Allen's hummingbird

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Allen's hummingbird
Allen's Hummingbird Selasphorus sasin (32540935410).jpg
Adult male
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Selasphorus
Species:
S. sasin
Binomial name
Selasphorus sasin
(Lesson, R, 1829)
Selasphorus sasin map.svg
Range of S. sasin
  Breeding range
  Year-round range
  Wintering range

Allen's hummingbird (Selasphorus sasin) is a species of hummingbird that breeds in the western United States. It is one of seven species in the genus Selasphorus.

Contents

Description

Allen's hummingbird is a small bird, with mature adults reaching only 3 to 3.5 in (76 to 89 mm) in length. The male has a green back and forehead, with rust-colored (rufous) flanks, rump, and tail. The male's throat is an iridescent orange-red. The female and immature Allen's hummingbirds are similarly colored, but lack the iridescent throat patch, instead having a series of speckles on their throats. Females are mostly green, featuring rufous color only on the tail, which also has white tips. Immature Allen's hummingbirds are so similar to the female rufous hummingbird, the two are almost indistinguishable in the field. The lack of a notch in the second rectrix (R2) is considered an important field mark to distinguish the adult male Allen's hummingbird from rufous hummingbird, particularly the hard to distinguish green-backed variety. [3] Both species' breeding seasons and ranges are common factors used to differentiate between the two species in a particular geographical area.

Taxonomy

Allen's hummingbird was formally described by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1829 and given the binomial name Ornismya sasin. [4] The specific epithet is a Wakashan or Nootka Native American name for a hummingbird. [5] The type locality is San Francisco. [6] Allen's hummingbird is now placed in the genus Selasphorus that was introduced by William Swainson in 1832. [7] [8] The common name commemorates Charles Andrew Allen, an American collector and taxidermist who identified the bird in 1879 in Nicasio, California. [9]

Two subspecies are recognised: [8]

A hybrid between this species and Anna's hummingbird has been described as Floresi's hummingbird, "Selasphorus" floresii. [10] [11]

Distribution

Allen's hummingbird is common only in the brushy woods, gardens, and meadows of coastal California from Santa Barbara north, and southern coastal Oregon. The nominate race, S. s. sasin, is migratory, and in southern central Mexico. A second, S. s. sedentarius, is a permanent resident on the Channel Islands off southern California. [12] This population colonized the Palos Verdes Peninsula of Los Angeles County in the 1960s and has since spread over much of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, south through San Diego County, and east to the western end of Riverside County. The elevations in which these birds breed vary, peaking at around 1,000 feet. [13]

Behavior

Male Allen's hummingbird Allen's Hummingbird (Selasphorus sasin).jpg
Male Allen's hummingbird

The courtship flight of male Allen's hummingbirds is a frantic back-and-forth flight arc of about 25 ft (7.6 m) similar to the motion of a swinging pendulum, followed by a high-speed dive from about 100 ft (30 m) during which tail feathers emit a characteristic sharp flutter to further attract attention of the female. [14] Aggressive and territorial, male Allen's hummingbirds will chase any other males from their territory, as well as any other hummingbird species, and have even been known to attack and rout predatory birds several times larger than themselves, such as kestrels and hawks.

Females tend to reside in forests with large trees, such as oak-pine, Douglas Fir, and redwood, providing ample protection and nest material. [13] Allen's hummingbird constructs its nest out of plant fibers, down, and weed stems, coating the nest with lichens and spider webs to give it structure. This process is gradual, taking about a week to build a nest of adequate size. [13] The nest is placed above ground on a tree branch or the stalk or stem of a plant. The female lays one or two white eggs, which she incubates for 15 to 17 days. The young leave the nest about three weeks after hatching. The mother continues to feed the fledglings for several more weeks, then the young are left to fend for themselves. When females create new nests, they often utilize their old one; some move the previous nest's materials to another location and start anew, while others simply spruce up their original designs. [13]

Like all hummingbirds, Allen's hummingbird's high rate of metabolism requires it to feed frequently. It drinks nectar from flowers and eats any small insects (such as flies, ants, small beetles and tiny wasps) in flight or on flower blossoms, providing needed protein. [13] [15]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bumblebee hummingbird</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous-crested coquette</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mellisugini</span> Tribe of the Trochilinae

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References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Selasphorus sasin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22688299A131283791. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22688299A131283791.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ↑ Pyle, Peter (1997). Identification Guide to North American Birds, Part I: Columbidae to Ploceidae. Steve N. G. Howell, Siobhan Ruck, Institute for Bird Populations, Point Reyes Bird Observatory. Bolinas, Calif.: Slate Creek Press. ISBN   0-9618940-2-4. OCLC   38593534.
  4. ↑ Lesson, René P. (1829). Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux-Mouches (in French). Paris: Arthus Bertrand. pp. xxx–xxxi, 190–193, Plates 66, 67.
  5. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 348. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ↑ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 142.
  7. ↑ Swainson, William John; Richardson, J. (1831). Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America. Vol. Part 2. The Birds. London: J. Murray. p. 324. The title page bears the year 1831 but the volume did not appear until 1832.
  8. 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  9. ↑ Bendire, Charles (1895). Life Histories of North American Birds, from the Parrots to the Grackles. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 217. LCCN   03018191.
  10. ↑ Ridgway, Robert (1909). "Hybridism and generic characters in the Trochilidae" (PDF). Auk . 26 (4): 440–442. doi:10.2307/4071292. JSTOR   4071292.
  11. ↑ Taylor, Walter P. (1909). "An instance of hybridization in hummingbirds, with remarks on the weight of generic characters in the Trochilidae" (PDF). Auk . 26 (3): 291–293. doi:10.2307/4070800. JSTOR   4070800.
  12. ↑ Clark, C.J.; Mitchell, D.E. (2020). Poole, A.F. (ed.). "Allen's Hummingbird (Selasphorus sasin), version 1.0" . Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.allhum.01 . Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Allen's Hummingbird Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  14. ↑ Clark, C. J. (2014). "Harmonic hopping, and both punctuated and gradual evolution of acoustic characters in Selasphorus hummingbird tail-feathers". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e93829. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...993829C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093829 . PMC   3983109 . PMID   24722049.
  15. ↑ "Allen's hummingbird". Animal Diversity Web, Department of Zoology, University of Michigan. 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
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