Abbi Pulling

Last updated

Abbi Pulling
Abbi Pulling Singapore 2024.jpg
Pulling at the 2024 Singapore Grand Prix
Nationality Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British
Born (2003-03-21) 21 March 2003 (age 21)
Gosberton, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
F1 Academy
Racing licence FIA Silver Driver.png FIA Silver
Years active2023–2024
Car number9
Former teams Rodin Carlin, Rodin Motorsport
Starts35 (35 entries)
Championships1 (2024)
Wins9
Podiums21
Poles12
Fastest laps10
Best finish1st in 2024
Previous series
2023–2024
2021–2022
2020
2020–2021, 2024
2019
2018 		F1 Academy
W Series
Formula Renault Eurocup
F4 British Championship

Ginetta GT5 Challenge
Ginetta Junior Championship
Championship titles
2024 F1 Academy

Abbi Jo Pulling (born 21 March 2003) is a British racing driver who is set to compete for Rodin Motorsport in GB3 Championship for 2025. She is a member of the Alpine Academy program and the 2024 F1 Academy drivers' champion.

Contents

Junior career

Karting

Pulling got involved in motorsports at eight years old and started karting competitively in 2013, at the age of nine. [1] She mainly developed her karting career in Britain, winning the Super 1 National Junior TKM Championship twice in 2017 and 2018. [2] [3]

Ginetta Juniors and GT5 Challenge

Pulling began her racing career in early 2018, taking part in the first three rounds of the Ginetta Junior Championship for Total Control Racing.

She continued racing in Ginettas the following year as she switched to the Ginetta GT5 Challenge. She got a best result of two consecutive 6th-place finishes at Donington Park. [4]

British F4

Pulling racing in the F4 British Championship at Knockhill in 2021 IMGP9190 (51738121548).jpg
Pulling racing in the F4 British Championship at Knockhill in 2021

In 2020, Pulling made her single-seater debut, racing in the F4 British Championship with JHR Developments. She finished the season 6th in the standings with four podiums to her name.

She re-signed for the team going into the 2021 season with aspirations to fight for the title, [5] [6] but had to pull out in September due to lack of budget. [7]

Pulling returned for the 2024 season with Rodin Motorsport. She became the first female race winner of the series when she won Race 5 at Brands Hatch while scoring the fastest lap of the race. [8]

Formula Renault Eurocup

In late 2020, Pulling made a one-off appearance in Formula Renault Eurocup at Imola driving for Fernando Alonso's team. She finished both races in last place. [9]

W Series

Pulling at Silverstone in the W Series in 2021 2021 British Grand Prix (51350317425).jpg
Pulling at Silverstone in the W Series in 2021
Pulling competing in the 2022 W Series Silverstone round. 2022 British Grand Prix (52382769940).jpg
Pulling competing in the 2022 W Series Silverstone round.

After taking part in pre-season testing at Anglesey Circuit in Wales, Pulling was announced on 11 June 2021 as one of five reserve drivers for the second season of the all-female Formula 3 championship, W Series. [10] She made her debut at the third round of the championship at Silverstone, where she coincided with her coach Alice Powell. [11] [12] She qualified on pole for race one of the season-ending Austin double-header and achieved her first podium with 2nd place the following day—thus securing 7th in the standings and automatic qualification for the 2022 season. [13]

F1 Academy

Pulling racing in an F1 Academy race at the Red Bull Ring in 2023. F1 Academy 2023 Spielberg Nr. 10 Pulling (side 2).jpg
Pulling racing in an F1 Academy race at the Red Bull Ring in 2023.

In March 2022, Pulling was signed by Alpine as a member of their new Alpine Affiliate programme. [14] Prior to the 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix, Pulling and Aseel Al-Hamad became the first women to drive a Formula 1 car in Saudi Arabia. [15] In 2023, Pulling was upgraded to a full-time member of the Alpine Academy and competed in the all-female F1 Academy series for the 2023 season with Rodin Carlin. [16] [17]

Pulling competing in an F1 Academy race at Zandvoort in 2024. 2024-08-25 Motorsport, Grosser Preis der Niederlande 2024, F1 Academy STP 3588 by Stepro.jpg
Pulling competing in an F1 Academy race at Zandvoort in 2024.

Pulling returned for the 2024 season with Rodin Carlin, now rebranded as Rodin Motorsport, and will represent Alpine. [18] In Round 1 at Jeddah, Pulling won her first podiums of the season when she finished in second for Races 1 and 2. She later inherited the win for Race 2 after race winner Doriane Pin was given a post-race time penalty for crossing the finishing line twice at racing speed. This is Pulling's debut win of the series. [19] [20] In Round 2 at Miami, Pulling qualified in pole position in both races and led every single lap to claim victory in both races, only missing out on the fastest lap in Race 1 for a double grand chelem. [21] [22] In Round 3 at Barcelona, Pulling achieved her second grand chelem in Race 1 while earning her fourth consecutive race win in F1 Academy. Despite also qualifying in pole position for Race 2, her race win streak was broken after she was overtaken at the start by Chloe Chambers to finish the race in second. [23] [24] In Round 4 at Zandvoort, Pulling claimed her third grand chelem in Race 1 and continued her podium finish run by finishing in third in Race 2. [25] [26] In Round 5 at Singapore, Pulling extended her lead in the championship after winning Races 1 and 2 while claiming her fourth grand chelem in Race 2. [27] In Round 5 at Qatar, she finished Race 1 in second and initially won the championship after Race 2 was cancelled. [28] However, a third race at the season finale in Abu Dhabi was added, allowing second-placed Pin to re-enter championship contention; the amount of points available expanded to 84 with an 83 point gap between the two. [29] In qualifying, Pulling took all three poles for the season finale and scored 6 points to secure the drivers' championship. [30] She ended the season with a win for Races 1 and 2 and finishing Race 3 in second, becoming the first F1 Academy driver to finish in podium places in a season while also securing a record of nine wins in a season. [31] [32]

GB3 Championship

For winning the 2024 season of F1 Academy, [33] Pulling received a fully funded seat in GB3 Championship with Rodin Motorsport for the 2025 season. [34]

Formula E

In October 2024, Nissan announced that Pulling would be taking part in the women's test held by Formula E at Jarama ahead of the 2024–25 season. [35] She topped the session, lapping three tenths faster than Jamie Chadwick. [36]

Karting record

Karting career summary

SeasonSeriesTeamPosition
2013LGM Series - IAME Cadet26th
Trent Valley Kart Club - IAME Cadet5th
2014LGM Series - IAME Cadet26th
Kartmasters British GP - IAME Cadet13th
Super One Series - IAME CadetKato Motorsport21st
2015 Super One Series - IAME CadetKMS36th
Super One Series - TKM Junior14th
LGM Series - IAME Cadet51st
2016 Super One Series - TKM Junior2nd
2017 Super One Series - TKM Junior1st
ABkC 'O' Plate - Junior TKM1st
2018 Super One Series - TKM JuniorTal-Ko Racing1st
2019British Kart Championship - TKM ExtremeTal-Ko Racing44th

Racing record

Career summary

SeasonSeriesTeamRacesWinsPolesF/LapsPodiumsPointsPosition
2018 Ginetta Junior Championship Total Control Racing 700006221st
2019Ginetta GT5 ChallengeRace Car Consultants180000 ? ?
2020 F4 British Championship JHR Developments 260004191.56th
Formula Renault Eurocup FA Racing 200000NC†
2021 F4 British Championship JHR Developments 1800039714th
W Series Puma W Series Team40101407th
2022 W Series Racing X70022734th
2023 F1 Academy Rodin Carlin 2102471775th
2024 F1 Academy Rodin Motorsport 149106143381st
F4 British Championship 2310131307th
2025 GB3 Championship Rodin Motorsport 000000TBD

† As Pulling was a guest driver, she was ineligible for championship points.

Complete Ginetta Junior Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

YearTeam1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526DCPoints
2018 Total Control Racing BHI
1
9		 BHI
2
13		 DON
1
12		 DON
2
12		 DON
3
10		 THR
1
13		 THR
2
16		 OUL
1 		OUL
2 		CRO
1 		CRO
2 		CRO
3 		SNE
1 		SNE
2 		SNE
3 		ROC
1 		ROC
2 		ROC
3 		KNO
1 		KNO
2 		SIL
1 		SIL
2 		SIL
3 		BHGP
1 		BHGP
2 		BHGP
3 		21st62

Complete F4 British Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

YearTeam123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930DCPoints
2020 JHR Developments DON
1
15		 DON
2
6		 DON
3
Ret		 BHGP
1
4		 BHGP
2
3		 BHGP
3
14		 OUL
1
9		 OUL
2
5		 OUL
3
6		 KNO
1
6		 KNO
2
Ret		 KNO
3
Ret		 THR
1
6		 THR
2
5		 THR
3
2		 SIL
1
Ret		 SIL
2
8		 SIL
3
7		 CRO
1
3		 CRO
2
4		 SNE
1
4		 SNE
2
5		 SNE
3
6		 BHI
1
4		 BHI
2
7		 BHI
3
3		6th191.5
2021 JHR Developments THR1
1
12		 THR1
2
5		 THR1
3
12		 SNE
1
6		 SNE
2
9		 SNE
3
5		 BHI
1
35		 BHI
2
3		 BHI
3
8		 OUL
1
Ret		 OUL
2
42		 OUL
3
16		 KNO
1
13		 KNO
2
83		 KNO
3
4		 THR2
1
3		 THR2
2
11		 THR2
3
10		 CRO
1 		CRO
2 		CRO
3 		SIL
1 		SIL
2 		SIL
3 		DON
1 		DON
2 		DON
3 		BHGP
1 		BHGP
2 		BHGP
3 		14th97
2024 Rodin Motorsport DPN
1
7		 DPN
2
17		 DPN
3
C		 BHI
1
7		 BHI
2
1		 BHI
3
6		 SNE
1
9		 SNE
2
59		 SNE
3
7		 THR
1
2		 THR
2
12		 THR
3
4		 SILGP
1
11		 SILGP
2
106		 SILGP
3
11		 ZAN
1
9		 ZAN
2
2		 ZAN
3
20		 KNO
1
6		 KNO
2
7		 KNO
3
7		 DPGP
1
DPGP
2
DPGP
3
SILN
1
SILN
2
SILN
3
BHGP
1
18		 BHGP
2
4		 BHGP
3
8		7th130

Complete Formula Renault Eurocup results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

YearTeam1234567891011121314151617181920DCPoints
2020 FA Racing MNZ
1 		MNZ
2 		IMO
1 		IMO
2 		NÜR
1 		NÜR
2 		MAG
1 		MAG
2 		ZAN
1 		ZAN
2 		CAT
1 		CAT
2 		SPA
1 		SPA
2 		IMO
1
15		 IMO
2
16		 HOC
1 		HOC
2 		LEC
1 		LEC
2 		NC†0

† As Pulling was a guest driver, she was ineligible for championship points.

Complete W Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

YearTeam12345678DCPoints
2021 Puma W Series Team RBR1 RBR2 SIL
8		 HUN SPA ZAN
7		 COA1
4		 COA2
2		7th40
2022 Racing X MIA1
4		 MIA2
6		 CAT
2		 SIL
3		 LEC
9		 HUN
5		 SIN
6		4th73

Complete F1 Academy results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

YearTeam123456789101112131415161718192021DCPoints
2023 Rodin Carlin RBR
1
4		 RBR
2
8		 RBR
3
4		 CRT
1
11		 CRT
2
12		 CRT
3
3		 CAT
1
2		 CAT
2
3		 CAT
3
4		 ZAN
1
7		 ZAN
2
10		 ZAN
3
Ret		 MON
1
4		 MON
2
3		 MON
3
2		 LEC
1
2		 LEC
2
7		 LEC
3
DSQ		 USA
1
2		 USA
2
4		 USA
3
6		5th175
2024 Rodin Motorsport JED
1
2		 JED
2
1		 MIA
1
1		 MIA
2
1		 CAT
1
1		 CAT
2
2		 ZAN
1
1		 ZAN
2
3		 SIN
1
1		 SIN
2
1		 LSL
1
2		 LSL
2
C		 ABU
1
1		 ABU
2
1		 ABU
3
2		1st338

Complete GB3 Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

YearTeam123456789101112131415161718192021222324DCPoints
2025 Rodin Motorsport SIL1
1
SIL1
2
SIL1
3
ZAN
1
ZAN
2
ZAN
3
SPA
1
SPA
2
SPA
3
HUN
1
HUN
2
HUN
3
SIL2
1
SIL2
2
SIL2
3
BRH
1
BRH
2
BRH
3
DON
1
DON
2
DON
3
MNZ
1
MNZ
2
MNZ
3
TBD0

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rodin Motorsport</span> British auto racing team

Rodin Motorsport is a New Zealand motor racing team based in the United Kingdom. It currently competes in six championships: FIA Formula 2 Championship, FIA Formula 3 Championship, GB3 Championship, F1 Academy, F4 British Championship and Spanish F4 Championship.

Alice Elizabeth Fraser Powell is a British racing driver. In 2010, she became the first woman to win a Formula Renault championship and in 2012 became the first woman to score points in the GP3 Series. In 2014, she returned to racing in Formula Renault and added to her championship victories by taking first place in the International Class of the 2014 Asian Formula Renault Series. In 2019, Powell was one of the 18 women selected to compete in the inaugural W Series championship. During the course of the season's six races, Powell took four podium finishes, including a win at the series finale race at Brands Hatch, and finished third in the championship standings. Following an enforced hiatus caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic, Powell returned to the W Series for the 2021 championship and won the opening race of the year, at the Red Bull Ring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhou Guanyu</span> Chinese racing driver (born 1999)

Zhou Guanyu is a Chinese racing driver, who most recently competed in Formula One from 2022 to 2024. Zhou remains the only Chinese driver to compete in Formula One.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sophia Flörsch</span> German racing driver (born 2000)

Sophia Flörsch is a German racing driver who is set to compete in Indy NXT with HMD Motorsports. She has previously raced in Formula 3, DTM, the FIA World Endurance Championship and is a podium finisher in ADAC Formula 4 and the ELMS, as well as the youngest race winner of the Ginetta Junior Championship. In February 2023, she joined the Alpine Academy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amna Al Qubaisi</span> Emirati female racing driver

Amna Al Qubaisi is an Emirati racing driver. On 16 December 2018, she became the first Middle Eastern woman to take part in a motorsport test program for Formula E after the Diriyah ePrix in Saudi Arabia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marta García (racing driver)</span> Spanish professional racing driver (born 2000)

Marta García López is a Spanish racing driver who currently competes in the 2024 Formula Regional European Championship with Iron Dames. She most recently competed in F1 Academy for the team in 2023, becoming the inaugural champion of the series with two races to spare. She is a race winner in the W Series and won titles including the CIK-FIA Karting Academy Trophy and the Trofeo delle Industrie in 2015, the oldest kart race in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Megan Gilkes</span> Canadian racing driver

Megan Gilkes is a Canadian former racing driver who last competed in F1 Academy. She previously competed in the now defunct W Series in 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nerea Martí</span> Spanish racing driver

Nerea Martí is a Spanish racing driver. She previously raced in GT CER with BMW Promotion Motorsport, W Series and F1 Academy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Léna Bühler</span> Swiss racing driver

Léna Bühler is a Swiss racing driver who last competed in the Formula Regional European Championship for ART Grand Prix. She is the 2023 F1 Academy runner-up, as well as a full member of the Sauber Academy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hamda Al Qubaisi</span> Emirati racing driver

Hamda Al Qubaisi is an Emirati racing driver. In June 2021, she became the first woman in the history of Italian F4 to score a podium, achieving third place in the first race of the season at Misano.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloe Chambers</span> American racing driver

Chloe Chambers is an American racing driver. She is currently competing in F1 Academy with Campos Racing representing Red Bull, previously with Haas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bianca Bustamante</span> Filipina racing driver (born 2005)

Bianca Denise Bustamante is a Filipina racing driver and is a part of the McLaren Driver Development Programme.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emely de Heus</span> Dutch racing driver (born 2003)

Emely de Heus is a Dutch racing driver. She is best known for her two seasons racing in F1 Academy for MP Motorsport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doriane Pin</span> French racing driver

Doriane Pin is a French racing driver who is part of the Iron Dames programme and the Mercedes Junior Team. She is set to compete in F1 Academy and the Formula Regional European Championship with Prema Racing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carrie Schreiner</span> German racing driver

Carrie Schreiner is a racing driver from Germany, who most recently competed for Campos Racing in F1 Academy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lola Lovinfosse</span> French racing driver (born 2005)

Lola Lovinfosse is a French racing driver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 F1 Academy season</span> Womens motor racing championship

The 2024 F1 Academy was a formula racing championship that is the second season of the F1 Academy, an all-female, Formula 4-level racing series founded and organized under the management of Formula Motorsport Limited. All seven rounds will support the 2024 Formula One World Championship, with 10 of the 15 drivers' cars sporting liveries sponsored by the 10 teams competing in Formula One during 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nina Gademan</span> Dutch racing driver

Nina Gademan, previously known as Nina Pothof, is a Dutch racing driver who will be competing in the 2025 F1 Academy Championship with support from Alpine. She previously raced in the F4 British Championship with Fortec Motorsport. She won gold in the 2019 FIA Motorsport Games Karting Slalom Cup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tina Hausmann</span> Swiss racing driver (born 2006)

Tina Larissa Hausmann is a Swiss racing driver who currently competes in F1 Academy for Prema Racing representing Aston Martin. She has previously competed for AKM Motorsport in Formula 4, scoring an overall podium in the Formula Winter Series and winning the women's trophy in both Italian F4 and Euro 4.

Ella Mai Lloyd is a British racing driver from Wales who will be competing in the 2025 season of F1 Academy for Rodin Motorsport as a member of the McLaren Driver Development Program. She previously competed in the 2024 F4 British Championship, and was the runner up of the 2023 Ginetta GT5 Challenge.

References

  1. ↑ "F1 Academy: Is Formula 1 finally taking women seriously?". BBC . 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  2. ↑ "Abbi Pulling | Biography". Abbi Pulling. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  3. ↑ "Abbi Pulling | Racing career profile | Driver Database". DriverDB.com. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  4. ↑ "Ginetta GT5 Challenge - Rounds 16, 17 & 18 - Donington" (PDF). TSL Timing. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  5. ↑ Bedford, James (6 March 2021). "F4 British Championship contender Abbi Pulling re-signs for the JHR Developments team". Stamford Mercury . Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  6. ↑ "Abbi Pulling hungry for British F4 title success in 2021". TheCheckeredFlag.co.uk. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  7. ↑ "'Heartbroken' Abbi Pulling quits F4 season over funding". Hillingdon Times. 19 September 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  8. ↑ Waring, Bethonie (12 May 2024). "Abbi Pulling becomes a British F4 race-winner at Brands Hatch". Formula Scout. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  9. ↑ "Solid Formula Renault debut for Abbi Pulling". Racers - Behind The Helmet. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  10. ↑ "Reserve driver line-up confirmed for 2021". W Series . 11 June 2021. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  11. ↑ "W Series debut for Abbi Pulling". W Series. 8 July 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  12. ↑ "Alice Powell on Twitter". Twitter . 18 May 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  13. ↑ "Jamie Chadwick wins again at COTA to take second W Series title". Formula One . 24 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  14. ↑ Allen, Peter (9 March 2022). "David and Pulling among Alpine Academy affiliates for 2022". Formula Scout. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  15. ↑ "Alpine demonstration sees Aseel Al Hamad and Abbi Pulling become first women to drive an F1 car in Saudi Arabia". test.corp.formula1.com. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  16. ↑ "Alpine Academy announce biggest ever line-up for 2023". Formula 1 . 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  17. ↑ GPfans.com (8 March 2023). "Alpine suggest F1 plan for Sophia Floersch and Abbi Pulling". GPfans. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  18. ↑ "BWT Alpine F1 Team confirms Abbi Pulling for 2024 F1 Academy seat with Rodin Carlin". Newsroom Alpine. 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  19. ↑ "RACE 2: Pin goes two-for-two to claim to complete the Jeddah double". F1 Academy . 9 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  20. ↑ Hall, Sam (10 March 2024). "Pin loses F1 Academy win after chequered flag blunder". Motorsport.com . Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  21. ↑ "Pulling seals assured victory in Miami Race 1". Formula 1 . 4 May 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  22. ↑ "Pulling extends title lead with back-to-back Miami victories". Formula 1 . 5 May 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  23. ↑ "Pulling surges to fourth consecutive F1 ACADEMY victory". Formula 1 . 23 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  24. ↑ "Chambers seals maiden F1 ACADEMY win". Formula 1 . 23 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  25. ↑ Solanki, Shayni (25 August 2024). "Pulling claims F1A Race 1 victory in Zandvoort". Motorsport Week. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  26. ↑ Solanki, Shayni (25 August 2024). "Pin cruises to F1A redemption victory in Zandvoort". Motorsport Week. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  27. ↑ "Pulling secures back-to-back Singapore victories". Formula 1 . 22 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  28. ↑ "F1 ACADEMY Lusail Race 2 cancelled". F1 Academy . 1 December 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  29. ↑ "F1 Academy: Abbi Pulling no longer champion due to bizarre circumstances ahead of races in Abu Dhabi". 4 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  30. ↑ Chiu, Nigel (6 December 2024). "F1 Academy: Britain's Abbi Pulling crowned champion of all-female series for second time in a week". Sky Sports . Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  31. ↑ "Pulling secures second win of the day in Abu Dhabi". Formula 1 . 7 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  32. ↑ "Weug takes maiden F1 ACADEMY victory". Formula 1 . 8 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  33. ↑ "Abbi Pulling wins 2024 F1 ACADEMY title". Formula 1 . 1 December 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  34. ↑ "2024 F1 ACADEMY champion to receive fully funded 2025 seat". Formula 1 . 7 November 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  35. ↑ "Nissan to field Sophia Floersch and Abbi Pulling in Valencia test". Formula E . 21 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  36. ↑ Smith, Sam (9 November 2024). "Who impressed in Formula E's groundbreaking all-female test". The Race. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.