Armaniinae

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Armaniinae
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily:† Armaniinae
(Dlussky, 1983)

Armaniinae is subfamily of extinct ant-like hymenopterans known from a series of Cretaceous fossils found in Asia and Africa. [1] It is usually treated as one of the stem-group subfamilies in family Formicidae, [2] [3] although some myrmecologists treat it as a distinct family. [4] A 2007 study analysing petiole and antenna morphology led to the proposal that at least some of the armaniid genera be placed in Sphecomyrminae, [5] [4] although others are unconvinced by the arguments and retain Armaniinae. [3] The subfamily contains seven genera with fourteen described species. [6] [4]

Contents

History and classification

Armaniinae is sometimes treated as the most basal of the Formicidae subfamilies, and classed as a stem-group which is more distant in relation to modern ants than the next stem group, Sphecomyrminae. Alternatively, the group has been treated as "ant-like wasps", [6] and elevated to the rank of family as Armaniidae, and considered as a possible sister group to Formicidae. It has been suggested by Engel and Grimaldi that the group may be paraphyletic. [6] This position is in contrast to the original hypothesis of Russian paleoentomologist Gennady Dlussky, who first described the family. Dlussky considered the group, when erected in 1983, have been an intermediate family bridging the families Scoliidae and the true formicids. [7] In contrast to both the treatment as a separate family and as a distinct subfamily, entomologist E. O. Wilson, in a 1987 paper, suggested that the then known armaniids and Sphecomyrma represented a single species. Wilson, in synonymizing the groups, made the hypothesis that the different described genera were actually fossils of different castes of the same species, with Sphecomyrma freyi being workers, Armania robusta being queens, and "Paleomyrmex" zherichini as the winged males. [8] This view was rejected as new fossils and species were described. [2]

The group is known exclusively from impression fossils, which have a limited preservation quality, leading to the uncertainty of what features are present in the described species. Overall armaniids have a poorly developed petiole which is broadly attached to the thorax, short scapes on the antennae, and queen-like looking females. [7] The mandibles are vespid like, with possibly only one or two teeth, though this may be an artifact of preservation. [6] The short scape is a feature that is also seen in Sphecomyrminae members, and does not exclude armaniids from Formicidae. [2] Similarly the petiole is a feature that is seen in both the true formicids, and in the extinct chrysidoid wasp family Falsiformicidae, which is not related to formicids at all. [7] The two defining features of the true formicids are considered to be the presence of females which are divided into adult workers and queens. Currently no worker like armaniid specimens are known for the described species. [6] The presence of metapleural glands in some fossils has been reported by Dlussky,± [9] but the veracity of the presence is uncertain. [6]

A review of the Cretaceous ant groups was performed by Borysenko in 2017 leading to the breakup of Armaniidae, with the three genera Armania , Orapia , and Pseudarmania being moved to Sphecomyrminae. The genera Archaeopone and Poneropterus were considered as incertae sedis in Formicidae, and the genera Dolichomyrma and Khetania were removed from the family entirely as incertae sedis in Aculeata. [5]

Genera and species

Related Research Articles

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<i>Sphecomyrma</i> Extinct genus of ants

Sphecomyrma is an extinct genus of ants which existed in the Cretaceous approximately 79 to 92 million years ago. The first specimens were collected in 1966, found embedded in amber which had been exposed in the cliffs of Cliffwood, New Jersey, by Edmund Frey and his wife. In 1967, zoologists E. O. Wilson, Frank Carpenter and William L. Brown, Jr. published a paper describing and naming Sphecomyrma freyi. They described an ant with a mosaic of features—a mix of characteristics from modern ants and aculeate wasps. It possessed a metapleural gland, a feature unique to ants. Furthermore, it was wingless and had a petiole which was ant-like in form. The mandibles were short and wasp-like with only two teeth, the gaster was constricted, and the middle and hind legs had double tibial spurs. The antennae were, in form, midway between the wasps and ants, having a short first segment but a long flexible funiculus. Two additional species, S. canadensis and S. mesaki, were described in 1985 and 2005, respectively.

<i>Ypresiomyrma</i> Extinct genus of ants

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haidomyrmecinae</span> Extinct subfamily of ants

Haidomyrmecinae, occasionally called hell ants, are an extinct subfamily of ants (Formicidae) known from Cretaceous fossils found in ambers of North America, Europe, and Asia, spanning the late Albian to Campanian, around 100 to 79 million years ago. The subfamily was first proposed in 2003, but had been subsequently treated as the tribe Haidomyrmecini and placed in the extinct ant subfamily Sphecomyrminae. Reevaluation of the Haidomyrmecini in 2020 lead to the elevation of the group back to subfamily. The family contains the nine genera and 13 species.

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<i>Burmomyrma</i> Genus of ants

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<i>Archimyrmex</i> Extinct genus of ants

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<i>Myanmyrma</i> Extinct genus of ants

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<i>Boltonimecia</i> Extinct genus of ants

Boltonimecia is an extinct genus of ant in the formicid subfamily Zigrasimeciinae. The genus contains a single described species, Boltonimecia canadensis, and is known from a single Late Cretaceous fossil which was found in Canada. The type species was originally described as a species of the extinct genus Sphecomyrma under the combination Sphecomyrma canadensis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zigrasimeciinae</span> Extinct subfamily of ants

Zigrasimeciinae is a subfamily of ants, known from the Cretaceous period, originally named as the tribe Zigrasimeciini within the subfamily Sphecomyrminae by Borysenko, 2017, it was elevated to full subfamily in 2020. It contains three described genera. They are sometimes known as iron-maiden ants in reference to their densely spiked mouthparts, reminiscent of an iron maiden torture device, that were likely used to trap prey. Boltonimecia canadensis was described from Campanian Canadian amber out of Alberta, Canada, while the species of Protozigrasimecia and Zigrasimecia are both exclusively known from Cenomanian Burmese amber found in Myanmar.

References

  1. ↑ Grimaldi, D.; Agosti, D.; Carpenter, J. M. (1997). "New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3208): 1–43.[ permanent dead link ]
  2. 1 2 3 Ward, P.S. (2007). "Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1668: 549–563. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.26.
  3. 1 2 Bolton, Barry. "†Armaniinae Dlussky, 1983 valid". AntCat. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 "Armaniidae". AntWiki. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  5. 1 2 Borysenko, L.H. (2017). "Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Insecta Mundi. 570: 1–57.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Engel, M.S.; Grimaldi, D.A. (2005). "Primitive New Ants in Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar, New Jersey, and Canada (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". American Museum Novitates (3485): 1–24. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)485[0001:PNAICA]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   84043939.
  7. 1 2 3 LaPolla, J.S.; Dlussky, G.M.; Perrichot, V. (2013). "Ants and the Fossil Record". Annual Review of Entomology. 58: 609–630. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100600. PMID   23317048.
  8. ↑ Wilson, E.O. (1987). "The earliest known ants: an analysis of the Cretaceous species and an inference concerning their social organization". Paleobiology. 13 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1017/s0094837300008563. JSTOR   2400836. S2CID   87664285.
  9. ↑ Dlussky, G.M. (1999). "The first find of the Formicoidea (Hymenoptera) in the lower Cretaceous of the northern hemisphere" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 33 (3): 274–277.
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