List of non-marine molluscs of Turkey

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Location of Turkey LocationTurkey.svg
Location of Turkey

The non-marine molluscs of the country of Turkey are a part of the molluscan fauna of Turkey. The biodiversity of non-marine molluscs of Turkey is richer than in surrounding European states. [1]

Contents

There are at least 825 species of non-marine molluscs living in the wild in Turkey. An approximate guess to the total number, however, is of about 1030 non-marine molluscs in Turkey (see the table below). There are a total of 825 species of gastropods, which breaks down to 95 (counted 80 [2] "Prosobranchia" only and at least 15 other freshwater snails from this list) taxa of freshwater gastropods (including brackish water species), [2] and 730 species (and subspecies) [3] of land gastropods. There is also relevant number of freshwater bivalves living in the wild in Turkey.

According to Gümüş et al. (2009), [3] the Turkish malacofauna of land gastropods currently comprises 730 valid species and subspecies of terrestrial snails, belonging to 36 families.

Gümüş et al. (2009) [3] stated that Turkey has a very rich freshwater malacofauna with a very large proportion of endemic species. [3] Those authors estimated that Turkey is inhabited by at least 300 species of freshwater molluscs. [3]

Summary table of species in the wild of Turkey
MolluscNumber
Freshwater gastropodsat least 95 taxa (80 species and subspecies of "Prosobranchia" include brackish waters [2] + 15 other freshwater snails from this list)
Land gastropods730 valid species and subspecies [3] and estimation is over 1.000 including species and subspecies waiting to be recovered [3]
Total gastropods825
Bivalves ??
non-marine molluscsat least 825 gastropods plus unknown number of freshwater bivalves. (730 [3] taxa of land gastropods + approximate guess 300 [3] freshwater molluscs = gives approximate guess of about 1030 taxa of non-marine molluscs.)

There are also significant numbers of non-indigenous species, including bivalves and various synanthropic gastropods and bivalves.

Land gastropods overview

The highly diversified geographical relief of Turkey supports a very rich malacofauna. Turkey topo.jpg
The highly diversified geographical relief of Turkey supports a very rich malacofauna.

A country such as Turkey, with a highly variable relief and a diversified climate and vegetation, can support a similarly rich and diversified malacofauna of terrestrial gastropods. Consequently, the recent changes in both land use and climate (which is gradually shifting from semi-arid and winter-cold Central Turkey to a subtropical periphery with high humidity during winter) have immediately affected the malacofauna, causing area shifts following the unstable environmental conditions, including depletion or even complete loss of some populations. Increasing pasture farming leads to a loss of forest vegetation, and thus to a loss of those molluscan species which are adapted to such conditions. [3]

The recent rise of average summer temperature resulting from global warming may particularly affect the Mediterranean species. [3] Gümüş et al. (2009) [3] speculated that both the average length of the dry summer period and the absolute temperature are rising, and that the aestivation period of species adapted to the Mediterranean drought is now too long. The animals die from starvation or desiccation, and several species or subspecies may already be approaching the verge of extinction. [3]

As far as nomenclature, an average of two to three additional synonym names for each taxon are available to land gastropods in Turkey. [3]

Administrative regions of Turkey differ climatologically and geographically. Land snails of those regions (with Black Sea Region divided into two: West and Central Black Sea and Eastern Black Sea) were examined biogeographically by Cook (1997). Turkey Regions.png
Administrative regions of Turkey differ climatologically and geographically. Land snails of those regions (with Black Sea Region divided into two: West and Central Black Sea and Eastern Black Sea) were examined biogeographically by Cook (1997).

The degree of endemism for the area of Turkey is about 65%. [3] The degree of endemism on the species level is relatively high and is comparable to that of Greece, which houses the highest number of terrestrial snail taxa in Europe, with a similarly high value of endemism. [3] In Turkey, several pulmonate families reach a maximum of biodiversity. The biodiversity has been able to develop there without any major interruptions since the Pliocene. [3]

The malacofauna of some areas, such as the inner Anatolian steppe areas, and many of the densely forested mountain ranges, is incompletely ascertained or almost completely unknown. [3] As research progresses, records of species new to science can be expected, and the knowledge of the ranges of already-known taxa will increase. Another accretion in taxa numbers may be caused by the resolution of cryptic species clusters with the help of DNA sequencing methods, the Barcoding Project, and other related activities. [3]

History of malacozoology of terrestrial gastropods

The first species from the Turkish terrestrial malacofauna were described by Guillaume-Antoine Olivier (1756–1814), who, amongst others, collected natural history objects in the Middle East. For example he named the following species: Multidentula ovularis (Olivier, 1801) and Bulgarica denticulata (Olivier, 1801) from "Ghemlek" (= Gemlik in the Bay of Mudanya) or Assyriella guttata (Olivier, 1804) from Urfa. [5] After Olivier, the area was visited by the German Johannes Rudolf Roth and his party, [6] and then was target of other scientists, naturalists and collectors like Bellardi, Boissier, Dubois de Montpereux, Frivaldsky, Huet de Pavillon, Parreyss, Schläfli, Sievers and others. Their collections went to the most prolific malacologists interested in the area like Jules René Bourguignat, Jean de Charpentier, Heinrich Carl Küster, Johann Rudolf Albert Mousson, Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer and Emil Adolf Rossmässler. In the second half of the 19th century, the famous German malacologists Oskar Boettger and Wilhelm Kobelt from the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt intensified the malacological research in Turkey, with contributions by Gottfried Nägele, Otto von Retowski and Carl Agardh Westerlund. After Kobelt’s death in 1916, the "Golden Age" of malacology was finished except for some contributions by Paul Hesse, Wassili Adolfovitch Lindholm and Otto W. von Rosen. After almost 50 years of scientific silence, it was the "Netherlands biological expedition to Turkey 1959", which again shifted the focus of malacologists to Turkey. [7] Since then, the malacological science received an enormous boost and stimulated both international as well as Turkish scientists to deepen the knowledge of the Turkish malacofauna. During this period, which now lasts about 50 years, one third of the number of taxa accepted today as valid has been added! Some of the most active contributors to this success should be mentioned here (in alphabetic order of the surnames): R. A. Bank; G. Falkner; L. Forcart; E. Gittenberger; Z. P. Erőss; Z. Fehér; B. A. Gümüş; B. Hausdorf; V. Hudec; H.P.M.G. Menkhorst; L. Németh; E. Neubert; H. Nordsieck; B. Páll-Gergely; W. Rähle; A. Riedel; H. Schütt; R. Şeşen; M.I. Szekeres; A. Wiktor and M. Z. Yıldırım. [3]

Freshwater gastropods

Neritidae

Viviparidae

A shell of Viviparus contectus Viviparus contectus met operculum2.JPG
A shell of Viviparus contectus

Thiaridae

Melanoides tuberculata Melanoides tuberculata 01.jpg
Melanoides tuberculata

Melanopsidae

Bithyniidae

Bithynia tentaculata Bithynia tentaculata.jpg
Bithynia tentaculata

Hydrobiidae

A shell of Potamopyrgus antipodarum P antipodarum.jpg
A shell of Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Lithoglyphidae

A shell of Valvata piscinalis Valvata piscinalis shell.jpg
A shell of Valvata piscinalis

Bythinellidae

Assimineidae

Valvatidae

(All species above this line are freshwater "Prosobranchia".)

Two shells of Radix auricularia Lymnaea auricularia3pl.jpg
Two shells of Radix auricularia

Cochliopidae

Physidae

Planorbidae

Lymnaeidae

Ellobiidae

Land gastropods

Ellobiidae

Truncatellidae

Succineidae

Pyramidulidae

Shell of Bulgarica denticulata (Olivier, 1801) from family Clausiliidae Bulgarica denticulata shell.png
Shell of Bulgarica denticulata (Olivier, 1801) from family Clausiliidae

Clausiliidae

Ferussaciidae

Achatinidae

Pupillidae

Lauriidae

Orculidae

Chondrinidae

Pleurodiscidae

Truncatellinidae

Valloniidae

Shell of Multidentula ovularis (Olivier, 1801) from family Enidae Multidentula ovularis shell.png
Shell of Multidentula ovularis (Olivier, 1801) from family Enidae

Enidae

Punctidae

Arionidae

Oxychilidae

Pristilomatidae

Zonitidae

Trigonochlamydidae

Milacidae

Limacidae

Agriolimacidae

Helicodontidae

Geomitridae

Hygromiidae

Three views of a shell of Assyriella guttata (Olivier, 1804) from family Helicidae Assyriella guttata shell.png
Three views of a shell of Assyriella guttata (Olivier, 1804) from family Helicidae

Helicidae

Trissexodontidae

Bivalves

Unionidae

Sphaeriidae

Dreissenidae

See also

Lists of molluscs of surrounding countries:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orculidae</span> Family of gastropods

Orculidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails; terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.

<i>Monacha</i> Genus of gastropods

Monacha is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Trochulininae Lindholm, 1927 of the family Hygromiidae, the hairy snails and their allies.

Schileykula is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Orculidae. All of the species and subspecies in this genus inhabit Turkey, with the exception of the subspecies Schileykula scyphus crass, which lives in Iran.

<i>Orculella</i> Genus of gastropods

Orculella is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Orculidae. The genus Orculella occurs in the whole Mediterranean region. The richest areas in terms of species are Turkey and the Middle East, the Aegean Islands and Libya (Cyrenaica). A few species inhabit Southern Spain, Sicily and northeastern Africa.

References

This articles incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from reference. [3]

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Şereflişan H., Yildirim M. Z. & Şereflişan M. (2009). "The gastropod fauna and their abundance, and some physicochemical parameters of Lake Gölbaşı (Hatay, Turkey)". Turkish Journal of Zoology 33(3): 287-296. abstract Archived 22 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine , PDF Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 Yildirim M. Z., Koca S. B. & Kebapçi U. (2006). "Supplement to the Prosobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Fauna of Fresh and Brackish Waters of Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology30: 197-204. PDF
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Gümüş B. C. & Neubert E. (2009). "The biodiversity of the terrestrial malacofauna of Turkey – status and perspectives". In: Neubert E., Amr Z., Taiti S., Gümüş B (Eds.) Animal Biodiversity in the Middle East. Proceedings of the First Middle Eastern Biodiversity Congress, Aqaba, Jordan, 20–23 October 2008. ZooKeys 31: 105-117. doi : 10.3897/zookeys.31.169.
  4. 1 2 Cook L. M. (1997). "Geographic and ecological patterns in Turkish land snails". Journal of Biogeography 24(4): 409–418. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2699.1997.00139.x, JSTOR.
  5. ↑ (in French) Olivier G. A. (1801–1807). Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, l’Egypte et la Perse, fait par ordre du Gouvernement, pendant les six premières années de la République. Tome premier: 432 pp. (1801); Atlas, 1st. livraison: VII pp., pl. 1–17 (1801); Tome second: 466 pp. (1804); Atlas, 2d livraison: VII pp., pl. 18–32 (1804); Tome troisième: 566 pp. (1807); Atlas, 3d livraison: VIII pp., pl. 34–50 (1807). Paris (Agasse).
  6. ↑ (in Latin) Roth J. R. (1839). Molluscorum species, quas in itinere per Orientem facto comites clariss. Schubert doctores M. Erdl et J.R. Roth collegerunt. Dissertatio inauguralis. München (Wolf): 26 pp., pl. 1–2.
  7. ↑ Anonymus (1963). "Concise survey of localities and collection numbers of zoological and botanical specimens, collected by the Netherlands biological expedition to Turkey 1959". Zoologische Mededelingen 38(8): 129–151, Leiden.
  8. 1 2 3 Demir M. (2003). "Shells of Mollusca Collected from the Seas of Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology 27: 101-140. PDF Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  9. 1 2 Mehmet Zeki Yildirim, Seval Bahadir Koca, Mustafa Emre Gürlek & Peter Glöer (2018). "A new genus and a species from Turkey, Isparta felei n.gen. n.sp. (Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea: Hydrobiidae)". Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 115-119.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Mustafa Emre Gürlek (2017). "Three new truncatelloidean gastropod species from Turkey (Caenogastropoda: Littorinimorpha)". Turkish Journal of Zoology 41: 991-997. doi:10.3906/zoo-1701-37
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Serpil Odabaşı & Deniz Anıl Odabaşı (2017). "Bithynia kayrae n. sp. (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae), a new species from freshwaters of Biga Peninsula (northwestern Anatolia, Turkey)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 146(1): 3–8.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Odabaşi, Serpil; Odabaşi, Deniz Anil; Acar, Seçil (2019). "New species of freshwater molluscs from Gökçeada (northeastern Aegean Sea), Turkey (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae, Bythinellidae)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde International Journal of Malacology Band 148 Heft 2 (2019), p. 185 – 195 DOI: 10.1127/arch.moll/148/185-195
  13. ↑ (in German) Boeters H. D. & Falkner G. (2001). "Bythinella occasiuncula n. sp., ein neuer Kleinprosobranchier aus der Türkei (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae)". Heldia3(2/3): 51-52.
  14. ↑ Glöer P. & Rähle W. (2007). "Gyraulus pamphylicus n. sp. – a new species from Turkey (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Planorbidae)". Mollusca27(1): 57-60. PDF
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Aydin Örstan (2014). "A survey of the land snails of the Karaburun peninsula, Turkey". Folia Malacologica 22(3): 201–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12657/folmal.022.014
  16. ↑ Gittenberger E. & Bank R. A. (1996). "A new start in Pyramidula (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Pyramidulidae)". Basteria60: 71-78.
  17. ↑ Pyramidula chorismenostoma. AnimalBase. Accessed 14 December 2008.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Aydin Örstan & Panayotis Ovalis (2022). "Land snails of Bozcaada island, Turkey with anatomical and distributional notes for several species". Folia Malacologica 30(1): 36-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12657/folmal.030.005
  19. ↑ Neubert E., Örstan A. & Welter-Schultes F. (2000) "The land snails between Kaş and Demre, southwestern Turkey, with special reference to Albinaria (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae)". Basteria 64: 105-123.
  20. 1 2 3 Jozef Grego & Miklós Szekeres (2017). "Cotyorica nemethi n. gen. n. sp., a remarkable Tertiary relict of the subfamily Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae) from northern Turkey". Ecologica Montenegrina 10: 26-30.
  21. ↑ Gümüş B. A. (2006) "Additional data to the distribution of Papillifera papillaris (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) in Istanbul, Turkey". The Archaeo+Malacology Group Newsletter10: 4–6. http://triton.anu.edu.au/issue_10.htm
  22. ↑ Páll-Gergely B. & Németh L. (2008). "Observations on the breeding habits, shell development, decollation, and reproductive anatomy of Pontophaedusa funiculum (Mousson 1856) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae, Phaedusinae)". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca 7: 11-14. Online serial at <http://mollusca.sav.sk> 8-February-2008.
  23. ↑ Yıldırım M. Z. (1997). "A new subspecies of Sprattia sowerbyana O. Boettger, 1883 from Eğirdir (Turkey): Sprattia sowerbyana aksoylari nov. subsp. (Mollusca, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae)". Turkish Journal of Zoology21: 219–221, Ankara.
  24. ↑ "Species summary for Pupilla triplicata". AnimalBase. Last modified 15-04-2010, accessed 31 July 2010.
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  37. ↑ "Species summary for Lindholmiola lens". AnimalBase, accessed 18 June 2009.
  38. ↑ Hausdorf B. (July 2004). "Harmozica occidentalis new species from the eastern Pontus Mountains in Turkey (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae)". Journal of Conchology38(3): 283-289. abstract Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  39. 1 2 Hausdorf, Bernhard; Gümüş, Burçin Askim; Yildirim, M. Zeki (2004). "Two new Metafruticicola species from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 133(1-2): 167-171.
  40. 1 2 3 Marco T. Neiber & Bernhard Hausdorf (2017). "Monacha (Metatheba) tibarenica sp. nov. (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae) from northern Turkey". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 146(1): 65–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/146/065-069
  41. ↑ Hausdorf & Páll-Gergely B. (2009). "Monacha oecali new species from southern Turkey (Gastropoda:Hygromiidae) ". Journal of Conchology 40(1): 15-18. abstract Archived 28 December 2010 at archive.today .
  42. ↑ Çetinkaya O. (1996). "A Freshwater Mussel Species Unio stevenianus Krynicki 1837 (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) from the River Karasu Flowing into Lake Van, Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology20(2): 169-173. abstract Archived 22 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine .
  43. ↑ Çek Ş. & Şereflişan H. (2006). "Certain reproductive characteristics of the freshwater mussel Unio terminalis delicates (Lea, 1863) in Gölbasi Lake, Turkey". (sic!, correct: delicatus) Aquaculture Research 37: 1305-1315. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01563.x.

Further reading

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