Galba truncatula

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Galba truncatula
Galba truncatula.jpg
Scale bar in mm
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Superorder: Hygrophila
Family: Lymnaeidae
Genus: Galba
Species:
G. truncatula
Binomial name
Galba truncatula
Synonyms
  • Buccinum truncatulumO. F. Müller, 1774 (original combination)
  • Galba truncatula(O. F. Müller, 1774)
  • Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula(Müller, 1774)
  • Lymnaea truncatula(O. F. Müller, 1774)

Galba truncatula is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails. [3]

Contents

Until recently, this species was known as Lymnaea truncatula.

Galba truncatula is the vector mainly involved in fascioliasis transmission to humans. [4]

Distribution

Apertural view of a shell of Galba truncatula. Galba truncatula shell.png
Apertural view of a shell of Galba truncatula.

Galba truncatula is believed to be native to Europe, but it has been introduced in other parts of world. [5] Currently, Galba truncatula is commonly distributed in all European countries, including most Mediterranean islands such as Corsica, Malta, the Azores, Madeira, the Faroe Islands, the Balearic Islands, and the Canary Islands. [1] Despite the fact that Galba truncatula has spread worldwide, exact distribution maps of the species are not available. In addition, most reports are based on morphological determination of the snail. Molecular evidences on the presence of Galba truncatula from non-European areas are limited. Galba truncatula has also been found in North and South America, several parts of Africa, and Asia. [5]

In South America, the presence of Galba truncatula has already been molecularly verified in Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile and Venezuela. [4] In Africa, Galba truncatula is present mainly in Northern parts (i.e. Morocco, [6] Algeria, [7] Tunis, [8] Egypt [9] ) but also in South Africa, [10] Ethiopia, [11] Kenya, and Tanzania. [12]

In Asia, the snail occurs in Russia [5] but other Asian countries were reported very rarely. Galba truncatula was found in Iran, [13] Pakistan [14] and India. [1]

Description

The height of the shell is 5–10 mm and the width of the shell is 2.5–6 mm.

The maximum length of the shell is 12.00 mm. [4] Whorls are stepped. [4] The columella is folded. [4]

Tentacles are wider and with a wide base. [4] Eyes are small. [4] Mantle roof shows larger unpigmented whitish spots giving a pale appearance to the shell of living specimens by transparency. [4]

The first bilateral teeth is tricuspid in radula. [4] The praeputium/penis sheath length ratio is 2.50–5.90 mm (mean 3.44 mm). [4]

Two species that have a similar morphology: Galba neotropica and Galba schirazensis . [4] Although several phenotypic characteristics may a priori be helpful for a preliminary specimen classification, a definitive classification of a specimen can only be obtained by the sequencing of at least one of the molecular markers used: ITS-2, ITS-1, 16S and cox1. [4] Moreover, mixed populations of Galba truncatula and Galba schirazensis have already been described in the field. [4]

Ecology

3D volume rendering of microCT scan of Galba truncatula shell.

Habitat

Galba truncatula can occupy both temporary and permanent freshwater ecosystems. [15] [16] The species occurs commonly in shallow well aerated water, in marshes, ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, water ditches. [15] [17] In France, the populations of Galba truncatula are declining because its habitat is threatened by modern agricultural practices. [18] In case of larger water bodies, the snail occurs mostly on the edge between water and land, sometimes outside water layer on mud. [15] Galba truncatula can be very abundant, with high population densities and it has an evident anthropophily including usual presence in human neighbourhood. [4]

Galba truncatula is amphibious organism and can survive long dry periods. This is caused by its high ability to aestivate during drought conditions. It is known that Galba truncatula can survive 6 weeks to 4.5 months of dry periods in aestivated stage in mud. In the laboratory cultures, Kendall (1949) observed survival over 1 year in Petri dishes without water. [15]

The species requires alkaline pH (pH range 7.0 up to 9.6) [17] [19] and calcium content over 0.3 mekv[ clarification needed ]/L. [17]

Galba truncatula can live at a very high altitude such as in the Northern Bolivian Altiplano (an area located between 3800 and 4100 m high altitude). [4]

Feeding habits

Galba truncatula feed on algae and fresh or decomposed parts of plants. [20]

Life cycle

In Europe, it has usually 2 generations per year and snails can live up to 2 years. [21] During very wet years, the species can produce occasionally 3 generations per year. [22]

They are hatching from eggs. The shape of egg cluster is rounded to oval shape even when containing more eggs. [4] There are usually 2–15 eggs in cluster. [4]

Parasites

Galba truncatula is an intermediate host for these known trematodes and nematodes:

Transmission capacity of fascioliasis to humans and to animals is high. [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fasciolosis</span> Parasitic worm infection

Fasciolosis is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates, it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.

<i>Fasciola hepatica</i> Species of fluke

Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the livers of various mammals, including humans, and is transmitted by sheep and cattle to humans the world over. The disease caused by the fluke is called fasciolosis or fascioliasis, which is a type of helminthiasis and has been classified as a neglected tropical disease. Fasciolosis is currently classified as a plant/food-borne trematode infection, often acquired through eating the parasite's metacercariae encysted on plants. F. hepatica, which is distributed worldwide, has been known as an important parasite of sheep and cattle for decades and causes significant economic losses in these livestock species, up to £23 million in the UK alone. Because of its relatively large size and economic importance, it has been the subject of many scientific investigations and may be the best-known of any trematode species. F. hepatica's closest relative is Fasciola gigantica. These two flukes are sister species; they share many morphological features and can mate with each other.

<i>Fasciola</i> Genus of flukes

Fasciola, commonly known as the liver fluke, is a genus of parasitic trematodes. There are two species within the genus Fasciola: Fasciolahepatica and Fasciolagigantica, as well as hybrids between the two species. Both species infect the liver tissue of a wide variety of mammals, including humans, in a condition known as fascioliasis. F. hepatica measures up to 30 mm by 15 mm, while F. gigantica measures up to 75 mm by 15 mm.

<i>Fasciola gigantica</i> Species of fluke

Fasciola gigantica is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda, which causes tropical fascioliasis. It is regarded as one of the most important single platyhelminth infections of ruminants in Asia and Africa. Estimates of infection rates are as high as 80–100% in some countries. The infection is commonly called fasciolosis.

<i>Fascioloides magna</i> Species of fluke

Fascioloides magna, also known as giant liver fluke, large American liver fluke or deer fluke, is trematode parasite that occurs in wild and domestic ruminants in North America and Europe. Adult flukes occur in the liver of the definitive host and feed on blood. Mature flukes measure 4 to 10 centimetres in length × 2 to 3.5 centimetres in width, and have an oval dorso-ventrally flattened body with oral and ventral sucker. The flukes are reddish-brown in colour and are covered by tegument. As with other digenean trematodes, the life cycle includes intramolluscan phase in snails. The parasite is currently distributed in wild ruminants in North America and Europe, including Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, and the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lymnaeidae</span> Family of gastropods

Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila.

<i>Lymnaea</i> Genus of gastropods

Lymnaea is a genus of small to large-sized air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Lymnaeinae ( of the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.

<i>Lymnaea tomentosa</i> Species of gastropod

Lymnaea tomentosa is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae.

<i>Radix</i> (gastropod) Genus of gastropods

Radix is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropods in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.

<i>Pseudosuccinea columella</i> Species of gastropod

Pseudosuccinea columella, the American ribbed fluke snail, is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.

<i>Omphiscola glabra</i> Species of gastropod

Omphiscola glabra, commonly known as the pond mud snail, is a species of small to medium-size, air-breathing, freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae. Omphiscola glabra is the type species of the genus Omphiscola.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fasciolidae</span> Family of flukes

Fasciolidae is a family of trematodes and includes several parasites involved in the veterinary and medical sciences, which cause the disease Fasciolosis. Fasciolidae is divided into five genera by Olson et al. 2003. The family's various species are localised in liver, gall bladder, and intestine. Their life-cycle includes an intermediate host, freshwater snails from the family Lymnaeidae.

<i>Radix auricularia</i> Species of gastropod

Radix auricularia, the big-ear radix, is a species of medium-sized freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae.

<i>Galba</i> (gastropod) Genus of gastropods

Galba is a genus of small air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.

Radix luteola is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae.

Lymnaea acuminata is a species of freshwater snail in the family Lymnaeidae. It is native to South Asia, where it occurs in Bangladesh, Burma, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. There it is a widespread and common species.

<i>Radix natalensis</i> Species of gastropod

Radix natalensis is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae.

<i>Galba schirazensis</i> Species of gastropod

Galba schirazensis is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.

<i>Galba meridensis</i> Species of gastropod

Galba meridensis is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.

Galba neotropica is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference [4]

  1. 1 2 3 Madhyastha A. (2010). Galba truncatula. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 16 September 2012.
  2. ↑ Müller, O. F. 1774. Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. Volumen alterum. – pp. I-XXVI [= 1–36], 1–214, [1–10]. Havniae & Lipsiae. (Heineck & Faber).
  3. ↑ Neubauer, Thomas A. (2014). Galba (Galba) truncatula (Müller, 1774). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=822446 on 2014-11-17
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Bargues MD, Artigas P, Khoubbane M, Ortiz P, Naquira C, Mas-Coma S (2012). "Molecular characterisation of Galba truncatula, Lymnaea neotropica and L. schirazensis from Cajamarca, Peru and their potential role in transmission of human and animal fascioliasis". Parasites & Vectors . 5: 174. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-174 . PMC   3436774 . PMID   22894178.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA (October 2005). "Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses". Int. J. Parasitol. 35 (11–12): 1255–78. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.010. PMID   16150452.
  6. ↑ Khallaayoune K, Stromberg BE, Dakkak A, Malone JB (June 1991). "Seasonal dynamics of Fasciola hepatica burdens in grazing Timahdit sheep in Morocco". Int. J. Parasitol. 21 (3): 307–14. doi:10.1016/0020-7519(91)90032-3. PMID   1894428.
  7. ↑ Mekroud A, Benakhla A, Vignoles P, Rondelaud D, Dreyfuss G (April 2004). "Preliminary studies on the prevalences of natural fasciolosis in cattle, sheep, and the host snail (Galba truncatula) in north-eastern Algeria". Parasitol. Res. 92 (6): 502–5. doi:10.1007/s00436-004-1072-1. PMID   14999466. S2CID   7264647.
  8. ↑ Hammami H, Ayadi A (2000). "[Natural infestation of Lymnaea truncatula Muller by Fasciola hepatica in the Tozeur oasis in southwest Tunisia]". Med Trop (Mars) (in French). 60 (2): 159–62. PMID   11100443.
  9. ↑ Dar Y, Rondelaud D, Dreyfuss G (February 2003). "Cercarial shedding from Galba truncatula infected with Fasciola gigantica of distinct geographic origins". Parasitol. Res. 89 (3): 185–7. doi:10.1007/s00436-002-0732-2. PMID   12541059. S2CID   1091140.
  10. ↑ de Kock KN, Wolmarans CT, Bornman M (December 2003). "Distribution and habitats of the snail Lymnaea truncatula, intermediate host of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, in South Africa". J S Afr Vet Assoc. 74 (4): 117–22. doi: 10.4102/jsava.v74i4.523 . PMID   15038424.
  11. ↑ Goll PH, Scott JM (1978). "The interrelationship of Lymnaea truncatula and ovine fascioliasis in the Ethiopian Central Highlands". Br. Vet. J. 134 (6): 551–5. doi:10.1016/S0007-1935(17)33336-5. PMID   719517.
  12. ↑ Walker SM, Makundi AE, Namuba FV, et al. (April 2008). "The distribution of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica within southern Tanzania--constraints associated with the intermediate host". Parasitology. 135 (4): 495–503. doi:10.1017/S0031182007004076. PMID   18205983. S2CID   26106652.
  13. ↑ Glöer P, Pešić V (2012). "The freshwater snails (Gastropoda) of Iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species". ZooKeys (219): 11–61. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.219.3406 . PMC   3433696 . PMID   22977349.
  14. ↑ Kendall SB (1965). "Relationships between the species of Fasciola and their molluscan hosts". Advances in Parasitology Volume 3. pp. 59–98. doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60363-2. ISBN   9780120317035. PMID   5334822.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  15. 1 2 3 4 Kendall SB (1949). "Bionomics of Limnaea truncatula and the parthenite of Fasciola hepatica under drought conditions". J. Helminthol. 23 (1–2): 57–68. doi:10.1017/s0022149x00032375.
  16. ↑ Chapuis E, Trouve S, Facon B, Degen L, Goudet J (August 2007). "High quantitative and no molecular differentiation of a freshwater snail (Galba truncatula) between temporary and permanent water environments" (PDF). Mol. Ecol. 16 (16): 3484–96. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03386.x. PMID   17688547. S2CID   13078452.
  17. 1 2 3 Glöer P. (2002). Überfamilie Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque 1815. Familie Lymnaeidae Lamarck 1812. In: Glöer P. (ed.) Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord-und Mitteleuropas. Bestimmungschlüssel, Lebensweise, Verbreitung. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 73. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, pp. 200–232.
  18. ↑ Dreyfuss, Gilles; Vignoles, Philippe; Rondelaud, Daniel (2016). "Current decline in the number and size of Galba truncatula and Omphiscola glabra populations, intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica, on the acidic soils of Central France". Parasite. 23: 46. doi:10.1051/parasite/2016055. PMC   5086825 . PMID   27774956. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  19. ↑ (in Swedish) Nilsson C., Ericsson U., Medin M., Sundberg I. (1998). Sötvattenssnäckor i södra Sverige – en jämförelse med 1940-talet. Naturvårdsverket Rapport 4903.
  20. ↑ (in Czech) Beran L. (1998) Vodní měkkýši ČR. Metodika ČSOP 17, ČSOP Vlašim, 113 pp.
  21. ↑ (in Polish) Jackiewicz M. (2000). Blotniarky Europy (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae). Wydawnictwo Kontekst, Poznań. 115 pp.
  22. ↑ Mekroud A, Benakha A, Benlatreche C, Rondelaud D, Dreyfuss G (2002). "First studies on the habitats of Galba truncatula (Mollusca Gastropoda : Lymnaeidae), the snail host of Fasciola hepatica, and the dynamics of snail populations in Northeastern Algeria" (PDF). Revue Méd. Vét. 153 (3): 181–188.
  23. ↑ Dar Y, Vignoles P, Rondelaud D, Dreyfuss G (September 2004). "Larval productivity of Fasciola gigantica in two lymnaeid snails". J. Helminthol. 78 (3): 215–8. doi:10.1079/joh2003224. PMID   15469623.
  24. ↑ Vignoles P, Novobilský A, Rondelaud D, et al. (April 2006). "Cercarial production of Fascioloides magna in the snail Galba truncatula (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae)". Parasitol. Res. 98 (5): 462–7. doi:10.1007/s00436-005-0077-8. PMID   16416118. S2CID   25366745.
  25. ↑ Vignoles P, Rondelaud D, Dreyfuss G (May 2007). "The populations of Galba truncatula, known for their natural infections with Haplometra cylindracea (Digenea, Plagiorchioidea), are better intermediate hosts for metacercarial production of Fasciola hepatica". Parasitol. Res. 100 (6): 1371–3. doi:10.1007/s00436-006-0387-5. PMID   17149602. S2CID   19256745.
  26. 1 2 "GALBA TRUNCATULA (MULLER, 1774). A FACTOR FOR SPREADING OF FASCIOLOSIS" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-20.[ permanent dead link ]
  27. ↑ Dreyfuss G, Vignoles P, Rondelaud D (July 2008). "Paramphistomum daubneyi: the number of sporocysts developing in experimentally and naturally infected Galba truncatula". Parasitol. Res. 103 (2): 345–9. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-0978-4. PMID   18470698. S2CID   27105934.
  28. ↑ Hourdin P, Rondelaud D, Cabaret J (April 1993). "The development of Fasciola hepatica parthenitae in Lymnaea truncatula by modification of Muellerius capillaris infection". Int. J. Parasitol. 23 (2): 235–43. doi:10.1016/0020-7519(93)90146-p. PMID   8496006.

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