Ambigolimax valentianus

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Ambigolimax valentianus
Lehmannia valentiana 2011 NYC.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Stylommatophora
Superfamily: Limacoidea
Family: Limacidae
Genus: Ambigolimax
Species:
A. valentianus
Binomial name
Ambigolimax valentianus
(Férussac, 1821) [2] [3]
Synonyms

Limax valentianus, Lehmannia valentiana, Limax poireriMabille, 1883, [4] Lehmannia geticaGrossu, 1970 [5]

Contents

Ambigolimax valentianus (also known as Lehmannia valentiana) is a species of terrestrial slug, a pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Limacidae. It has spread very widely around the world, especially in greenhouses, where it can be a pest; in warmer climates it has often then spread outdoors. Comparatively much has been learnt about its life cycle and temperature relations. Dissection is necessary to reliably distinguish it from congeners in regions where these co-occur.

Description

Pale individual from Japan Lehmannia valentiana 2006-06-11 Jp3.JPG
Pale individual from Japan
Genitalia. Note the sausage-shaped penial appendage Ambigolimax valentianus genitalia Cambridge.svg
Genitalia. Note the sausage-shaped penial appendage

External appearance does not reliably distinguish Ambigolimax valentianus from other members of the genus, such as A. parvipenis , with which it may co-occur. Like other members of the Limacidae, it has a pointed tail and the pneumostome lies in the posterior half of the mantle. Often the most obvious character of an Ambigolimax slug is the two parallel, sharply defined, dark lines along the mantle, sometimes with a thicker less well defined line lying between. Two similar lines may lie more posteriorly along the back either side of the midline, but all these lines may be faint or even absent in some individuals. Others have further dots and mottled patches of darker pigment. The dorsal coloration is most often pinkish brown, but sometimes dull yellowish or grey, and all shades inbetween. Older individuals tend to be yellower with less prominent lines but more prominent mottling. [6] The mucus is colourless, transparent, and watery. Maximum length is about 8 cm. [7] [3]

Ambigolimax valentianus is identifiable from the internal genitalia, which require dissection to examine. In particular it has a substantial sausage-shaped penial appendage at the inner end of the penis; rarely the appendage is swollen towards its tip. [8] Sometimes the appendage appears absent because it is inverted into the lumen of the penis. [7] This might cause confusion with A. parvipenis but the penis of A. valentianus without the appendage is about as long as the bursa copulatrix and its duct, whereas it is only about half the length in A. parvipenis. [9]

Life cycle and ecology

In captivity, at about 17 °C, eggs took roughly 3 weeks to hatch, and hatchlings took about 24 weeks to first lay eggs. These slugs laid of the order of 150 eggs in their lifetimes, but one individual laid 1510 eggs. Eggs were laid in clutches, ranging widely in size but 40 eggs was typical. About half of slugs kept singly had died within 15 months, but some lived for over two years. [10] At 5 °C eggs took much longer to hatch (17 weeks); above 25 °C all eggs died, although a small proportion survived briefer (1 hour) exposures to 31 °C. Hatchlings mostly survived 34 °C, but not 36 °C. [11] However, resistance to heat varies adaptively through the year, as does resistance to cold; in the middle of winter half the individuals could survive −8 °C, whereas for hatchlings in March the equivalent figure was −3 °C. [12]

In subtropical parts of Japan, A. valentianus has an annual life cycle and reproduces during the colder part of the year; egg laying occurs between November and May but is depressed in the coldest months. Sperm is first produced a little earlier during development than eggs. Most eggs hatch in April. In spring two generations of the slug coexist, overlapping in size, before the older generation dies off by June. [6] [11] In more temperate parts of Japan, the life cycle is similar, but shifted two months earlier, so that slugs mature already by August or September and die by May. In both populations the trigger for maturation is day length. [13]

Slugs kept singly without the opportunity to mate nevertheless produced as many fertile eggs as those kept in groups. [10] However, population genetic data implies that free-living individuals largely cross with others. [14]

Ambigolimax valentianus eats green leaves and shoots, [6] and consequently can be a pest in greenhouses [15] or even outdoors. [16] It also eats animal matter and fallen leaves. [11] Activity and feeding start before sunset, peaking in the earlier part of the night. [17] This species seldom climbs up trees and during the day is most commonly found under boards, rocks and plant containers. [18] [7] Often its first discovery in a country has been in greenhouses, from whence it has spread to gardens, other synanthropic habitats outdoors, and even to woodland, likely facilitated nowadays by global warming. [19] [20] [7] [21] Where it has been introduced, this species may become the dominant slug. [22] [18] [23] A bizarre consequence of its abundance on Gough Island is that it prevented the eradication of another introduction, the house mouse, by consuming the poison bait dropped from helicopters. [24]

Distribution

This species has been recorded widely around the world, its spread starting already over 100 years ago. [8] In the following list, oceanic islands are considered separately from the mainland countries to which they belong. If the date of first collection is not given in the cited source, the publication date of the first report is listed instead.

Two views of an internal shell of A. valentianus Lehmannia valentiana shell.jpg
Two views of an internal shell of A. valentianus

Europe

Africa

Asia

Australasia

Americas

Oceanic Islands

Further studies

Ambigolimax valentianus has been used as a model species for studying the neuromechanisms of learning and memory, particularly by researchers in Japan. [64] Its mucus has been analysed chemically to understand why slug mucus is sticky. [65] Various studies have examined the bacteria and helminth parasites associated with the species. [66] [67]

Related Research Articles

<i>Limax</i> Genus of land slug

Limax is a genus of air-breathing land slugs in the terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk family Limacidae.

<i>Arion distinctus</i> Species of gastropod

Arion distinctus is a species of air-breathing land slug in the family Arionidae, sometimes known as the roundback slugs. It is a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc. Several vernacular names exist, but it is unclear if they are much in use: brown soil slug, common garden slug, darkface arion, Mabille's orange-soled slug, April slug.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Limacidae</span> Family of keelback slugs

Limacidae, also known by their common name the keelback slugs, are a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large, air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Limacoidea.

<i>Lehmannia</i> Genus of slugs

Lehmannia is a genus of air-breathing land slugs in the family Limacidae, the keelback slugs. The genus is distributed in Europe and North Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slug</span> Shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc

Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word slug is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semi slugs.

<i>Deroceras invadens</i> Species of gastropod

Deroceras invadens is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Agriolimacidae. Until 2011, this widely distributed species was known as Deroceras panormitanum, and earlier as Deroceras caruanae or Agriolimax caruanae, but Reise et al. (2011) showed that these names refer to a distinct species of similar external appearance known at that time only from Sicily and Malta. Consequently, although the more widespread species was already well known, it then had to be redescribed under the new name of D. invadens. Genetic evidence has indicated that D. invadens is native in southern Italy, including parts of Sicily, and possibly parts of central Italy. Elsewhere it has been introduced, predominantly within the last 100 years, but its spread has been constrained by cold winter temperatures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Limacinae</span> Subfamily of gastropods

Limacinae are a taxonomic subfamily of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Limacidae.

<i>Ambigolimax</i> Genus of gastropods

Ambigolimax is a genus of air-breathing land slugs in the family Limacidae, the keelback slugs. There is still ongoing disagreement whether it is more appropriate to consider Ambigolimax as merely a subgenus of Lehmannia; the evidence for splitting them is phylogenetic trees constructed on the basis of DNA sequences.

The name Ambigolimax nyctelius has been used to refer to several species of air-breathing land slugs in the family Limacidae. An article published in 2022 revealed this confusion and furthermore showed that the original description applied to a slug species in a different family. The above names are therefore no longer appropriate and care is need to interpret the meaning of earlier usages.

Letourneuxia nyctelia is a species of terrestrial slug, a gastropod mollusc, belonging to the family Arionidae.

<i>Ambigolimax parvipenis</i> Species of land slug

Ambigolimax parvipenis is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the Limacidae.

Ambigolimax waterstoni is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Limacidae.

Lehmannia carpatica is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Limacidae.

References

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  3. 1 2 Vendetti, J.E.; Burnett, E.; Carlton, L.; Curran, A.T.; Lee, C.; Matsumoto, R.; Mc Donnell, R.; Reich, I.; Willadsen, O. (11 July 2019). "The introduced terrestrial slugs Ambigolimax nyctelius (Bourguignat, 1861) and Ambigolimax valentianus (Férussac, 1821) (Gastropoda: Limacidae) in California, with a discussion of taxonomy, systematics, and discovery by citizen science". Journal of Natural History. 53 (25–26): 1607–1632. doi:10.1080/00222933.2018.1536230. S2CID   92483299.
  4. ↑ "Limax poireri Mabille, 1883". Molluscabase. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  5. ↑ "Lehmannia getica Grossu, 1970". Molluscabase. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
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