| Battle of Cumae | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Syracuse, Sicily Cumae | Etruscans Umbrians Daunians | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Hiero I of Syracuse | Etruscan kings | ||||||||
The Battle of Cumae is the name given to at least two battles between Cumae and the Etruscans:
- In 524 BC an invading army of Umbrians, Daunians, Etruscans, and others were defeated by the Greeks of Cumae. [1] [2]
- The naval battle in 474 BC was between the combined navies of Syracuse and Cumae against the Etruscans. [3]
The city of Cumae in southern Italy was founded by Greek settlers in the 8th century BC in an area near the southern frontier of Etruscan control.
By 504 BC the southern Etruscans were defeated by the Cumaeans, but they still maintained a powerful force. In 474 BC they were able to raise a fleet to launch a direct attack on Cumae. [4]
Hiero I of Syracuse was called on for military assistance. He allied with naval forces from the Greek cities of southern Italy to defend against Etruscan expansion towards the south. They met and defeated the Etruscan fleet at Cumae in the Bay of Naples. [5]
After their defeat, the Etruscans lost much of their political influence in Italy. They later joined the failed Athenian expedition against Syracuse (415 BC), which contributed even further to their decline.[ citation needed ] They lost their naval supremacy, and their territories were gradually taken over by the Romans, Samnites and Gauls.
The Syracusans dedicated a captured Etruscan helmet at the great Panhellenic sanctuary at Olympia, which was later found in the German excavations there. The battle was honored in Pindar's first Pythian Ode. [4] [6] [7]
