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The Zhou dynasty was a royal dynasty of China that existed for 789 years from c. 1046 BC until 256 BC, the longest of such reign in Chinese history. During the Western Zhou period, the royal house, surnamed Ji, had military control over ancient China. Even as Zhou suzerainty became increasingly ceremonial over the following Eastern Zhou period (771–256 BC), the political system created by the Zhou royal house survived in some form for several additional centuries. A date of 1046 BC for the Zhou's establishment is supported by the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project and David Pankenier, but David Nivison and Edward L. Shaughnessy date the establishment to 1045 BC.
The Western Zhou was a period of Chinese history corresponding roughly to the first half of the Zhou dynasty. It began when King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty at the Battle of Muye and ended in 771 BC when Quanrong pastoralists sacked the Zhou capital at Haojing and killed King You of Zhou. The "Western" label for the period refers to the location of the Zhou royal capitals, which were clustered in the Wei River valley near present-day Xi'an.
King You of Zhou, personal name Ji Gongsheng, was a king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the last from the Western Zhou dynasty. He reigned from 781 to 771 BC.
King Nan of Zhou, less commonly known as King Yin of Zhou, was the 37th and last king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty, the son of King Shenjing of Zhou and grandson of King Xian of Zhou. He was king from 314 BC until his death in 256 BC, a reign of fifty-nine years, the longest in the Zhou Dynasty and all of pre-imperial China. By the time of King Nan's reign, the kings of Zhou had lost almost all political and military power, as even their remaining crown land was split into two states or factions, led by rival feudal lords: West Zhou, where the capital Wangcheng was located, and East Zhou, centred at Chengzhou and Kung. Therefore, Nan lacked any personal territory and was effectively under the control of the local feudal lords, essentially relying on their charity.
Zheng was a vassal state in China during the Zhou Dynasty located in the centre of ancient China in modern-day Henan Province on the North China Plain about 75 miles (121 km) east of the royal capital at Luoyang. It was the most powerful of the vassal states at the beginning of the Eastern Zhou, and was the first state to clearly establish a code of law in its late period of 543 BCE. Its ruling house had the ancestral name Ji (姬), making them a branch of the Zhou royal house, who held the rank of Bo (伯), a kinship term meaning "elder".
Wangcheng was an ancient Chinese city located beside the ceremonial eastern capital of Luoyi during the Zhou dynasty. It was constructed in 1021 BC on the model of the earlier and larger Chengzhou 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) to its east. It was the primary capital of the Eastern Zhou dynasty between 771 and 510 BC.
Marquis Wen of Jin, ancestral name Ji (姬), given name Chou (仇), was the eleventh ruler of the state of Jin. He was also the first ruler of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period.
The Quanrong or Dog Rong were an ethnic group, classified by the ancient Chinese as "Qiang", active in the northwestern part of China during and after the Zhou dynasty. Their language or languages are considered to have been members of the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages.
Hao or Haojing, also called Zongzhou (宗周), was one of the two settlements comprising the capital of the Western Zhou dynasty, the other being Fēng or Fēngjīng (灃京). Together they were known as Fenghao and stood on opposite banks of the Feng River (沣河): with Feng on west bank and Hao on the east bank. Archaeological discoveries indicate that the ruins of Haojing lie next to the Feng River around the north end of Doumen Subdistrict (斗门街道) in present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. It was the center of government for King Wu of Zhou.
Fenghao is the modern name of the twin city formed by the Western Zhou capitals of Feng and Hao on opposite banks of the Feng River near its confluence with the Wei River in Shaanxi, China.
Duke Xiang of Qin, personal name unknown, was a duke of the Qin state, ruling from 777 BC to 766 BC. He was the first Qin ruler to be granted a nobility rank by the king of the Zhou dynasty; under his reign, Qin was formally recognized as a major vassal state of the Zhou dynasty.
Duke Zhuang I of Qi was from 794 to 731 BC the twelfth recorded ruler of the State of Qi during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China. His personal name was Lü Gou (呂購), ancestral name Jiang, and Duke Zhuang was his posthumous title. He was the first of the two Qi rulers called Duke Zhuang.
Duke Ping of Chen, personal name Gui Xie, was a duke of the Chen state.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient China:
The Eastern Zhou is a period in Chinese history comprising the latter half of the Zhou dynasty following the Zhou capital's relocation eastward to Chengzhou, near present-day Luoyang. The Eastern Zhou was characterised by the weakened authority of the Zhou royal house, it is subdivided into two parts: the Spring and Autumn period, during which the ancient aristocracy still held power in a large number of separate polities, and the Warring States period, which saw the consolidation of territory and escalation of interstate warfare and administrative sophistication.
Duke Wu of Zheng, personal name Ji Juetu, was the second ruler of the Zheng state during the Spring and Autumn period in ancient China. He assumed the throne after his father, Duke Huan of Zheng, was killed alongside King You of Zhou in a 771 BC Quanrong attack on the Western Zhou capital Haojing. Duke Wu, alongside Duke Xiang of Qin supported King Ping of Zhou's flight to Chengzhou by securing the Central Plains, where Duke Huan had previously relocated Zheng. Duke Wu later annexed the states of Eastern Guo, Hu (胡), Kuai, and Ji (祭).
References
- ↑ Crabb, George (1833). Universal Historical Dictionary: Or Explanation of the Names of Persons and Places in the Departments of Biblical, Political and Eccles. History, Mythology, Heraldry, Biography, Bibliography, Geography, and Numismatics. Baldwin and Cradock. p. 91.
- ↑ Chen, Fei (2020). Study on the Synchronistic King list from Ashur. Leiden. p. 200. ISBN 978-90-04-43092-1. OCLC 1152355809.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Art, Authors: Department of Asian. "Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2024-05-11.