Bagamoyo Historic Town or Bagamoyo Stone Town (Mji wa Kale wa Bagamoyo au Mji Mkongwe wa Bagamoyo, In Swahili), is the historic section of Bagamoyo town in Bagamoyo District of Pwani Region. Due to its historic significance spanning centuries and empires, Old Bagamoyo is a National Historic Site of Tanzania. The settlement was first inhabited in the 8th century as a Zaramo village and then a Swahili stone settlement, satellite to Kaole.[2] One of the most significant trading hubs on the coast of East Africa, Bagamoyo served as the last halt for ivory caravans making their way on foot from Lake Tanganyika to Zanzibar.
Bagamoyo's name means "take a load off your heart" in Kiswahili. The phrase is meant to make you feel at ease by removing your burden. This is in reference to Bagamoyo's 19th century reputation as a town of porters. The historic hamlet served as the final stop for thousands of porters who carried, on average, 70-pound burdens held across their shoulders, mostly ivory tusks, along the caravan route. Bagamoyo beckoned as a location of rest and enjoyment, trying to reward the men after a taxing voyage after trekking for months across hazardous terrain.[3][4]
August Leue, a district officer to Bagamoyo in the late nineteenth century, interpreted a song chanted by the Nyamwezi porters as they marched into the town as a means of supporting the later interpretation of the town's name. "Be happy, my soul, surrender all worry/soon the place of your desires will be reached/the town of palms – Bagamoyo," sings the hymn, praising the town as a destination that upcountry Africans desired to visit. "Be still my heart, all worries are gone/the call to rest thunders out, and with jubilation/we reach Bagamoyo," the poem concludes, is similar in tone. The second meaning of the town's name—to be at peace—is evoked by both lines. There were other settlements in Tanzania's interior with the name Bagamoyo, according to Walter Brown, a pre-colonial historian of the town.[5][6]
Street in Bagamoyo c.1906 Same street in Bagamoyo in 2023
History
In the 15th century, early Bagamoyo was a little satellite town of Kaole, a few kilometres south, and originally a Zaramo settlement. The Shomvi, whose ancestors arrived in the area in the middle of the eighteenth century from a location further north along the shoreline at Malindi, established the surviving Bagamoyo Historic Town, according to oral tradition. The settlement began as a fishing and farming community that traded small amounts of local goods, slaves, copal, and ivory for Indian fabric industry as early as the 1810s. In the early 1800s, the Omanis turned adjoining Zanzibar into the main commerce hub of the western Indian Ocean, and Bagamoyo's fortunes improved at the same time. Bagamoyo dominated the trade on the Mrima, the coastal landmass of central East Africa, until the later half of the nineteenth century. Each year, thousands of African porters arrived in Bagamoyo with cattle or loads of other goods from as far away as the Great Lakes region, including ivory, gum copal, rubber, and many other goods.[7]
The porters brought these with them back to the interior to sell or keep for their own use after exchanging them for fabric, guns, copper wire, and other commodities in town. The local economy would benefit further if the porters stayed in Bagamoyo for up to three or four months. Bagamoyo is described by Tanzanian and Bagamoyo historians as having a fairly diversified population without any strong ethnic groups. Being a commercial hub, Bagamoyo historically served as a home for traders, financiers, farmers, slaves, porters, fisherman, sailors, and artisans.[8]
View of Bagamoyo in 1899 by Alexandre Le Roy
Bagamoyo and the slave trade
Bagamoyo, a little settlement before 1850, could not have provided the Indian Ocean commerce system with large numbers of enslaved Africans; Kilwa, considerably farther south along the Tanzanian coastline, was known for doing so. Southeast Africa developed into the heart of the world's slave trade during the 1780s and 1870s, serving both the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean markets. Four factors contributed to this phenomenon: first, the growth of French plantations in the Mascarene Islands; second, Brazilian planters' demand for new slave sources in the wake of the expansion of British anti-slavery patrols in the Atlantic Ocean beginning in 1807; third, the expansion of the clove plantation economy in Zanzibar; and fourth, the cultivation of sugarcane and rice on the mainland.[9]
Kilwa was still recognised as the "principal slave-exporting port of the East African mainland" even after 1850, when Bagamoyo started to rise to economic dominance. This status persisted until 1873, when the British started enforcing the abolition of the foreign slave trade from the eastern coast. The main objective of British anti-slavery naval patrols was Kilwa. Slave their routes northward through land as a result, using the numerous creeks and inlets for shipping to avoid being discovered by the British navy. This extraordinary slave trade through Bagamoyo eventually became just one of numerous sales and exports.17 That grew the further north they were marched, from $12–15 in Dar es Salaam to $25–40 in Pangani and $60–80 in Barawa, according to the British General Consul to Zanzibar. However, British observers in Zanzibar never stated that Bagamoyo was worthy of slavery. After the slave trade was outlawed, Pangani, to the north of Bagamoyo, became the primary slave market along the coast.[10][11]
According to a survey done by the German government in the late 1890s, Bagamoyo had one of the smallest populations of coastal towns, with roughly 15% of its inhabitants being slaves. Even the capital of German East Africa, Dar es Salaam, had twice as many slaves as Bagamoyo in 1891. Bagamoyo had frequent slave smuggling in the late nineteenth century when parti caravan porters were there.Even as late as 1900, the Germans were unable to prove that slavenapping had taken place; younger, less experienced Nyamwezi were the victims. Despite this, the archives have no information regarding the distance from Bagamoyo before or after 1873. This is likewise true of the European explorers that entered or exited Bagamoyo's interior in the late nineteenth century. Although these guys saw slave caravans and the destruction in the interior, a slave market is not mentioned in their journey accounts. Henry Stanley, who made three trips there between 1871, described the port as a hub of the slave trade in his well-known travelogues.[12][13] Father Anton Horner, the mission's founder, stated that Kilwa and Zanzibar were the epicentres of the East African slave trade in 1869, about a year after the mission was founded, but he made no similar remarks about Bagamoyo. In fact, the majority of freed slaves who the missionaries converted and assisted in raising in Bagamoyo were either bought at the Zanzibar slave market or were liberated slaves given to them by the British anti-slavery naval partrol. The reality, however, has more to do with the town's ties to the thousands of porters – the Nyamwezi – who travelled to the coast each year from their homeland in the interior than slaves. There seems to be a current popular misconception that the French Catholic Mission's goal in Bagamoyo was to end the slave trade. As long-distance traders, these individuals were thought to be more likely to convert to Christianity than the coastal Muslims, which the missionaries hoped would help the religion grow into the East African interior.[14]
Despite historical records to the contrary, the Bagamoyo Catholic Museum of the Tanzanian Tourist Board has largely contributed to the development and perpetuation of the myth in Tanzania that Bagamoyo was an important port for the African slave trade.[15][16]
The site's main attractions
Several noteworthy nineteenth-century structures can be seen in Bagamoyo, including merchant residences and several places of worship. However, many of the town's architectural forms may be seen in Stone Town, Zanzibar, or Lamu, Kenya, which are also UNESCO World Heritage Sites, in considerably higher quality, variety, and number. The caravanserai, however, is one structure that genuinely sets Bagamoyo apart. This building serves as a memorial to the ivory trade, which made this town famous. Long before plastics were developed, the globe used ivory in a variety of products for consumption, including cutlery handles, airtight containers, combs, piano keys, billiard balls, buttons, and clasps, to mention a few. The ivory exports from Bagamoyo were closely monitored by Arab, Indian, European, and American businessmen, who competed with one another, the locals, and the African porters for ownership of the city's vast wealth. Several European explorers chose it as their departure point in the late nineteenth century due to its reputation as the city that served as the entry point into the interior of Africa along well-traveled caravan routes.[17]
The caravanserai has a sizable square courtyard that is surrounded by four long, adjacent wings that are rectangular and have rooms and storage areas. A two-story building that acted as both an observation tower and administrative offices is located in the middle of the courtyard. The site serves as the new local headquarters for the Tanzania Department of Antiquities. It was renovated with financial support from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA).[18]
A sizable signage that was given by SIDA and the University of Dar es Salaam is located outside the building's front gates. The information on the signpost is problematic and false. Nowhere does it say that the building tourists are admiring was created in 1890 by a Danish planter working for the German East Africa Company. The Germans supported the institution of slavery, but they did not promote the slave trade in their colony. Therefore, it seems improbable that the current building housed as many as 50,000 slaves annually when under German control. 50,000 slaves are said to have arrived in Bagamoyo in the first half of the nineteenth century, according to the Bagamoyo Catholic Museum, but only 10,000 porters are said to have come to the city annually during that time. The statistics provided by the museum do not add up if we are to believe that slave and porter were interchangeable as suggested by the notice at the caravanserai.[19][20]
A tax assessment of the caravanserai from the German colonial-era records kept at the Tanzania National Archives demonstrates Rockel's point. The document gives a detailed description of the current caravanserai construction, which is flanked by ten long, rectangular shelters that were arranged in a clockwork pattern but are no longer there. Up to 5,000 porters could be housed in the compound collectively, each of whom had to pay a half-rupee lodging charge.The Germans wanted to govern and organise the huge, unruly porter encampments that were dispersed across the town, not to prohibit or regulate slaving operations. Instead, they were motivated by this desire to do so. Finally, research conducted in and around the caravanserai in 2001–2002 under the direction of Professor Felix Chami of the University of Dar es Salaam found no evidence that the building was connected to a slave market.[21][22]
Drawing of Nyamwezi porters c.1889
The caravanserai also serves as a powerful continuation for Bagamoyo's secondary function as a destination for leisure. While trade was the town's main source of income, the porters chose this location over all the other competing locations along the central East African coastline each year for recreation and enjoyment. Rifles would be shot as the porters approached Bagamoyo, and women would ululate and children would rush to welcome the upcountry as they arrived, according to European reports from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[23][24]
The Old Fort, the Customs House, and the Caravaserai are the three buildings marked out for harbouring numerous slaves. The Old Fort, which dates to the German occupation, housed the liwali, or the governor, to Zanzibar's business interests in Bagamoyo. It is the oldest remaining edifice in the port town. The rectangular, three-story structure was leased by an Indian businessman to the Liwali in 1874 and eventually served as the DOA's headquarters starting in 1888. The Old Fort operated as the town's jail and police station until the Germans constructed a new administrative boma (fort) in the middle of the 1890s. In the late 1950s, it also served as the first location of the Tanzanian Department of Antiquities. Today, it is a museum where visitors can find documents that outline the site's history.[25]
Old Fort of Bagamoyo c.1890Old Fort Bagamoyo in 2018
During the Coastal Uprising in 1888, the Germans significantly altered the Old Fort. They increased its size, raised its walls, built four bastions, and added windows. The "door of no return" that the Germans built there faced the water. The Customs House is the next noteworthy building. Once more, the area was huge and semi-enclosed, although in this instance it was centred between offices and living quarters. This building is unrelated to the earlier one because it was totally created by German architects in the middle of the nineteenth century, drawing inspiration from their native country. It was also not constructed by the former Omani customs house, eliminating the chance that slave selling took place there.[26]
Zanzibar is an insular semi-autonomous region which united with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. It is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25–50 km (16–31 mi) off the coast of the African mainland, and consists of many small islands and two large ones: Unguja and Pemba Island. The capital is Zanzibar City, located on the island of Unguja. Its historic centre, Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site.
Stonetown of Zanzibar, also known as Mji Mkongwe, is the old part of Zanzibar City, the main city of Zanzibar, in Tanzania. The newer portion of the city is known as Ng'ambo, Swahili for 'the other side'. Stone Town is located on the western coast of Unguja, the main island of the Zanzibar Archipelago. Former capital of the Zanzibar Sultanate, and flourishing centre of the spice trade as well as the Indian Ocean slave trade in the 19th century, it retained its importance as the main city of Zanzibar during the period of the British protectorate. When Tanganyika and Zanzibar joined each other to form the United Republic of Tanzania, Zanzibar kept a semi-autonomous status, with Stone Town as its local government seat.
The Swahili people comprise mainly Bantu, Afro-Arab and Comorian ethnic groups inhabiting the Swahili coast, an area encompassing the Zanzibar archipelago and mainland Tanzania's seaboard, littoral Kenya, northern Mozambique, the Comoros Islands and Northwest Madagascar.
Bagamoyo is a historic coastal town and capital of Bagamoyo District in the Pwani Region of Tanzania. Much of the settlement was founded at the end of the 18th century, though it is an extension of a much older Swahili settlement, Kaole. It was chosen as the capital of German East Africa by the German colonial administration and it became one of the most important trading ports for the Germans along the East African coast along the west of the Indian Ocean in the late 19th and early 20th century. Bagamoyo lies 75 kilometres north of Dar-es-Salaam on the coast of the Zanzibar Channel, across from the island of Zanzibar. The town hosts Bagamoyo Historic Town, that is a National Historic Site of Tanzania. In 2011, the town had 82,578 inhabitants.
Pangani District Council is one of eleven administrative districts of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The District covers an area of 1,756 km2 (678 sq mi). It is bordered to the north by Muheza District, to the east by Zanzibar Channel, to the south by the Chalinze District of Pwani Region, and to the west by the Handeni District. The district is comparable in size to the land area of Guadeloupe. The district seat (capital) and largest settlement in Pangani district is the town of Pangani. The district is named after the historic Pangani River. As of the 2022 census, the population was Pangani district was 75,642, making it the least populous district in Tanga Region.
Bagamoyo District Council is one of eight administrative districts of Pwani Region in Tanzania. The District covers an area of 945 km2 (365 sq mi). The district is surrounded by the Chalinze District to the north and west, the Zanzibar Channel to the east, the Kibaha District to the south, and the Kinondoni District to the south-east in the Dar es Salaam Region. The district is comparable in size to the land area of Turks and Caicos Islands. The district capital is at Bagamoyo. 1n 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 106,484 people in the district, from 311,740 in 2012, of which 97,660 where in current district wards. The decrease being from splitting of the district and creation of the Chalinze District in 2015.
Unyamwezi is a historical region in what is now Tanzania, around the modern city of Tabora to the south of Lake Victoria and east of Lake Tanganyika. It lay on the trade route from the coast to Lake Tanganyika and to the kingdoms to the west of Lake Victoria. The various peoples of the region were known as long-distance traders, providing porters for caravans and arranging caravans in their own right. At first the main trade was in ivory, but later slaving became more important.
Manyema (WaManyema) (Una-Ma-Nyema, eaters of flesh) are a Bantu ethnic group, described in the past as powerful and warlike, in the African Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa and Central Africa.
Mikindani is a historic coastal town located in Mtwara-Mikindani District of Mtwara Region in Tanzania. The name comes from the Swahili word mikinda which means "young coconut trees". Therefore, the term "Mikindani', literally means "the place where there are young coconut trees" in old Swahili language. Mikindani is part of the city of Mtwara and is governed by the Mtwara Mikindani Municipal Council. The site is a registered National Historic Site.
The Shirazi also known as Mbwera, are a Bantu ethnic group inhabiting the Swahili coast and the nearby Indian ocean islands. They are particularly concentrated on the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba and Comoros.
Makunduchi is a historic town and district capital in the Kusini District of the Unguja South Region in Tanzania. It is located inside the Kajengwa ward, and Mtegani ward, occupying Kiongoni neighborhood, Nganani neighborhood and Kijini neighborhood. The town comprises two distinct settlements, about 2 km from each other, "Old Makunduchi" on the east and "New Makunduchi". Old Makunduchi is a small fishermen's village on the shore of the Indian Ocean with the Nganani mtaa (neighborhood), while New Makunduchi has some modern buildings, shops, as well as some blocks of flats that were built in the 1970s with the aid of East Germans in return for Tanzanian political support internationally. The town is also the birthplace and resting place for the 4th president of Zanzibar Idris Abdul Wakil. Makunduchi is also the birthplace of Samia Suluhu Hassan, the president of Tanzania. Other famous politicians for Makunduchi include Mohamed Gharib Bilal. Also famous novelist Muhammed Said Abdulla.
Paul Reichard was a German explorer who traveled extensively in the African continent. His discoveries led to the establishment of the German East Africa Protectorate.
The Hadimu are a Bantu ethnic and linguistic group native to the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba Island of Tanzania.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Holy Ghost Mission is located in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. The pioneer mission was established by the Holy Ghost Fathers. The original Holy Ghost Church, built in 1872, is reportedly the oldest church on the mainland of East Africa, while the new church was built 1910–1914. In 1874, David Livingstone was interred for a night at the Holy Ghost Mission; the Livingstone Tower, a part of the original church, is named in his honor.
The Bagamoyo Port or Port of Bagamoyo is one of the oldest ports in Tanzania. The port is located in the town of Bagamoyo in Bagamoyo District of Pwani Region. The port was once a main entry from the Zanzibar Channel to Bagamoyo Historic Town before the establishment and rise of the Port of Dar es Salaam in the 1860s. Reconstruction and mass expansion of the Port of Bagamoyo is set to be constructed in the mid 2020s. It is planned to be one of the largest government infrastructure projects in the country. The Bagamoyo port and its affiliate industrial zone is meant to address congestion at the old port and support Tanzania to become East Africa’s leading shipping and logistics centre.
National Historic Sites of Tanzania is an official list of places in Tanzania that have been designated as National Historic Sites as per the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism of Tanzania under the Antiquities Division. The list is not complete and is currently being updated.
A Swahili door or Zanzibari door is a door that was developed in the Swahili coast during the Middle Ages and peaked in the 19th century. The door is usually the first and foremost key element of Swahili architecture and was the historically first item that was built before the rest of the home.
Kunduchi is a Medieval Swahili National Historic Site located in Kunduchi ward, located in Kinondoni District of Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. There is an excavated 15th-century mosque on the site. An 18th-century cemetery with the biggest collection of pillared tombs in East Africa, situated in a baobab woodland, and embellished with Ming era's porcelain plates. The pottery discovered here demonstrates the medieval town's affluence and trading connections with imperial China.
The Mafia Archipelago or The Mafia Islands is an group of islands across the Mafia Channel in the Mafia District of Pwani Region's coast on the Sea of Zanj in Tanzania's Indian Ocean coast. The archipelago is composed of 9 islands and around 12 coral reefs. In total, the Mafia archipelago covers 972 km2 (375 sq mi) in total, of which 8.5 km2 (3.3 sq mi) 407 km2 are land and 565 km2 are water. and has an average elevation of 53 m (174 ft). Of the 12 reefs in the archipelago the most famous one is the Tutia Reef. The largest island in the archipelago is Mafia Island also known as Chole Shamba locally. The other eight islands inside Mafia District in addition to Mafia Island are; Juani Island, Chole Island, Jibondo Island (Kibondo), Bwejuu Island, Shungumbili Island (Thanda), Barakuni Island, Miewi Island, and Niororo Island (Nyororo).
↑ Fabian, Steven. "East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Brown, Walter Thaddeus. A pre-colonial history of Bagamoyo: Aspects of the growth of an East African coastal town. Boston University Graduate School, 1971.
↑ Brown, Walter Thaddeus. A pre-colonial history of Bagamoyo: Aspects of the growth of an East African coastal town. Boston University Graduate School, 1971.
↑ Fabian, Steven. “East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. "East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. "East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. "East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. "East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Lello, Didas S., and Paulina C. Mwasanyila. "Local Community-Based Participation on Conservation of Heritage Buildings: Experiences from Bagamoyo Historical Town, Tanzania." Int. Res. J. Eng. Tech 5 (2018): 2212–2226.
↑ Fabian, Steven. "Curing the Cancer of the Colony: Bagamoyo, Dar Es Salaam, and Socioeconomic Struggle in German East Africa.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 40, no. 3, 2007, pp. 441–69. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40034038. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. “East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. “East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. “East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Lello, Didas S., and Paulina C. Mwasanyila. "Local Community-Based Participation on Conservation of Heritage Buildings: Experiences from Bagamoyo Historical Town, Tanzania." Int. Res. J. Eng. Tech 5 (2018): 2212–2226.
↑ Fabian, Steven. “East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. “East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. "East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. Making identity on the Swahili coast: Urban life, community, and belonging in Bagamoyo. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
↑ Fabian, Steven. “Curing the Cancer of the Colony: Bagamoyo, Dar Es Salaam, and Socioeconomic Struggle in German East Africa.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 40, no. 3, 2007, pp. 441–69. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40034038. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. “East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. "East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Lello, Didas S., and Paulina C. Mwasanyila. "Local Community-Based Participation on Conservation of Heritage Buildings: Experiences from Bagamoyo Historical Town, Tanzania." Int. Res. J. Eng. Tech 5 (2018): 2212–2226.
↑ Fabian, Steven. "East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
↑ Fabian, Steven. "East Africa’s Gorée: Slave Trade and Slave Tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43860408. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
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