Alternation (geometry)

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Polyhedron 4a.png
Polyhedron 4-4 dual blue.png
Polyhedron 4b.png
Alternation of a cube creates a tetrahedron.
Polyhedron great rhombi 6-8 subsolid snub left maxmatch.png
Polyhedron great rhombi 6-8 max.png
Polyhedron great rhombi 6-8 subsolid snub right maxmatch.png
Alternation of a truncated cuboctahedron creates a nonuniform snub cube.

In geometry, an alternation or partial truncation, is an operation on a polygon, polyhedron, tiling, or higher dimensional polytope that removes alternate vertices. [1]

Contents

Coxeter labels an alternation by a prefixed h, standing for hemi or half. Because alternation reduces all polygon faces to half as many sides, it can only be applied to polytopes with all even-sided faces. An alternated square face becomes a digon, and being degenerate, is usually reduced to a single edge.

More generally any vertex-uniform polyhedron or tiling with a vertex configuration consisting of all even-numbered elements can be alternated. For example, the alternation of a vertex figure with 2a.2b.2c is a.3.b.3.c.3 where the three is the number of elements in this vertex figure. A special case is square faces whose order divides in half into degenerate digons. So for example, the cube 4.4.4 is alternated as 2.3.2.3.2.3 which is reduced to 3.3.3, being the tetrahedron, and all the 6 edges of the tetrahedra can also be seen as the degenerate faces of the original cube.

Snub

A snub (in Coxeter's terminology) can be seen as an alternation of a truncated regular or truncated quasiregular polyhedron. In general a polyhedron can be snubbed if its truncation has only even-sided faces. All truncated rectified polyhedra can be snubbed, not just from regular polyhedra.

The snub square antiprism is an example of a general snub, and can be represented by ss{2,4}, with the square antiprism, s{2,4}.

Alternated polytopes

This alternation operation applies to higher-dimensional polytopes and honeycombs as well, but in general most of the results of this operation will not be uniform. The voids created by the deleted vertices will not in general create uniform facets, and there are typically not enough degrees of freedom to allow an appropriate rescaling of the new edges. Exceptions do exist, however, such as the derivation of the snub 24-cell from the truncated 24-cell.

Examples:

Altered polyhedra

Coxeter also used the operator a, which contains both halves, so retains the original symmetry. For even-sided regular polyhedra, a{2p,q} represents a compound polyhedron with two opposite copies of h{2p,q}. For odd-sided, greater than 3, regular polyhedra a{p,q}, becomes a star polyhedron.

Norman Johnson extended the use of the altered operator a{p,q}, b{p,q} for blended, and c{p,q} for converted, as CDel node h3.pngCDel p.pngCDel node.pngCDel q.pngCDel node.png, CDel node.pngCDel p.pngCDel node h3.pngCDel q.pngCDel node.png, and CDel node.pngCDel p.pngCDel node.pngCDel q.pngCDel node h3.png respectively.

The compound polyhedron known as the stellated octahedron can be represented by a{4,3} (an altered cube), and CDel node h3.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png, Compound of two tetrahedra.png .

The star polyhedron known as the small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron can be represented by a{5,3} (an altered dodecahedron), and CDel node h3.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png, Small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron.png . Here all the pentagons have been alternated into pentagrams, and triangles have been inserted to take up the resulting free edges.

The star polyhedron known as the great ditrigonal icosidodecahedron can be represented by a{5/2,3} (an altered great stellated dodecahedron), and CDel node h3.pngCDel 5-2.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png, Great ditrigonal icosidodecahedron.png . Here all the pentagrams have been alternated back into pentagons, and triangles have been inserted to take up the resulting free edges.

Alternate truncations

A similar operation can truncate alternate vertices, rather than just removing them. Below is a set of polyhedra that can be generated from the Catalan solids. These have two types of vertices which can be alternately truncated. Truncating the "higher order" vertices and both vertex types produce these forms:

NameOriginalAlternated
truncation
TruncationTruncated name
Cube
Dual of rectified tetrahedron
Hexahedron.svg Alternate truncated cube.png Uniform polyhedron-43-t01.svg Alternate truncated cube
Rhombic dodecahedron
Dual of cuboctahedron
Rhombicdodecahedron.jpg Truncated rhombic dodecahedron2.png StellaTruncRhombicDodeca.png Truncated rhombic dodecahedron
Rhombic triacontahedron
Dual of icosidodecahedron
Rhombictriacontahedron.svg Truncated rhombic triacontahedron.png StellaTruncRhombicTriaconta.png Truncated rhombic triacontahedron
Triakis tetrahedron
Dual of truncated tetrahedron
Triakistetrahedron.jpg Truncated triakis tetrahedron.png StellaTruncTriakisTetra.png Truncated triakis tetrahedron
Triakis octahedron
Dual of truncated cube
Triakisoctahedron.jpg Truncated triakis octahedron.png StellaTruncTriakisOcta.png Truncated triakis octahedron
Triakis icosahedron
Dual of truncated dodecahedron
Triakisicosahedron.jpg Truncated triakis icosahedron.png Truncated triakis icosahedron

See also

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References

  1. Coxeter, Regular polytopes, pp. 154–156 8.6 Partial truncation, or alternation
Polyhedron operators
Seed Truncation Rectification Bitruncation Dual Expansion Omnitruncation Alternations
CDel node 1.pngCDel p.pngCDel node n1.pngCDel q.pngCDel node n2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel p.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel q.pngCDel node.pngCDel node.pngCDel p.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel q.pngCDel node.pngCDel node.pngCDel p.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel q.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node.pngCDel p.pngCDel node.pngCDel q.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel p.pngCDel node.pngCDel q.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel p.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel q.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel node h.pngCDel p.pngCDel node.pngCDel q.pngCDel node.pngCDel node.pngCDel p.pngCDel node h.pngCDel q.pngCDel node h.pngCDel node h.pngCDel p.pngCDel node h.pngCDel q.pngCDel node h.png
Uniform polyhedron-43-t0.svg Uniform polyhedron-43-t01.svg Uniform polyhedron-43-t1.svg Uniform polyhedron-43-t12.svg Uniform polyhedron-43-t2.svg Uniform polyhedron-43-t02.png Uniform polyhedron-43-t012.png Uniform polyhedron-33-t0.png Uniform polyhedron-43-h01.svg Uniform polyhedron-43-s012.png
t0{p,q}
{p,q}
t01{p,q}
t{p,q}
t1{p,q}
r{p,q}
t12{p,q}
2t{p,q}
t2{p,q}
2r{p,q}
t02{p,q}
rr{p,q}
t012{p,q}
tr{p,q}
ht0{p,q}
h{q,p}
ht12{p,q}
s{q,p}
ht012{p,q}
sr{p,q}