Bellicidia

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Bellicidia
Bellicidia incompta.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Ramalinaceae
Genus: Bellicidia
Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)
Species:
B. incompta
Binomial name
Bellicidia incompta
(Borrer) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)
Synonyms [1] [2]
List
  • Lecidea incomptaBorrer (1834)
  • Biatora effusa var. incompta(Borrer) Fr. (1845)
  • Biatora vernalis var. incompta(Borrer) Fr. (1845)
  • Lecidea luteola var. incompta(Borrer) Nyl. (1857)
  • Bacidia incompta(Borrer) Anzi (1860)
  • Lecidea bacillifera f. incompta(Borrer) Nyl. (1861)
  • Lecidea umbrina f. incompta(Borrer) Nyl. (1861)
  • Secoliga atrosanguinea var. incompta(Borrer) Stizenb. (1863)
  • Lecidea bacillifera var. incompta(Borrer) Nyl. (1866)
  • Biatora rubella var. incompta(Borrer) Tuck. (1868)
  • Bacidia bacillifera var. incompta(Borrer) Branth & Rostr. (1869)
  • Biatora luteola var. incompta(Borrer) Tuck. (1872)
  • Lecidea subincompta * incompta(Borrer) Stizenb. (1882)
  • Biatora rubella subsp. incompta(Borrer) Tuck. (1888)
  • Lecidea incompta var. spissaShirley (1889)
  • Bacidia incompta var. spissa(Shirley) Zahlbr. (1926)
  • Lecidea subincomptaNyl. (1865)

Bellicidia is a fungal genus in the family Ramalinaceae. [3] [4] It comprises the single species Bellicidia incompta, a widely distributed corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen.

Contents

Taxonomy

Bellicidia incompta was first formally described as a new species in 1834 by the English botanist William Borrer, who classified it in the genus Lecidea . [1] Martino Anzi transferred the taxon to the genus Bacidia in 1860, [5] and it was largely known as Bacidia incompta in its taxonomic history, although several other authors in the 1800s were reluctant to consider it a unique species, and thought it was more appropriately classed as a subspecies, variety or form of other species. [1]

The name Lecidea subincompta, previously considered a separate species, was determined to be a synonym of B. incompta based on examination of type material. [2]

Bellicidia was segregated from the genus Bacidia based on molecular phylogenetics analysis, which showed that Bacidia incompta occupied a distinct evolutionary lineage that had a sister relationship to the rest of the Toninia clade within the Ramalinaceae. The generic name combines the Latin word bellus meaning "pretty" with the ending -cidia from its former placement in Bacidia. This was meant to balance the somewhat disparaging specific epithet incompta which means "plain" or "unadorned". [6]

Description

Bellicidia has a coarsely granular , grey-green to grass-green or brown-green crustose thallus without a prothallus . The upper cortex consists of a "false cortex" ( pseudocortex ) and lacks a lower cortex. The photobiont is a unicellular green alga. [6]

The apothecia (fruiting bodies) of Bellicidia are black, mostly flat but sometimes becoming convex, with a distinct shiny margin and often irregular shape. Both the proper exciple and hypothecium contain a dark red-brown pigment that turns purplish in potassium hydroxide solution (K+ purplish). The hymenium is colourless or has a faint red-brown pigment below, with young asci often surrounded by a gelatinous cap containing red-brown pigment. [6]

The asci are club-shaped ( clavate ) and contain eight spores. These ascospores are bacilliform (rod-shaped), straight or slightly curved, 15–30  μm long and 1.5–2 μm wide, with 1–5 (usually 3) thin septa (internal partitions). This combination of bacilliform ascospores and distinctive red-brown pigmentation helps distinguish Bellicidia from other genera in the Toninia group. [6] [2]

The pycnidia (structures that produce asexual spores) are black, more or less immersed in the thallus, up to about 0.2 mm wide, with dark red-brown walls that react purplish with K. The conidia (asexual spores) are more or less ellipsoid, 5–9 μm long and 2–2.5 μm wide, non-septate or sometimes with a single septum. [6]

Habitat and distribution

Bellicidia incompta grows on bark in humid temperate forests. [2] It prefers basic (pH) bark, particularly Ulmus (elm), although it has been recorded on trees from several genera, including Acer (maple), Aesculus (buckeye), Carpinus (hormbeam), Fraxinus (ash), Fagus (beech), and Ilex (holly). The lichen is widely distributed, having been recorded in Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, and Macaronesia. Records from North America are considered dubious. [7]

Related Research Articles

<i>Psora</i> Genus of lichens

Psora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Psoraceae. Members of the genus are commonly called fishscale lichens. Lichens in the genus Psora generally have a squamulose thallus and anthraquinones in the hymenium. Photobiont partners of Psora lichens include members of the green algal genera Asterochloris, Chloroidium, Myrmecia, and Trebouxia.

Scutula is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramalinaceae</span>

The Ramalinaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Lecanorales. First proposed by Carl Adolph Agardh in 1821, the family now comprises 63 genera and about 750 species. Ramalinaceae lichens exhibit diverse growth forms, including crustose, fruticose, squamulose, leprose, and byssoid thalli, and form symbiotic relationships primarily with green algae of the genus Trebouxia. The family is characterised by pale-coloured thalli, apothecia that are typically pale but may darken with age, and ascospores that vary in shape and septation.

<i>Bacidia</i> Genus of lichens

Bacidia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Giuseppe De Notaris in 1846.

Aciculopsora is a genus of lichens in the family Ramalinaceae. It was circumscribed by lichenologists André Aptroot and Marie Trest in 2006.

Myelorrhiza is a genus of two Australian species of lichenized fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It was circumscribed in 1986 by Australian lichenologists Doug Verdon and John A. Elix. Myelorrhiza was originally classified in the family Cladoniaceae until Kistenich and colleagues, using molecular phylogenetic analysis, showed that it is more appropriately placed with the Ramalinaceae.

Crustospathula is a genus of five species of crustose lichens in the family Malmideaceae. They are characterized by their stalked and sometimes branched cartilaginous soredia and Bacidia-like apothecia.

<i>Schadonia</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Schadonia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. Established by German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1859, this genus of crustose lichens is characterised by its black, sessile apothecia, muriform ascospores, and growth on mosses, plant debris, and rocks in montane habitats. While traditionally placed in the family Ramalinaceae, recent studies have suggested its classification may be uncertain within the order Lecanorales, with some researchers proposing its placement in the Pilocarpaceae or the resurrection of the family Schadoniaceae. The genus currently comprises four recognised species.

<i>Phyllopsora</i> Genus of lichens

Phyllopsora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.

<i>Toniniopsis</i> Genus of lichens

Toniniopsis is a genus of crustose and squamulose lichens in the family Ramalinaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Swiss lichenologist Eduard Frey in 1926, with Toniniopsis obscura designated the type and only species. The genus name of Toniniopsis is in honour of Carlo Tonini (1803–1877), who was an Italian chemist and botanist (Lichenology), who worked in Verona and was a member and President of the Academy of Agriculture. As a result of molecular phylogenetic studies, several species, formerly classified in genus Bacidia, have been transferred to Toniniopsis.

<i>Toninia</i> Genus of lichens

Toninia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.

<i>Megalaria</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Megalaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It contains 44 species of crustose lichens, the majority of which grow on bark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malmideaceae</span> Family of fungi

Malmideaceae is a family of crustose and corticolous lichens in the order Lecanorales. It contains eight genera and about 70 species.

Bibbya is a genus of fruticose lichens in the family Ramalinaceae.

Biatora oxneri is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. It is found in the Russian Far East and in South Korea.

Phyllopsora amazonica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. It is found in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil.

<i>Thalloidima</i> Genus of lichens

Thalloidima is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It has 13 species.

Fulgidea is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Umbilicariaceae. It has two species of squamulose lichens that grow on bark and on wood.

<i>Kiliasia</i> Genus of lichens

Kiliasia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It comprises seven species.

Parallopsora is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. Established in 2018, the genus contains three species that were previously classified under a related genus, Phyllopsora. These lichens form small, scale-like growths that overlap like roof tiles and typically appear pale green to bluish-green in colour. They reproduce through both small brown fruiting bodies and sometimes through powdery structures on their surface. The species are known to grow in tropical rainforests, particularly in Brazil, Peru and Cuba.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "GSD Species Synonymy. Current Name: Bellicidia incompta (Borrer) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman, Taxon 67(5): 891 (2018)". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Gerasimova, Julia V.; Urbanavichene, Irina N.; Urbanavichus, Gennady P.; Beck, Andreas (2021). "Morphological and phylogenetic analyses of Toniniopsis subincompta s. lat. (Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales) in Eurasia". The Lichenologist. 53 (2): 171–183. doi: 10.1017/s0024282921000013 .
  3. ↑ "Bellicidia". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  4. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [152]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl: 1854/LU-8754813 .
  5. ↑ Anzi, M. (1860). Catalogus lichenum quos in provincia sondriensi et circa Novum-Comum collegit et in ordinem systematicum digessit (in Latin). C. Franchi. p. 76.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Kistenich, Sonja; Timdal, Einar; Bendiksby, Mika; Ekman, Stefan (2018). "Molecular systematics and character evolution in the lichen family Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)". Taxon. 67 (5): 871–904. doi:10.12705/675.1. hdl: 10852/67955 .
  7. ↑ Coppins, B.J.; Aptroot, A. (2009). "Bacidia De Not. (1846)". In Smith, C.W.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.J.; Fletcher, F.; Gilbert, O.L.; James, P.W.; Wolselely, P.A. (eds.). The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland (2nd ed.). London: The Natural History Museum. p. 406. ISBN   978-0-9540418-8-5.
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