Sampeyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuhun Kanjeng Susuhunan Prabu Amangkurat Senapati ing Ngalaga Abdurrahman Sayyidin Panatagama Khalifatullah Ingkang Jumeneng Kaping II
Amangkurat II (also known as Rahmat; died 1703) was the susuhunan of the Sultanate of Mataram from 1677 to 1703. Before taking the throne, he was the crown prince and had the title Pangeran Adipati Anom.[1]
He was the first Javanese monarch to wear a European-style uniform, thus gaining the nickname Sunan Amral, Amral rendering the meaning "admiral" in Javanese.
Amangkurat II had many wives, but he only had one child, Sutikna (later Amangkurat III). According to the Babad Tanah Jawi, Sutikna's mother had used magic on another of Amangkurat II's wives to make them unable to conceive of child.
Conflict within family
Rahmat was raised in Surabaya. He then moved to the Plered Palace as adipati anom (crown prince). However, his relationship with his brother, Prince Singasari, worsened. There was also news that the position of crown prince would be transferred to Prince Singasari.
In 1661, Rahmat rebelled against his father, supported by the anti-Amangkurat I faction. The small rebellion was suppressed but Amangkurat I unsuccessfully poisoned Rahmat in 1663, thus worsening their relations.
In 1668, Rahmat fell in love with Rara Oyi, a Surabayan girl who would become his father's concubine. Pangeran Pekik abducted her to be married to Rahmat. This made Amangkurat I angry and so he murdered Pangeran Pekik along with his family. Rahmat was pardoned after he was forced to murder Rara Oyi.
Alliance with Trunajaya
Amangkurat I also relinquished the position of crown prince from Rahmat, and transferred it to Prince Puger (future Pakubuwono I).
In 1670, Rahmat asked for help from Panembahan Rama, a spiritual teacher from the Kajoran family. Panembahan Rama introduced his former son-in-law, Trunajaya of Madura, to be his assistant.
In 1674, Karaeng Galesong of Makassar and his followers came to Mataram. They requested a tract of land in Mataram but were rejected by Amangkurat I. They were hurt by the refusal and joined with Trunajaya, who rebelled in Eastern Java. Rahmat secretly gave them a tract of land in Demung, Besuki (now in Situbondo Regency).
With the merging of Karaeng Galesong and Trunajaya's faction, their collective force became larger and more difficult to control. Rahmat was anxious and decided to join his father's side. He regained his position as crown prince, as Prince Puger was born from a mother originating from the Kajoran family, which supported the rebellion. With the reunion of Rahmat and his father, Amangkurat I, the rebellion of Trunajaya and Karaeng Galesong became increasingly violent.
Ultimately, Trunajaya invaded the Plered Palace on 2 July 1677. Amangkurat I and Rahmat themselves escaped to the west, while the palace was defended by Prince Puger as proof that not all members of the Kajoran family supported Trunajaya. However, Prince Puger himself was ousted to Kajenar.
End of Trunajaya rebellion
Amangkurat II became monarch in 1677 at the height of the Trunajaya rebellion. He succeeded his father, Amangkurat I, who died in Tegal after being expelled from Plered, his capital by Raden Trunajaya, a prince from Madura who captured the court in 1677.[2] According to the Babad Tanah Jawi, Amangkurat I's death was caused by poison in his beverage, given by Rahmat, his own son. Despite that, Rahmat was still appointed as his successor.
In Tegal, Rahmat was welcomed by Martalaya, Regent of Tegal. Rahmat initially planned to make for pilgrimage (hajj) instead of fighting Trunajaya. But he suddenly cancelled his plan, reportedly because he received his wahyu keprabon (divine mandate). Rahmat then implemented his father's will to collaborate with the Dutch East India Company. Like his father, Amangkurat II was nearly helpless, having fled without an army nor a treasury.[3] In an attempt to regain his kingdom, he made substantial concessions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC), who then went to war to reinstate him.[3]
In September 1677, a treaty was signed in Jepara. The Dutch East India Company was represented by Cornelis Speelman. Most of the northern coast of Java, straddling between Karawang Regency and Panarukan, Situbondo Regency, was mortgaged to the Dutch East India Company as a guarantee of payment for the cost of war. For the Dutch, a stable Mataram empire that was deeply indebted to them would help ensure continued trade on favorable terms. They were willing to lend their military might to keep the kingdom together. The multi-ethnic Dutch forces, consisting of light-armed troops from Makasar and Ambon, in addition to heavily equipped European soldiers, first defeated Trunajaya in Kediri in November 1678,[4][5] and Trunajaya himself was captured in 1679 near Ngantang west of Malang,[6][7] and killed by Amangkurat II with his own hands on 2 January 1680.
Giri Kedaton rebellion
The city-state of Giri Kedaton, which was a vassal of Mataram's from the time of Sultan Agung around the early to mid-17th century, had supported the Trunajaya rebellion. Panembahan Ageng Giri actively looked for support to strengthen the rebels' force.
Upon accession to the throne, Amangkurat II came to Kadilangu, Demak Regency, to meet Panembahan Natapraja, a wise, invulnerable, and smart elder who had soldiers who were ready to help Amangkurat I. Panembahan Natapraja, as a descendant of Sunan Kalijaga, was asked to rewrite the history of Java, as the original manuscript had been burned by rebels. This became the origin of the Babad Tanah Jawi. Amangkurat II also made an alliance and a treaty with the Dutch East India Company to gain weaponry support for revenge on Giri Kedaton.
Giri Kedaton became the last Trunajaya ally that had a large armed force. In April 1680, Panembahan Natapraja made a large-scale invasion towards Giri Kedaton, supported by the Dutch East India Company. The best commander who was also a reliable disciple of Giri Kedaton was Prince Singosari (Senopati Singosekar). He was eventually killed in action after dueling with Panembahan Natapraja. The latter's soldiers were small in number but they were still able to devastate Giri Kedaton.
Panembahan Ageng Giri was captured and sentenced to death by whip. His family was also exterminated. This marked the end of Giri Kedaton.
Separately in 1683, Wanakusuma, a Kajoran family member, rebelled. His Gunung Kidul-based rebellion was successfully suppressed.
Building new palace
Since the fallen Plered was considered inauspicious, Amangkurat II built a new palace in the Wanakarta forest and moved the capital to Kartasura in the land of Pajang (which was between Mount Merapi and Mount Lawu, the southern point adjoining Mataram).[8][9]
Prince Puger, who initially stayed in Kajenar, moved to Plered after being left by Trunajaya. He refused to join Amangkurat II because he heard of the news that Amangkurat II wasn't Rahmat (his half-brother), rather it was Cornelis Speelman's son disguised as Rahmat. The confusing news ultimately caused a chaotic condition.
The war between Plered and Kartasura occurred in November 1680. The Babad Tanah Jawi mentions it as a war between Mataram and Kartasura. Then, in 1681, the alliance of the Dutch and Amangkurat II forced Prince Puger, his younger half-brother, who styled himself susuhunan ing Alaga when he seized the throne, then proceeded to relinquish it after he surrendered on 28 November 1681.
The Babad Tanah Jawi relates that the Mataram Sultanate had fallen in 1677, and the Sunanate of Kartasura was the successor of Mataram, legitimized by Panembahan Natapraja of Kadilangu who was considered as a Mataram elder.
Attitude toward the Dutch
Javanese chronicles depict Amangkurat II as a weak ruler who was easy to influence, while Prince Puger, his half-brother, had a deeper role in government. Amangkurat II ascended to the throne with the help of the Dutch and ended up having to pay for war costs for as high as 2.5million guilders. An anti-Dutch official, Patih Nerangkusuma, was successful in persuading him to be rid of the debt.
By providing help in regaining his throne, the Dutch brought Amangkurat II under their tight control. Amangkurat II was unhappy with the situation, especially the increasing Dutch control of the coast, but he was helpless in the face of crippling financial debt and the threat of Dutch military power. The king engaged in a series of intrigues to try to weaken the Dutch position without confronting them head-on. For example, he tried to cooperate with other kingdoms such as Cirebon and Johor,[10] and the court sheltered people that were wanted by the Dutch for attacking colonial offices or disrupting shipping, such as Untung Surapati. Amangkurat II gave him a residence in Babirong village, and Untung Surapati consolidated his strength there.
In 1685, Batavia (now Jakarta) sent Captain Francois Tack, the officer who captured Trunajaya, to Amangkurat's court at Kartasura, to capture Surapati and negotiate further details into the agreement between the Dutch and Amangkurat II.[11] Francois Tack was killed when pursuing Surapati in Kartasura,[12] but Batavia decided to do nothing since the situation in Batavia itself was far from stable, such as the insurrection of Captain Jonker, a native commander of the Ambonese settlement in Batavia, in 1689.[13] Mainly due to this incident, by the end of his reign, Amangkurat II was deeply distrusted by the Dutch, but Batavia was similarly uninterested in provoking another costly war on Java.
Amangkurat II then approved Untung Suropati and Nerangkusuma to seize the Pasuruan Regency. Anggajaya, Regent of Pasuruan who was initially appointed by Amangkurat II himself, had to be a victim. He escaped to Surabaya, along with his brother, Anggawangsa.
The ambiguous attitude of Amangkurat II gained the attention of the Dutch East India Company, who found Amangkurat II's letters to the Sultanates of Cirebon, Johor, Palembang, and England, which urged to wage a war with the Dutch Republic. Amangkurat II also supported Captain Jonker's revolt in 1689.
The Dutch East India Company increased pressure on the Mataram court for the 2.5million guilders war cost. Amangkurat II himself attempted to improve relations by pretending to invade Untung Suropati in Pasuruan.
↑ Ricklefs, M.C. (1 October 1999), "TIME AND TIME AGAIN IN JAVA.(the complex system of calendrical time in Java, and its relationship with religion)", History Today, History Today Ltd, 49 (10): 34, ISSN0018-2753
↑ see also the subsequent later move from Kartasura to Surakarta in chapter one of Pemberton, John (1994), On the subject of "Java", Cornell University Press, ISBN978-0-8014-9963-0
The Sultanate of Mataram was the last major independent Javanese kingdom on the island of Java before it was colonised by the Dutch. It was the dominant political force radiating from the interior of Central Java from the late 16th century until the beginning of the 18th century.
Sultan Anyakrakusuma is known as Sultan Agung was the third Sultan of Mataram in Central Java ruling from 1613 to 1645. He was a skilled soldier who conquered neighbouring states and expanded and consolidated his kingdom to its greatest territorial and military power.
Amangkurat I was the susuhunan of the Mataram Sultanate from 1646 to 1677.
Plered was the location of the palace of Amangkurat I of Mataram (1645–1677). Amangkurat moved the capital there from the nearby Karta in 1647. During the Trunajaya rebellion, the capital was occupied and sacked by the rebels, and Amangkurat died during the retreat from the capital. His son and successor Amangkurat II later moved the capital to Kartasura. It was twice occupied by Diponegoro, during the Java War (1825–1830) between his forces and the Dutch. The Dutch assaulted the walled complex in June 1826, which was Diponegoro's first major defeat in the war.
Kangjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya Mangkunegara I, also known as Pangeran Sambernyawa, his birth name was Raden Mas Said, established the Puro Mangkunegaran, in Surakarta, Java Island. Thus, he was the first ruler of The Principality of Mangkunegaran.
Untung Suropati also Untung Surapati was an Indonesian warfighter who led a few rebellions against the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Some of his exploits were written in Babad Tanah Jawi.
The First Javanese War of Succession was a struggle between Sultan Amangkurat III of Mataram and the Dutch East India Company who supported the claim of the Sultan's uncle, Pangeran Puger to the throne.
Trunajaya (Madurese) or Tronajâyâ, also known as Panembahan Maduretno, was a prince and warlord from Arosbaya, Bangkalan, Madura, known for leading the Trunajaya rebellion (1674–1681) against the rulers of the Mataram Sultanate on the island of Java.
Pakubuwono I, uncle of Amangkurat III of Mataram was a combatant for the succession of the Mataram dynasty, both as a co-belligerent during the Trunajaya rebellion, and the First Javanese War of Succession (1704–1707).
Amangkurat III was a short-lived susuhunan (ruler) of the Sultanate of Mataram, who reigned 1703–1705.
The Trunajaya Rebellion or Trunajaya War was the ultimately unsuccessful rebellion waged by the Madurese prince Trunajaya and fighters from Makassar against the Mataram Sultanate and its Dutch East India Company (VOC) supporters in Java during the 1670s.
The Battle of Surabaya was fought in May 1677 during the Trunajaya rebellion, in which the Dutch East India Company defeated the forces of Trunajaya and took Surabaya on behalf of its ally, the Mataram Sultanate.
The Fall of Plered was the capture of the capital of the Mataram Sultanate by the rebel forces loyal to Trunajaya in late June 1677. The attack on Plered followed a series of rebel victory, notably in the Battle of Gegodog and the fall of most of Mataram's northern coast. The aged and sick King Amangkurat I and his sons offered an ineffective defense, and the rebel overran the capital on or around 28 June. The capital was plundered and its wealth taken to the rebel capital in Kediri. The loss of the capital led to the collapse of the Mataram government and the flight of the royal family. The king fled with his son the crown prince and a small retinue to Tegal and died there, passing the kingship to the crown prince, now titled Amangkurat II, without any army or treasury.
The Battle of Gegodog took place on 13 October 1676 during the Trunajaya rebellion, and resulted in the victory of the rebel forces over the Mataram army led by the Crown Prince Pangeran Adipati Anom. Gegodog is located in the northeastern coast of Java, east of Tuban.
Raden Kajoran, also Panembahan Rama was a Javanese Muslim nobleman and a major leader of the Trunajaya rebellion against the Mataram Sultanate. He led the rebel forces which overran and sacked Plered, Mataram's capital in June 1677. In September 1679, his forces were defeated by the combined Dutch, Javanese, and Bugis forces under Sindu Reja and Jan Albert Sloot in a battle in Mlambang, near Pajang. Kajoran surrendered but was executed under Sloot's orders.
In a campaign that took place from August to December 1678 in Kediri during the Trunajaya rebellion, the forces of the Mataram Sultanate, led by Amangkurat II, and the Dutch East India Company (VOC), led by Anthonio Hurdt, marched inland into eastern Java against Trunajaya's forces. After a series of marches beset by logistical difficulties and harassment by Trunajaya's forces, the Mataram–VOC army crossed the Brantas River on the night of 16–17 November. They then marched on Trunajaya's capital and stronghold at Kediri and took it by direct assault on 25 November. Kediri was plundered by the Dutch and Javanese victors, and the Mataram treasury—captured by Trunajaya after his victory at Plered—was completely lost in the looting. Trunajaya himself fled Kediri and continued his greatly weakened rebellion until his capture at the end of 1679.
Anthonio Hurdt was a Dutch East India Company (VOC) officer active in what is now Indonesia in the seventeenth century. He was initially assigned in civilian positions in Eastern Indonesia, the latest of which was the VOC Governor of Ambon. He was then posted to Java—in Western Indonesia—to lead the Kediri campaign against Trunajaya. After a protracted march slowed by logistical challenges, VOC and its ally Mataram overran Trunajaya and took his stronghold and court at Kediri, 25 November 1678. After the campaign he served in Batavia, becoming Director-General of the VOC in the Indies from 1684 to 1687, when he was expelled due to a dispute with Governor-General Joannes Camphuys.
Panembahan Senapati, formally styled Panembahan Senapati ing Ngalaga Sayyidin Panatagama, was the founder of the Mataram Sultanate.
François Tack was a Dutch East India Company (VOC) officer. Ranked captain at the time of his death, he was one of the VOC's main commanders during the 1678 Kediri campaign against Trunajaya and participated in the city's assault. He was later killed during a brawl at the court of Mataram in Kartasura on 8 February 1686, where he was sent on a diplomatic mission to arrest Untung Surapati.
Giri Kedaton was an Islamic kedatuan located in Gresik, East Java and existed in the 15th to 17th centuries, until Giri was conquered by the Mataram Sultanate in 1636.
Miksic, John N. (general ed.), et al. (2006) Karaton Surakarta. A look into the court of Surakarta Hadiningrat, central Java (First published: 'By the will of His Serene Highness Paku Buwono XII'. Surakarta: Yayasan Pawiyatan Kabudayan Karaton Surakarta, 2004) Marshall Cavendish Editions Singapore ISBN981-261-226-2
Babad Tanah Jawi: Mulai dari Nabi Adam Sampai Tahun 1647. (transl.). 2007. Yogyakarta: Narasi>
De Graaf HJ. 1935. De moord op Kapitein François Tack. Amsterdam: HJ. Paris.
Moedjianto. 1987. Konsep Kekuasaan Jawa: Penerapannya oleh Raja-raja Mataram. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Purwadi. 2007. Sejarah Raja-Raja Jawa. Yogyakarta: Media Ilmu.
Ras JJ. Geschiedschrijving en de legitimiteit van het koningschap op Java. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 150 (1994), no. 3, Leiden, 518–538.
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