Paralaoma servilis

Paralaoma servilis
Live P. servilis in Washington State, United States
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Order:	Stylommatophora
Family:	Punctidae
Genus:	Paralaoma
Species:	P. servilis
Binomial name
Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852)
Synonyms
Helix (Discus) derelictaLegrand, 1871 (junior synonym) Helix (Helicella) pusillaR. T. Lowe, 1831 (name preoccupied; non Helix pusilla Vallot, 1801) Helix (Patula) cryophilaE. von Martens, 1865 (junior synonym) Helix (Patula) stellataBrazier, 1871 (junior synonym) Helix arenicolaTate, 1878 (unavailable: not Helix arenicola Lowe, Lowe, 1854) Helix caputspinulaeReeve, 1852 (junior synonym) Helix discorsPetterd, 1902 (junior synonym) Helix epsilonL. Pfeiffer, 1853 Helix hobartiCox, 1868 (junior synonym) Helix mortiCox, 1864 (junior synonym) Helix mucoidesTenison Woods, 1879 (junior synonym) Helix paradoxaCox, 1864 (junior synonym) Helix salaziensisG. Nevill, 1870 (junior synonym) Helix servilisShuttleworth, 1852 (original combination) Helix similisCox, 1868 (junior synonym) Helix sitiensLegrand, 1871 (junior synonym) Helix tenuicostataL. Pfeiffer, 1846 (junior synonym) Hyalina conspectaBland, 1865 Microphysa pumilaHutton, 1882 Paralaoma caputspinulae(Reeve, 1852) (junior synonym) Paralaoma decresensisIredale, 1937 (junior synonym) Paralaoma duncombeiIredale, 1945 (junior synonym) Paralaoma pumila(Hutton, 1882) Paralaoma raoulensis''Iredale, 1913 (junior synonym) Paralaoma royiIredale, 1944 (junior synonym) Paralaoma stabilisIredale, 1937 (junior synonym) Paraloma servilis(Shuttleworth, 1852) (incorrect spelling of generic name) Patula lederiO. Boettger, 1880 (junior synonym) Pleuropunctum micropleuros Punctum conspectum(Bland, 1865) (junior synonym) Punctum conspectum alleniPilsbry in Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1919 Punctum conspectum var. pasadenaePilsbry, 1896 (junior synonym) Punctum cryophilum(E. von Martens, 1865) Punctum lederi(O. Boettger, 1880) (invalid combination) Punctum lederi var. meridionalisO. Boettger, 1905 (junior synonym) Radiodiscus misiollemisHylton Scott, 1957 (junior synonym) Radiodiscus misionensisHylton Scott, 1957 Radiodiscus pilsbryiHylton Scott, 1957 Subfectola caputspinulae(Reeve, 1852) (junior synonym) Tachyphasis (Tachyphasis) salaziensis(Nevill, 1870) Toltecia pusilla(Lowe, 1831) Zonites diegoensisHemphill in W. G. Binney, 1892

Paralaoma servilis is a species of very small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Punctidae, the dot snails. ^[1]

Distribution

Shell of Paralaoma servilis (specimen at MNHN, Paris)

The native range for this species is thought to be New Zealand. However, the species is known to occur worldwide in numerous countries and islands outside of its native range, including:

• Great Britain
• Uganda ^[2]
• Kenya ^[2]
• Tanzania ^[2]
• Belgium
• France

References

1. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=821366 on 2021-12-07
2. Wronski T. & Hausdorf B. (2010). "Diversity and body-size patterns of land snails in rain forests in Uganda". Journal of Molluscan Studies 76(1): 87-100. doi : 10.1093/mollus/eyp048.

• Van den Neucker T. & Ronsmans J. (2015). The globally invasive Paralaoma servilis (Gastropoda: Punctidae) reported for the first time in Belgium. Journal of Conchology 42(1):95-96. PDF
• Martens, E. von. (1865). Uebersicht der Land-und Süsswasser-Mollusken des Nil-Gebietes. Malakozoologische Blätter. 12 (4): 177-192; 12 (5): 192-207
• Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. Pp 196-219. in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press,
• Neubert, E. (1998). Annotated checklist of the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the Arabian Peninsula with descriptions of new species. Fauna of Arabia. 17: 333-461.
• Rosenberg, G. & Muratov, I. V. (2006). Status report on the terrestrial Mollusca of Jamaica. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 155: 117-161; Erratum: 156: 401 (2007).
• Hausdorf, B. (2002). Introduced Land Snails and Slugs in Colombia. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 68 (2): 127-131.
• Bruggen, A. C. van. (2007). Terrestrial molluscs recorded from Mt. Mulanje, Malaŵi. Nyala. 24: 17–37
• Brook, F.J. & Ablett, J.D. (2019). Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917. Zootaxa. 4697: 1-117.

External links

• AnimalBase page for this species at:
• Shuttleworth, R. J. (1852). Diagnosen einiger neuen Mollusken aus den Canarischen Inseln. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern. 1852 (241/242): 137-146. Bern
• redale, T. (1913). The land Mollusca of the Kermadec islands. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London. 10(6): 364-388, pl. 18
• Reeve, L. A. (1851-1854). Monograph of the genus Helix. In: Conchologia iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 7, pls. 1-210 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London.
• Pfeiffer, L. (1846). Symbolae ad historiam Heliceorum. Sectio tertia. 1–100. Cassellis: Th. Fischer
• Nevill, G. (1870). On the land shells of Bourbon, with descriptions of a few new species. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Part II, 39 (4): 403-416. Calcutta
• Iredale, T. (1944). The land Mollusca of Lord Howe Island. The Australian Zoologist. 10(3): 299-334
• Boettger, O. (1880). Diagnoses molluscorum novorum ab ill. Hans Leder in regione caspia Talysch dicta lectorum. Jahrbücher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. 7 (4): 379-383. Frankfurt am Main
• Boettger, O. (1905). Die Konchylien aus den Anspülungen des Sarus-Flusses bei Adana in Cilicien. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. 37 (3): 97-123, pl. 2a. Frankfurt am Main