Vugha

Vuga

Shown within Tanzania
Location	Bumbuli District, Tanga Region,   Tanzania
Coordinates	4°54′17.64″S38°20′42″E / 4.9049000°S 38.34500°E / -4.9049000; 38.34500
Type	Settlement
History
Founded	18th century CE
Cultures	Shambaa
Site notes
Condition	Endangered
Ownership	Tanzanian Government
Management	Antiquities Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism [1]
National Historic Sites of Tanzania
Official name	Vugha Historic Settlement
Type	Cultural

Vugha or Vuga (Mji wa kale wa Vuga in Swahili ) is historic village located inside Bumbuli District of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The settlement was established as the capital of the Kilindi dynasty's Shambaa Kingdom. ^[2]

Early history

Main article: Mbegha

The Shambaa first established a number of small clan chiefdoms, but they were imperiled by Mbugu, an influx of Cushitic pastoralists whose tribal institutions clashed with the local cultivators' structure. Tradition holds that Mbegha, a traveling hunter from Ungulu, was the old culture's savior. He subdued the Shambaa by using force, guile, diplomacy, and marriage into powerful families. His empire was a living example of the previous way of life. Vugha, the royal capital, was created as a sizable Shambaa town and was thought to have 3,000 residents in 1857. The state was founded on kinship. ^[3]

The Shambaa monarchy at first aimed to undermine the strength and morality of the clans, but lineages arbitrated internal conflicts and assumed collective responsibility for their members. The Kilindi, a royal descending clan descended from Mbegha's Shambaa wives, were associated with the governmental system. Their maternal uncles, who were commoners, held the sub-chiefs of the Kilindi in check. ^[4]

A council of commoners served the king. Life and death were in his exclusive hands. He had the authority to take things without paying for them and ladies without bridewealth. He collected tribute and gave it to his operatives. Only he had mastery over rain-making. The populace cried out at his official coronation, "You are our King, but if you don't treat us right, we will get rid of you." The distinction between Shambaa and stranger, hill and plain, farm and forest, and civic society, however, would not exist without him. The Shambaa's kingdom, which was the pinnacle of the Bantu-speaking peoples of Tanganyika's civilisation, was the result of intercultural mingling. ^[5]

The Shambaa Kingdom capital

Main article: Shambaa Kingdom

Vugha peaked during the late 1700s. Understanding the conceptions of kingship from two hundred years ago, during a time lacking written records, presents significant challenges. However, a notable body of evidence from the era of Mbegha's son, Bughe, illustrates that royal rule was deeply rooted in the glorification of traditional Shambaa culture, particularly evident in the royal capital of Vugha. ^[6]

Established during Bughe's reign, Vugha was regarded in the nineteenth century as an embodiment of archaic traditions. Once its architectural form was defined, significant alterations were prohibited; any deviation from ancestral customs was believed to invite warfare. The cultural practices of the capital were meticulously prescribed, with traditional Shambaa culture being the prevailing theme. Houses in Vugha were required to adhere strictly to ancestral architectural styles, with the beehive hut being the only acceptable design. Additionally, beds could only be constructed in the traditional Shambaa fashion. ^[7]

Site

Although Vugha supported a large population, it was designed to replicate a typical Shambaa village. The king functioned similarly to a village elder, yet wielded greater power. Like a village situated on a hilltop surrounded by banana gardens, Vugha was also located on a hill, encircled by banana groves, with the king at its center. The royal residences were thatched with dried banana sheaths, while the houses of commoners in the outer circle were thatched with wild grass. This thatching served as a metaphor: just as a village elder claimed ownership over his cultivated banana gardens but not the surrounding wild areas, the king held dominion over all of Shambaai. ^[8]

Moreover, Vugha served as a microcosm of the entire Shambaai region. An imaginary north-south line bisected the town, symbolically representing the Zimui River, which divided Shambaai into eastern and western halves. Court officials residing in the eastern section of Vugha managed the affairs of the eastern territories, while officials in the western portion acted as the king's representatives for the western regions. ^[9]

British conquest and coccupation

The British rediscovered the Shambaa Kingdom in 1925. Since Kinyashi's abdication in 1902, akidas had taken the place of the Shambaa kingdom's institutions. The rains stopped and a lion entered Vugha for the first time in a long time prior to Kinyashi's return to power in 1926, but to reconstruct the Shambaa state also meant to repeat the wars that had brought about "the time of rapacity." The kingdom's difficult power relations were the one thing that was unquestionably conventional about it. ^[10]

Only one of the groups that fought for Kimweri ya Nyumbai's inheritance was represented by Kinyashi. He was an old, feeble, introverted, and superstitious man who was scared of witchcraft, persuaded that Vugha would kill him just as it had killed his father and grandfather, and who was so aware that he was in power because of British favor that he kept his pay in order to return it when he was overthrown. ^[11]

He abdicated again in 1929, and the British went to the opposing faction to install two of Semboja's grandchildren in succession. Additionally, the previous argument about the degree of the king's authority over regional sub-chiefs was brought back by the kingdom's reconstruction. After twelve years of struggle, the district office finally agreed with him that "the chief and elders [of Vugha]...have the right to turn out an unsuitable sub-chief" and removed the sub-chief of the long-independent Mlalo for insubordination in 1942. ^[12]

The British then established a council of chiefs in 1933 and referred to it as the tribal system after their attempt to impose supremacy over this largely stateless people failed. The establishment of indirect rule into the area surrounding the lower Pangani is one example of tribal aggregation that so perfectly exemplifies the procedure that it merits more in-depth discussion. ^[13]

The old quarrel over the Shambaa kingdom's limits was brought back to life as a result of its restoration. The Zigua residents in the valley below the southern mountain face, according to the British, had recognised the king at Vugha "as their Overlord or Paramount Chief," according to the British, who said that they had "dominated the entire Usambara District except the South Pare mountains." ^[14]

Legacy

During the British colonial occupation, The first Shambaa coffee plots were primarily in Vugha and Mlalo, but as land grew limited in the pioneer areas, the focus gradually switched to Bumbuli. ^[15] In Usambara in 1930, The Shambaa held 35,324 coffee-bearing trees, 20,788 of which belonged to five of the 250 growers, all of whom lived in Vugha. ^[16]

See also

• Kilindi dynasty
• Mbegha
• Shambaa People

References

1. "Antiquities Division" . Retrieved 21 Jul 2022.
2. Willis, Justin (August 1993). "The nature of a mission community: the Universities' Mission to Central Africa in Bonde: the mission in African history". Past & Present. 140 (1): 127–155. doi:10.1093/past/140.1.127. JSTOR   651215. Gale   A13293795 INIST   3862275.
3. Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN   9780511584114.
4. Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN   9780511584114.
5. Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN   9780511584114.
6. Feierman, Steven (1974). The Shambaa Kingdom: A History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 92. ISBN   9780299063603.
7. Feierman, Steven (1974). The Shambaa Kingdom: A History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 92. ISBN   9780299063603.
8. Feierman, Steven (1974). The Shambaa Kingdom: A History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 92. ISBN   9780299063603.
9. Feierman, Steven (1974). The Shambaa Kingdom: A History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 92. ISBN   9780299063603.
10. Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 333. ISBN   9780511584114.
11. Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 333. ISBN   9780511584114.
12. Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 333. ISBN   9780511584114.
13. Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 333. ISBN   9780511584114.
14. Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 333. ISBN   9780511584114.
15. Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 308. ISBN   9780511584114.
16. Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 293. ISBN   9780511584114.

Further reading

• Zawawi, Sharifa M. (July 1987). "The gift of a mountain: a 19th century Swahili document". Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. 8 (2): 356–377. doi:10.1080/02666958708716044.
• Meunier, Roger (1977). "Review of The Shambaa Kingdom: A History". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 17 (66/67): 396–397. JSTOR   4391542.
• Huijzendveld, Frans D. (2008). "Changes in Political Economy and Ecology in West-Usambara, Tanzania: ca. 1850–1950". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 41 (3): 383–409. JSTOR   40282525. INIST   21527110 ProQuest   229653078.
• Willis, Justin (1992). "The Makings of a Tribe: Bondei Identities and Histories". The Journal of African History. 33 (2): 191–208. doi:10.1017/S0021853700032205. JSTOR   182998. S2CID   153930635.
• Akinola, G. A. (1975). "The East African Coastal Rising, 1888-1890". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 7 (4): 609–630. JSTOR   41971217.
• Farler, J. P. (February 1879). "The Usambara Country in East Africa". Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography. 1 (2): 81–97. doi:10.2307/1800252. JSTOR   1800252.