Aphanes australis

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Aphanes australis
Aphanes australis flowers.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Aphanes
Species:
A. australis
Binomial name
Aphanes australis
Rydb.
Synonyms
List
    • Aphanes inexspectataW. Lippert
    • Potentilla inexspectata(W. Lippert) Christenh. & Väre
    • Alchemilla microcarpaauct.
    • Alchemilla australis(Rydb.) Bomble

Aphanes australis (syn. Alchemilla australis), slender parsley-piert, is a sprawling, downy plant that is found in acid grassland and on bare ground throughout western Europe and which has spread to other parts of the world with agriculture.

Contents

Description

Slender parsley-piert is a pale green winter annual herb with prostrate, branched, leafy stems up to 15 cm long. The leaves are alternate and spiral around the stem, with a short petiole and large, deeply-lobed stipules at the base. They are about 0.5 cm long, broadly ternate with deeply lobed leaflets, and sparsely hairy. An important identification feature is the leaf base, which is usually cuneate, narrowing gradually into the stalk. [1] [2] [3]

The inflorescences are glomerules of 4-10 flowers nestled within the stipules, opposite the base of each leaf. The flowers are up to 2 mm long, pale green, sparsely pubescent and have 4 sepals which never open fully. Petals are absent. Flowers are bisexual, usually with a single stamen and a single style which are almost entirely hidden by the sepals.

Each flower produces a single achene that is ovoid, glabrous and shining. [4]

The flowers have erect sepals and the leaf base narrows gradually into the stalk. Aphanes australis sl165.jpg
The flowers have erect sepals and the leaf base narrows gradually into the stalk.

Identification

Slender parsley-piert can be very difficult to tell apart from common parsley-piert, although the former tends to be smaller, a brighter green, have cuneate rather than cordate leaf bases, and grows in acid grassland rather than arable fields and waste ground. Those useful field characters can be confirmed by the following observations:

The flowers of common parsley-piert have spreading sepals, unlike those of slender parsley-piert. Aphanes arvensis sl32.jpg
The flowers of common parsley-piert have spreading sepals, unlike those of slender parsley-piert.

Taxonomy

The different species of parsley-piert have not always been adequately recognised. Carl Linnaeus, in Species Plantarum (1753) gave only one species, which he called Aphanes arvensis. [6] This name would have been used for both Aphanes arvensis and A. australis until the latter was recognised as distinct. That happened in 1908, when a review of four North American species of parsley-piert was undertaken by Per Axel Rydberg of the New York Botanic Garden. He described it from a specimen that had been collected in Washington, D.C., and said it could be found from Virginia to Georgia. [7] Meanwhile, it had also been described from Spain as early as 1842 and named Alchemilla microcarpa, but was overlooked elsewhere in Europe until the mid-20th century. [8]

The close relationship between Aphanes and Alchemilla has long been known. Parsley-piert was even called Alchemilla montana minima before Linnaeus's time. [6] Recent studies have shown that the genus Alchemilla is polyphyletic, so either Aphanes has to be included within that genus, or several new genera need to be named. At present, botanical authors differ in which approach they take. [5] [9] The differences between the parsley-pierts and the lady's-mantles are that the former are annuals while the latter are perennials, and the flowers have a different arrangement of stamens.

The origin of the common name parsley-piert is unknown, but several suggestions have been made. One is that it is derived from parsley, owing to the similarity in shape of the leaves, and a corruption of "pierce", because it was formerly used to treat (or pierce) kidney stones. [10] Another is that it comes from the French perce-pierre, meaning "stone-piercer" because of its habit of growing in shallow, stony soil. [11]

Distribution and status

Slender parsley-piert occurs throughout Western Europe, excluding the Mediterranean islands and the former Czechoslovakia, as far east as Turkey and southwards to North Africa. Although its scientific name originates from an American study, it is now considered to be an introduction there, where it is found in the eastern states from New York to Texas and on the west coast from Vancouver Island to Oregon. It is also known as an introduction in Australia and New Zealand. [12] [13]

It has not yet been assessed for a global threat status, [14] but in Britain and France it is classes as LC (Least Concern), meaning that there is no evidence of a decline. [15] [16]

Habitat and ecology

The Ellenberg values of slender parsley-piert in Britain are L=7, F=4, R=5, N=4, S=0, which means it favours moderate light, low moisture, slightly acidic conditions, low nutrients and is salt intolerant. [17]

The main habitat for this species in Britain is probably U1 Festuca ovina community, which is an upland acid grassland, typically found on nutrient-poor, acidic soils. It is, however, also recorded on patches of bare soil and sparse vegetation in a variety of habitats, including CG2 Avenula pratensis , CG3 Bromus erectus and CG7 Festuca ovina grassland and OV22 Poa annua open vegetation community. [18] [19]

The downy mildew Peronospora oblatispora is the only disease known to infest this particular species. [20]

Uses

There are no recorded uses for slender parsley-piert, but presumably anything that common parsley-piert is used for would also apply to this species.

References

  1. Stace, C.A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles. Suffolk: C&M Floristics. ISBN   978-1-5272-2630-2.
  2. Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (2014). Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-55336-0.
  3. Poland, John; Clement, Eric (2009). The Vegetative Key to the British Flora. Southampton: John Poland. ISBN   978-0-9560144-0-5.
  4. "Aphanes australis : Slender Parsley-piert | NBN Atlas". species.nbnatlas.org. Retrieved 2025-03-18.
  5. 1 2 Bomble, F.W. (2016). "Alchemilla arvensis (Gewöhnlicher Acker-Frauenmantel) und Alchemilla australis (Südlicher Acker-Frauenmantel) in Nordrhein-Westfalen" (PDF). Jahrb. Bochumer Bot. Ver. 7: 159–166.
  6. 1 2 Linné, Carl von; Linné, Carl von (1753). Species plantarum : exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas, cum diferentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. t.1 (1753). Berlin: Junk.
  7. New York Botanical Garden; Garden, New York Botanical (1908). North American flora. Vol. v. 22, pt. 4 (1908). [New York]: New York Botanical Garden.
  8. Walters, S.M. (1949). "Aphanes microcarpa (Boiss. et Reut.) Rothm. in Britain". Watsonia. 1: 163–169.
  9. Morales-Briones, Diego F; Gehrke, Berit; Huang, Chien-Hsun; Liston, Aaron; Ma, Hong; Marx, Hannah E; Tank, David C; Yang, Ya (2022-01-01). "Analysis of Paralogs in Target Enrichment Data Pinpoints Multiple Ancient Polyploidy Events in Alchemilla s.l. (Rosaceae)". Systematic Biology. 71 (1): 190–207. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syab032. ISSN   1063-5157.
  10. Grieve, Maud (1931). A Modern Herbal. New York: Dover Publications Inc. ISBN   0-486-22798-7.
  11. Mabey, Richard (1996). Flora Britannica. London: Reed International. ISBN   1-85619-377-2.
  12. "Alchemilla australis (Rydb.) Bomble | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2025-03-23.
  13. "Aphanes australis Rydb". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2025-03-23.
  14. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on 2025-03-23. Retrieved 2025-03-23.
  15. Cheffings, C.M.; Farrell, L. (2005). The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
  16. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. "Aphanes australis Rydb., 1908 - Aphane australe, Alchémille oubliée, Alchémille à petits fruits, Alchémille australe". Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-11-29. Retrieved 2025-03-23.
  17. Hill, M.O.; Preston, C.D.; Roy, D.B. "PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants - Spreadsheet". UK Biological Records Centre.
  18. Lockton, Alex; Whild, Sarah (2015). The Flora and Vegetation of Shropshire. Montford Bridge: Shropshire Botanical Society. ISBN   978-0-9530937-2-4.
  19. Rodwell, J.S. (1991–2000). British Plant Communities, vols. 1-5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  20. "Aphanes – Plant Parasites of Europe". bladmineerders.nl. Retrieved 2025-03-24.