112
Referee: Ricardo Montero
September 2831 CF Montréal 3–0 San Jose Earthquakes Montreal, Quebec
4:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Saputo Stadium
Attendance: 19,619
Referee: Armando Villarreal

U.S. Open Cup

May 7Round of 32 San Jose Earthquakes Flag of California.svg 1–0 Flag of California.svg Oakland Roots SC San Jose, California
7:00 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Referee: Jeffrey Greeson
May 21Round of 16 Sacramento Republic FC Flag of California.svg 4–3 (a.e.t.) Flag of California.svg San Jose Earthquakes Sacramento, California
7:00 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: Heart Health Park
Attendance: 11,569
Referee: Filip Dujic

Leagues Cup

West 2

PosTeam
PldWPWPLLGFGAGDPtsQualification LAX SJE GUA
1 Flag of the United States.svg LA Galaxy 2110043+15Advance to knockout stage ———
2 Flag of the United States.svg San Jose Earthquakes 2010123−12 1–2 ——
3 Flag of Mexico.svg Guadalajara 200203302 2–2 1–1 —
Source: Leagues Cup
Rules for classification: Tiebreakers
July 31Group stage San Jose Earthquakes Flag of the United States.svg 1–2 Flag of the United States.svg LA Galaxy San Jose, California
7:30 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Attendance: 12,554
Referee: Lukasz Szpala

Knockout stage

August 8Round of 32 San Jose Earthquakes Flag of the United States.svg 5–0 Flag of Mexico.svg Necaxa San Jose, California
8:00 pm PDT
 Report
Stadium: PayPal Park
Referee: Lukasz Szpala (United States)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Jose Earthquakes</span> Soccer team in the United States

The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer club based in San Jose, California. The Earthquakes compete as a member club of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS). Originally as the San Jose Clash, the franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter members of the league. The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history, defeating D.C. United 1–0. The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles and two Supporters' Shields. In 2002, the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup, making it to the quarterfinals. The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico.

The Western Conference is one of Major League Soccer's two conferences, along with the Eastern Conference. As of 2023, the division of the Conferences broadly follows the path of the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, with clubs on, or west of the River in the Western Conference.

The 2011 San Jose Earthquakes season was the club's 14th year of existence, as well as its 14th season in Major League Soccer and its fourth consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer. This is the 29th season of a club bearing the "Earthquakes" name.

The 2012 San Jose Earthquakes season was the club's 15th year of existence, as well as its 15th season in Major League Soccer and its fifth consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer. Including all previous franchises, this is the 30th year with a soccer club in the San Jose area sporting the name "Earthquakes".

The 2013 San Jose Earthquakes season was the club's 16th year of existence, as well as its 16th season in Major League Soccer and its sixth consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer. Including all previous franchises, this is the 31st year with a soccer club in the San Jose area sporting the name "Earthquakes".

The 2014 San Jose Earthquakes season was the club's 17th year of existence, as well as its 17th season in Major League Soccer and its 7th consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer. Including all previous franchises, it was the 32nd year with a soccer club in the San Jose area sporting the name "Earthquakes".

The 2017 San Jose Earthquakes season was the club's 35th year of existence, their 20th season in Major League Soccer and their 10th consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer.

The 2018 San Jose Earthquakes season was the club's 36th year of existence, their 21st season in Major League Soccer and their 11th consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer.

The 2019 LA Galaxy season was the club's twenty-fourth season in existence, their twenty-fourth in Major League Soccer.

The 2020 LA Galaxy season was the club's twenty-fifth season of existence, their twenty-fifth in Major League Soccer.

The 2020 season was the San Jose Earthquakes' 38th year of existence, their 23rd season in Major League Soccer and their 13th consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer.

The 2021 LA Galaxy season was the club's 26th season of existence, and their 26th in Major League Soccer, the top-tier of the American soccer pyramid. LA Galaxy played its home matches at the stadium Dignity Health Sports Park in the LA suburb of Carson, California. The Galaxy attempted to make the playoffs after failing to qualify in 2020, but were ultimately unsuccessful.

The 2021 season was the San Jose Earthquakes' 39th year of existence, their 24th season in Major League Soccer and their 14th consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer.

The 2022 LA Galaxy season was the club's 27th season of existence, and their 27th in Major League Soccer, the top-tier of the American soccer pyramid. LA Galaxy played its home matches at Dignity Health Sports Park in the LA suburb of Carson, California. The Galaxy attempted to make the playoffs after failing to qualify in 2021, also attempted to win their MLS leading 6th MLS Cup, and make their first appearance in the MLS Cup since 2014.

The 2022 season was the San Jose Earthquakes' 40th year of existence, their 25th season in Major League Soccer and their 15th consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer.

The 2023 Vancouver Whitecaps FC season was the club's twelfth season in Major League Soccer, the top division of soccer in the United States and Canada. Including previous iterations of the franchise, this was the 46th season of professional soccer being played in Vancouver under a variation of the "Whitecaps" name.

The 2023 Real Salt Lake season was the team's 19th season in Major League Soccer, the top division of the American soccer pyramid. The team also competed in both the 2023 U.S. Open Cup and 2023 Leagues Cup. Real Salt Lake played their home games at America First Field in the Salt Lake City suburb of Sandy, and was managed by Pablo Mastroeni in his second full season with the club.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2023 LA Galaxy season</span> LA Galaxy 2023 soccer season

The 2023 LA Galaxy season was the club's 28th season in Major League Soccer, the top tier of the American soccer pyramid. LA Galaxy played their home matches at Dignity Health Sports Park in the LA suburbs of Carson, California. This season marked the club's 20th anniversary, of their home soccer-specific stadium. The Galaxy had commemorated their stadium's anniversary. The Galaxy failed to make the playoffs for the second year in a row.

The 2023 season was the San Jose Earthquakes' 41st year of existence, their 26th season in Major League Soccer and their 16th consecutive season in the top-flight of American soccer.

The 2023 Portland Timbers season was the 37th season in their existence and the 13th season for the Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer (MLS), the top-flight professional soccer league in the United States and Canada.

References

  1. ↑ "History" . Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  2. ↑ "San Jose Earthquakes Roster". SJEarthquakes.com. San Jose Earthquakes. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  3. ↑ "San Jose Earthquakes Roster". SJEarthquakes.com. San Jose Earthquakes. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "News: Earthquakes Announce Roster Moves Ahead of 2024 MLS Season". sjearthquakes. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  5. ↑ https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/san-jose-earthquakes-acquire-preston-judd-from-la-galaxy
  6. ↑ https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/san-jose-earthquakes-sign-alfredo-morales
  7. ↑ https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/san-jose-earthquakes-sign-goalkeeper-william-yarbrough
  8. ↑ https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/san-jose-earthquakes-sign-defender-vitor-costa
  9. ↑ https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/san-jose-earthquakes-acquire-goalkeeper-mikolaj-bieganski
  10. ↑ https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/san-jose-earthquakes-sign-defender-bruno-wilson
  11. ↑ https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/san-jose-earthquakes-acquire-forward-amahl-pellegrino
  12. ↑ SC, St Louis CITY. "St Louis CITY2 Adds Six New Players Ahead of 2024 MLS NEXT Pro Season | St. Louis SC". St. Louis CITY SC. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  13. ↑ "Avai F.C. X.com". December 23, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
  14. ↑ "Sounders FC Signs Defender Nathan". Seattle Sounders FC. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  15. ↑ "New England Revolution sign free agent defender Jonathan Mensah". revolutionsoccer.net. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  16. ↑ "Loudoun United FC Sign Defender Keegan Tingey Through 2024". Loudoun United FC. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  17. ↑ "Criciúma sign former Flamengo and World Cup player as new left-back". January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
  18. ↑ "News: Earthquakes Transfer Forward Cade Cowell to Club Deportivo Guadalajara of Liga MX". sjearthquakes. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  19. ↑ "News: Earthquakes Announce Games for 2024 Coachella Valley Invitational". sjearthquakes. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  20. ↑ "San Jose Earthquakes X.com post". January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  21. ↑ "Whitecaps FC confirm preseason friendlies in Marbella, announce camp in Coachella Valley". Whitecaps FC. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.