Ramalinaceae

Last updated

Ramalinaceae
Saare-rihmsamblik.JPG
Ramalina fraxinea —type species of the type genus of the Ramalinaceae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Ramalinaceae
C.Agardh (1821)
Type genus
Ramalina
Ach. (1809)
Synonyms [1]
List
  • Bacidiaceae Walt.Watson (1929)
  • Biatoraceae A.Massal. ex Stizenb. (1862)
  • Catinariaceae Hale ex Hafellner (1984)
  • Crocyniaceae M.Choisy ex Hafellner (1984)
  • Lecaniaceae Walt.Watson (1929)
  • Megalariaceae Hafellner (1984)
  • Phyllopsoraceae Zahlbr. (1905)

The Ramalinaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Lecanorales. First proposed by Carl Adolph Agardh in 1821, the family now comprises 63 genera and about 750 species. Ramalinaceae lichens exhibit diverse growth forms, including crustose, fruticose, squamulose, leprose, and byssoid thalli, and form symbiotic relationships primarily with green algae of the genus Trebouxia . The family is characterised by pale-coloured thalli, apothecia (fruiting bodies) that are typically pale but may darken with age, and ascospores that vary in shape and septation.

Contents

Members of the Ramalinaceae are found in a wide range of habitats worldwide, from coastal fog deserts to boreal, temperate, and tropical forests. Some genera, such as Namibialina , Vermilacinia , and Niebla , are endemic to specific coastal desert regions, whilst others like Ramalina have an almost worldwide distribution. Several species within the family face conservation challenges due to their limited distributions and specific environmental threats, with some being listed as vulnerable or critically endangered on the IUCN Red List.

Systematics

Taxonomy

The family was proposed by the Swedish botanist Carl Adolph Agardh in 1821. [2] According to the nomenclatural authority Index Fungorum, while Agardh initially classified it as an "ordo" (order), he used it in a way that suggested a family ranking, referring to it as "Ramalineae". The first explicit use of Ramalinaceae as a family name came from Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée in 1824, but this was not considered valid under Article 32.1(b) of the nomenclature rules, meaning it was not accompanied by a description or diagnosis or a reference to a previously published description or diagnosis. The first correctly spelled use of the family name Ramalinaceae in accordance with Article 18.4 (i.e., with the ending -aceae) is attributed to Watson in a 1929 publication. [3] [4]

In 2018, Sonja Kistenich and colleagues published a large-scale molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family. The study demonstrated five well‐supported clades in the Ramalinaceae; they are named after the largest genera within them, viz. the Bacidia-, Biatora‐, Ramalina‐, Rolfidium‐, and Toninia‐groups. The genera Bacidia, Phyllopsora, Physcidia and Toninia were found to be polyphyletic and split into segregates. The study also traced the character evolution of the morphological and ecological nature of the Ramalinaceae ancestor. The ancestor probably arose from moist, temperate forests growing on the bark of trees with a crustose growth form and reproduced mainly by forming apothecia and long, multi-septate spores. [5]

A 2020 study by Richard Spjut and colleagues provided further insights into the taxonomy of Ramalinaceae, particularly focusing on the fruticose genera. The research revealed that the fruticose genera within Ramalinaceae are not monophyletic (derived from a single ancestor) but form two distinct lineages: 1) Ramalina + Namibialina and 2) Vermilacinia + Niebla. These lineages are nested within accessions of the crustose genus Cliostomum. [6]

The divergence between these two main lineages occurred approximately 48 million years ago. Ramalina began to spread worldwide around 43 million years ago, whilst its sister genus Namibialina, newly described in this study, radiated later (about 19–20 million years ago) in the coastal deserts of southwest Africa. Vermilacinia and Niebla, which diverged around 30 million years ago, are primarily found in coastal deserts of the New World. [6]

The study highlighted challenges in delimiting species boundaries within Niebla and Vermilacinia, indicating that more data are required for a comprehensive understanding. Notably, the taxonomy proposed by Spjut (1996) for Niebla was not fully corroborated by molecular data, whereas that for saxicolous Vermilacinia received substantial support. The research also led to the description of new Vermilacinia species. [6]

Regarding the genus Ramalina, the study examined 50 identified species out of an estimated total of 230. Species lacking secondary metabolites (except usnic acid) were resolved at the base of the phylogenetic tree but did not form a monophyletic group. Some clades corresponded to the production of specific secondary metabolites, although these were not always autapomorphies. The study also resulted in the recognition or resurrection of several Ramalina species, including R. krogiae and R. lusitanica . [6]

Synonymy

Some genera now classified in the Ramalinaceae were considered by past authors to be distinctive enough to warrant inclusion in their own family. These historical family names are considered synonymous with Ramalinaceae: [1]

Etymology

As is standard practice in botanical nomenclature, [7] the name Ramalinaceae is based on the name of the type genus, Ramalina , with the ending -aceae indicating the rank of family. The genus name, assigned by the mycologist Erik Acharius in 1809, [8] comprises the Latin word ramus meaning 'branch' and ramalis, meaning 'pertaining to a branch or having branches', and -ina, a suffix that denotes similarity. It refers to the typically fruticose, highly branched thalli characteristic of many Ramalina species. [9]

Description

The Ramalinaceae consists of lichen-forming fungi with a highly varied appearance. The thallus, which is the body of the lichen, can take different forms such as crusty (crustose), bushy (fruticose), scale-like (squamulose), or even granular (leprose) or cottony (byssoid). A few species within this family also grow on other lichens (lichenicolous). The colouration of these lichens tends to be pale, and some species may develop small reproductive structures called isidia or soralia that help with vegetative reproduction. The lichen's photobiont partner, which is the photosynthetic organism living within the fungus, is of the chlorococcoid type, meaning it consists of green algae that are spherical or slightly elongated. [10]

Ramalinaceae lichens reproduce sexually via apothecia (fruiting bodies), which are usually pale and may appear black with age. These apothecia may sit directly on the thallus surface or occasionally have short stalks. The edge of the apothecium (the margin) typically lacks a thallus-like covering, but a structural layer called the exciple is often present, though it may disappear over time as the lichen matures. The disc of the apothecium can range from flat to strongly convex. [10]

Within the apothecia, there are microscopic structures called paraphyses, which are unbranched or branched filaments that surround the spore-producing cells. The tips of these paraphyses are often swollen. The asci (spore-producing cells) are typically cylindrical to club-shaped. These asci belong to either the Bacidia or Biatora types, which are distinguished by specific staining patterns when exposed to iodine (K/I+), showing a dark blue reaction. Each ascus usually contains eight spores. The ascospores , which are the fungal reproductive units, can vary widely in shape, from broadly elliptical to thread-like. They may be divided by one or more walls (septate) or lack divisions entirely (aseptate), and they are colourless without a surrounding layer. [10]

Additionally, members of this family may produce asexual reproductive structures known as pycnidia, which are embedded in the lichen tissue or sit on the surface. These structures release conidia (asexual spores), which also come in various shapes, sometimes with internal divisions (septate). [10]

Photobiont

Species in the Ramalinaceae form symbiotic relationships with photobionts, primarily green algae from the genus Trebouxia . A 2024 study focusing on the Ramalina farinacea group identified two main photobiont species: Trebouxia jamesii and T. lynnae . [11] These photobionts show distinct geographical distributions and ecological preferences. T. jamesii is predominantly found in continental Europe and Mediterranean islands, displaying a preference for inland areas. In contrast, T. lynnae is more common in Macaronesian archipelagos and coastal regions, showing better adaptation to warmer and more humid climates. [11]

The association between Ramalinaceae fungi and their photobionts varies in specificity. Some species, like Ramalina farinacea , can associate with both T. jamesii and T. lynnae, while others, such as the Canarian endemic R. alisiosae , show a strict association with T. lynnae. This flexibility in photobiont association may contribute to the ecological adaptability of these lichens, allowing them to thrive in diverse environments. [11]

A 2022 study on the Ramalina decipiens group found that about 50% of studied thalli showed co-occurrence of multiple algal species, though usually one species was dominant, accounting for about 94% of the algal cells in thalli with multiple species. [12] The island of origin and macroclimate had a greater influence on photobiont community structure than the specific Ramalina species, suggesting local adaptation of the photobionts. [12]

Multiple genetic variants (haplotypes) of T. jamesii have been identified, with some being widespread across Europe and others restricted to specific geographic regions. This genetic diversity in photobionts may further enhance the adaptive potential of the lichen symbiosis. [11] T. jamesii showed a preference for continental areas, while T. lynnae preferred coastal regions and islands, possibly due to differences in temperature tolerance and adaptation to salinity. [12]

Both T. jamesii and T. lynnae are known to form symbiotic relationships with lichens from other genera and families beyond Ramalinaceae, indicating their broader ecological importance. [11] The ability of some Ramalinaceae species to switch or adapt their photobiont partnerships may play a crucial role in their ability to colonise and survive in varied habitats. For example, Ramalina maderensis associates with different photobionts in different parts of its range, suggesting photobiont switching as a mechanism for expanding ecological niches. [12]

Despite the variation in photobiont associations, a study of the R. decipiens group found no evidence for trophic niche segregation among Ramalina species with respect to their photobionts, suggesting that photobiont association may not be a key driver of speciation in this group. [12]

Habitat and distribution

The Ramalinaceae family exhibits a diverse range of habitats and distributions, with several genera showing highly specialised ecological niches. Three fruticose genera—Namibialina, Vermilacinia, and Niebla—are endemic to coastal fog deserts. Namibialina is found in southwestern Africa, whilst Vermilacinia occurs along the Pacific coasts of South and North America. Niebla is restricted to North America. In contrast, Ramalina has a subcosmopolitan distribution, colonising a wide range of habitats from saxicolous sea-shores to trunks and branches in boreal, temperate, and tropical forests. Many species within these genera are found on coastal rocks in fog deserts, while others are epiphytic. Notably, there is evidence of micro-endemism, particularly in Niebla and saxicolous Vermilacinia species, with many taxa having very restricted geographical ranges. The distribution and speciation of these genera have been significantly influenced by fog conditions and climate changes since the Miocene. Some species exhibit disjunct distributions, such as Vermilacinia zebrina , which is found in both North America and Namibia. [6]

Genera

In a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the family in which 6 existing genera were reduced to synonymy, Kistenich and colleagues accepted 39 genera in the Ramalinaceae. [5] Several genera have since been added, some newly proposed and some resurrected from previously disused names. As of October 2024, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life), accept 747 species distributed amongst 63 genera in the Ramalinaceae. [13]

Crocynia pyxinoides Crocynia pyxinoides - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Crocynia pyxinoides
Niebla cephalota Powdery Fog Lichen (982924669).jpg
Niebla cephalota
Toninia sedifolia Toninia sedifolia 090308.jpg
Toninia sedifolia
Ramalina darwiniana Ramalina darwiniana - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg
Ramalina darwiniana

Conservation

Ramalina menziesii, the state lichen of California, is assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN. Ramalina menziesii 162611469.jpg
Ramalina menziesii , the state lichen of California, is assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN.

The conservation status of 12 Ramalinaceae species has been assessed for the global IUCN Red List. Several species in the family are facing conservation challenges due to their limited distributions and specific environmental threats.

Madeira archipelago endemics

In the Madeira archipelago, particularly on Porto Santo Island, multiple rock-dwelling Ramalina species are assessed as Vulnerable. R. portosantana , [66] R. erosa , [67] R. timdaliana , [68] R. confertula , [69] and R. jamesii each have restricted populations, ranging from 500 to 1,000 individuals across one to four locations. These species are primarily threatened by trampling and wildfires, which could swiftly devastate their entire populations. [70] Additionally, R. nematodes , although more abundant with twelve locations, is considered Near Threatened due to its very restricted area of occupancy and the potential impacts of the same threats. [71]

Galapagos endemics

In the Galapagos Islands, Ramalina fragilis is the rarest among the four endemic Ramalina species. Unlike its congeners that thrive on shrubs and trees, R. fragilis is adapted to rocky substrates. It faces unique threats such as flash floods during El Niño events, erosion, and rising sea levels, which are expected to reduce its population size, area of occupancy, and habitat quality by up to 40% over the next 45 years. [72]

California endemics

Niebla ramosissima , found solely on San Nicolas Island in Mediterranean California, is also listed as Vulnerable. Its limited distribution, confined to a single location with an area of occupancy up to 32 km², makes it susceptible to habitat transformation caused by invasive species and climate change, which could alter its natural sea-side low-shrub vegetation. [73]

Other species

Lecania vermispora is known from three locations with a total area of occupancy of 8 km². This species faces threats from livestock grazing and climatic changes, which could lead to its decline and potential extirpation. Consequently, it is listed as Vulnerable under criterion D2. [74]

Bacidia proposita is categorised as Critically Endangered. It is known from only one locality within the municipality of Honda, with an area of occupancy of 4 km². This site has experienced significant habitat loss due to logging and the expansion of urban, industrial, and agricultural frontiers. Despite recent surveys in similar habitats, the species has not been rediscovered, underscoring its precarious status. [75]

Conversely, Bacidia schweinitzii and Ramalina menziesii are assessed as Least Concern. Bacidia schweinitzii is widespread across eastern North America with scattered occurrences in eastern Asia, while Ramalina menziesii is common and locally abundant along the coastal regions of western North America. Neither species currently faces significant threats that would jeopardise their populations. [76] [77]

Notes

  1. ↑ Molecular phylogenetic analysis has indicated that the type species of Bacidiopsora is nested in Bacidia . [5]
  2. ↑ Crocynia is nested within Phyllopsora ; a proposal has been made to conserve the name Phyllopsora against Crocynia. [27]
  3. ↑ Herteliana is included in the Cladoniaceae by some recent authors. [33]
  4. ↑ Kistenich and colleagues (2018) suggest that Lopezaria is a synonym of Megalaria . [5]
  5. ↑ Kistenich and colleagues (2018) suggest that Ramalinopsis can be reduced into synonymy with Ramalina . [5]
  6. ↑ The placement of Schadonia within Ramalinaceae is uncertain, with recent studies suggesting it may belong in Pilocarpaceae or warrant its own family, Schadoniaceae, pending further phylogenetic research. [5] [53]
  7. ↑ Index Fungorum places Vermilacinia into synonymy with Ramalina. [64]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthoniales</span> Order of fungi

The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecanorales</span> Order of fungi

The Lecanorales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The order contains 26 families, 269 genera, and 5695 species.

<i>Ramalina</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Ramalina is a genus of greenish fruticose lichens that grow in the form of flattened, strap-like branches. Members of the genus are commonly called strap lichens or cartilage lichens. Apothecia are lecanorine.

Crustospathula is a genus of five species of crustose lichens in the family Malmideaceae. They are characterized by their stalked and sometimes branched cartilaginous soredia and Bacidia-like apothecia.

<i>Schadonia</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Schadonia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. Established by German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1859, this genus of crustose lichens is characterised by its black, sessile apothecia, muriform ascospores, and growth on mosses, plant debris, and rocks in montane habitats. While traditionally placed in the family Ramalinaceae, recent studies have suggested its classification may be uncertain within the order Lecanorales, with some researchers proposing its placement in the Pilocarpaceae or the resurrection of the family Schadoniaceae. The genus currently comprises four recognised species.

<i>Toniniopsis</i> Genus of lichens

Toniniopsis is a genus of crustose and squamulose lichens in the family Ramalinaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Swiss lichenologist Eduard Frey in 1926, with Toniniopsis obscura designated the type and only species. The genus name of Toniniopsis is in honour of Carlo Tonini (1803–1877), who was an Italian chemist and botanist (Lichenology), who worked in Verona and was a member and President of the Academy of Agriculture. As a result of molecular phylogenetic studies, several species, formerly classified in genus Bacidia, have been transferred to Toniniopsis.

<i>Niebla</i> (lichen) Genus of lichen

Niebla, also known as the sea-fog lichens, is a genus of yellow-green fruticose lichens that grow on rocks, trees, and shrubs within the fog zone of coastal North America, or more narrowly defined to occur on rocks and soil along the Pacific Coast from Mendocino County in California south to Baja California Sur.

<i>Megalaria</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Megalaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It contains 44 species of crustose lichens, the majority of which grow on bark.

<i>Niebla homalea</i> Species of lichen

Niebla homalea is a species of fruticose lichen that grows on rocks in foggy areas along the Pacific Coast of North America, from Mendocino County, California south to Bahía de San Quintín on the main peninsula of Baja California, with an isolated occurrence further south on vertical rock faces above Punta Camachos, and other occurrences in the Channel Islands and on Guadalupe Island. The epithet homalea, given by Acharius, suggests it was in regard to the branches appearing flattened.

Vermilacinia laevigata is a fruticose lichen that occurs in the fog zone along the Pacific Coast of the California Floristic Province from Marin County, California to 15 miles south of Misión San Vicente Ferrer in Baja California.

<i>Vermilacinia procera</i> Species of lichen

Vermilacinia procera is a fruticose lichen of local occurrences on rocks near the sea along the Pacific Coast from San Francisco California to the Channel Islands, and to Punta Escarpada in Baja California. The species is also reported to occur further south to the Vizcaíno Peninsula and on Cedros Island, but these reports are controversial in view of different interpretations of the species that include V. pumila and V. paleoderma that were not recognized at the time V. procera was described ; for example, a specimen collected on Guadalupe Island by Weber and MCoy (L-3605, COLO that was cited by Phillip Rundel and Peter Bowler in 1994 as belonging to Niebla procera, whereas in a revision of the genus by Richard Spjut in 1996, it was cited as belonging to Vermilacinia paleoderma. Both authorities generally agree to some extent on the description of the species and its geographical range within the California Floristic Province.

Vermilacinia robusta is an olive-green fruticose lichen that occurs on rocks near ocean mist along the foggy Pacific Coast of southern California to northern Baja California and offshore islands. The epithet, robusta, was probably adopted in recognizing a more robust form of V. comboides, originally described as a variety of Ramalina combeoides by Reginald Heber Howe, Jr. in 1913.

Vermilacinia cerebra is a fruticose lichen that grows on trees and shrubs in the fog regions along the Pacific Coast of North America from the Channel Islands and mainland California near Los Angeles to southern Baja California, also occurring in South America in the Antofagasta Province of northern Chile. The epithet is in reference to the apical swollen lobes that resemble the cerebrum of the brain.

Vermilacinia flaccescens is a fruticose lichen that grows on cacti and shrubs in the fog regions along the Pacific Coast of South America, Peru, Chile and in the Juan Fernandez Islands The epithet is in reference to the flaccid thallus but some specimens have been interpreted to have rigid branches.

Vermilacinia tigrina is a fruticose lichen that grows on branches of shrubs and on earth among cactus and shrubs in the fog regions along the Pacific Coast of North America and South America; in North America found in the Channel Islands and near San Diego, California, and in central and southern Baja California; and in South America from Peru to Chile. The epithet is in reference to the irregular black spots or bands on the thallus branches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malmideaceae</span> Family of fungi

Malmideaceae is a family of crustose and corticolous lichens in the order Lecanorales. It contains eight genera and about 70 species.

Bibbya is a genus of fruticose lichens in the family Ramalinaceae.

<i>Kiliasia</i> Genus of lichens

Kiliasia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It comprises seven species.

Parallopsora is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. Established in 2018, the genus contains three species that were previously classified under a related genus, Phyllopsora. These lichens form small, scale-like growths that overlap like roof tiles and typically appear pale green to bluish-green in colour. They reproduce through both small brown fruiting bodies and sometimes through powdery structures on their surface. The species are known to grow in tropical rainforests, particularly in Brazil, Peru and Cuba.

<i>Bellicidia</i> Single-species lichen genus

Bellicidia is a fungal genus in the family Ramalinaceae. It comprises the single species Bellicidia incompta, a widely distributed corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen.

References

  1. 1 2 Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. p. 127. ISBN   978-3-443-01089-8. OCLC   429208213.
  2. ↑ Agardh, Carl Adolf (1821). Aphorismi botanici. Vol. v.1-16. Lundin: Literis Berlingianis. p. 93. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.44857.
  3. ↑ Watson, W. (1929). "The classification of lichens". New Phytologist. 28 (2): 85–116. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1929.tb06749.x.
  4. ↑ "Record Details: Ramalinaceae C. Agardh [as 'Ramalineae'], Aphor. bot. (Lund): 93 (1821)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kistenich, Sonja; Timdal, Einar; Bendiksby, Mika; Ekman, Stefan (2018). "Molecular systematics and character evolution in the lichen family Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)". Taxon. 67 (5): 871–904. doi:10.12705/675.1. hdl: 10852/67955 .
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Spjut, Richard; Simon, Antoine; Guissard, Martin; Magain, Nicolas; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2020). "The fruticose genera in the Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes): their diversity and evolutionary history". MycoKeys (73): 1–68. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.73.47287 . PMC   7501315 . PMID   32994702.
  7. ↑ Hawksworth, David L. (1974). Mycologist's Handbook. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. p. 39. ISBN   978-0-85198-300-4.
  8. ↑ Acharius, E. (1809). Lichenographia Universalis (in Latin). pp. 122, 598.
  9. ↑ Ulloa, Miguel; Aguirre-Acosta, Elvira (2020). Illustrated Generic Names of Fungi. St. Paul, Minnesota: APS press. p. 314. ISBN   978-0-89054-618-5.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Cannon, P.; Ekman, S.; Kistenich, S.; LaGreca, S.; Printzen, C.; Timdal, E.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Fletcher, A.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2023). Lecanorales: Ramalinaceae [revision 1], including the genera Bacidia, Bacidina, Bellicidia, Biatora, Bibbya, Bilimbia, Cliostomum, Kiliasia, Lecania, Megalaria, Mycobilimbia, Phyllopsora, Ramalina, Scutula, Thalloidima, Toninia, Toniniopsis and Tylothallia. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 35. p. 2. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Moya, Patricia; Chiva, Salvador; Pazos, Tamara; Barreno, Eva; Carrasco, Pedro; Muggia, Lucia; Garrido-Benavent, Isaac (2024). "Myco–phycobiont interactions within the "Ramalina farinacea group": A geographical survey over Europe and Macaronesia". Journal of Fungi. 10 (3): e206. doi: 10.3390/jof10030206 . PMC   10971535 . PMID   38535214.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Blázquez, Miguel; Hernández-Moreno, Lucía S.; Gasulla, Francisco; Pérez-Vargas, Israel; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (2022). "The role of photobionts as drivers of diversification in an island radiation of lichen-forming fungi". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.784182 . PMC   8763358 . PMID   35046912.
  13. ↑ "Ramalinaceae". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  14. 1 2 Aptroot, A.; Umaña, L.; Chaves, J.L.; Trest, M.T. (2006). "A first assessment of the Ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica: three new squamulose genera (Lecanorales: Ramalinaceae and Pilocarpaceae)". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 100: 617–624. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.55.1.1.
  15. ↑ Kalb, K. 1988. Lichenes Neotropici. 10:401–450
  16. 1 2 De Notaris, G. (1846). "Frammenti lichenografici di un lavoro inedito". Giornale Botanico Italiano (in Italian). 2 (1): 174–224, 299–330.
  17. ↑ Vězda, A. (1990). "Bacidina genus novum familiae Lecideaceae s.lat. (Ascomycetes lichenisati)". Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica (in Latin). 25 (4): 431–432. doi:10.1007/BF02914011.
  18. ↑ Vězda, Antonin (1986). "Neue Gattungen der Familie Lecideaceae s. lat. (Lichenes)". Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica (in German). 21 (2): 199–219. doi:10.1007/BF02854668.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Jang, S.-H.; Liu, D.; Halda, J.; Persson, P.-E.; Hansson, M.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Hur, J.-S. (2019). "Three new genera of the Ramalinaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycota) and the phenomenon of presence of 'extraneous mycobiont DNA' in lichen associations" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 61 (3–4): 275–323. doi:10.1556/034.61.2019.3-4.5.
  20. ↑ Willis, J.H. (1956). "A new genus of alpine lichens". Victorian Naturalist. 73: 125–128.
  21. ↑ Vainio, Edvard August (1922). Lichenographia Fennica II. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). Vol. 51. p. 143.
  22. ↑ Massalongo, A. (1854). Neagenea lichenum. p. 4.
  23. ↑ van den Boom, P.P.G.; Alvarado, P. (2019). "Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Faial (Azores, Portugal) with descriptions of three new species". Herzogia. 32 (2): 421–437. doi:10.13158/heia.32.2.2019.421.
  24. ↑ Fries, E.M. (1825). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis (in Latin). Vol. 1. p. 116.
  25. ↑ Lamb, I.M. (1956). "Compsocladium, a new genus of lichenised Ascomycetes". Lloydia. 19: 157–162.
  26. ↑ Massalongo, A.B. (1860). "Esame comparativo di alcune genere di licheni" [Comparative examination of some genera of lichens]. Atti dell'Istituto Veneto Scienze. 5: 247–276.
  27. ↑ Kistenich, Sonja; Ekman, Stefan; Bendiksby, Mika; Timdal, Einar (2019). "(2687) Proposal to conserve the name Phyllopsora against Triclinum and Crocynia (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)". Taxon. 68 (3): 590–592. doi:10.1002/tax.12075.
  28. ↑ Aptroot, André (1998). "New lichens and lichen records from Papua New Guinea, with the description of Crustospathula, a new genus in the Bacidiaceae". Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution. 14: 25–35. doi:10.11646/bde.14.1.6.
  29. ↑ Brusse, Franklin A. (1987). "Echidnocymbium (Biatoraceae), a new lichen genus from Southern Africa". Mycotaxon. 29: 173–176.
  30. ↑ Trevisan de Saint-Léon, V. (1853). Spighe e Paglie. Scritti Botanici Varj. Vol. 1. p. 6.
  31. ↑ Awasthi, D.D.; Singh, K.P. (1977). "Heppsora, a new lichen genus from India". The Bryologist. 80 (3): 536–538. doi:10.2307/3242031. JSTOR   3242031.
  32. ↑ Hawksworth, D.L.; James, P.W.; Coppins, B.J. (1980). "Checklist of British lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi". The Lichenologist. 12 (1): 1–115. doi:10.1017/S0024282980000035.
  33. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl: 1854/LU-8754813 . S2CID   249054641.
  34. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2015). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 2". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 57 (1–2): 77–141 [97]. doi:10.1556/abot.57.2015.1-2.10.
  35. ↑ Kantvilas, Gintaras (1996). "A new byssoid lichen genus From Tasmania". The Lichenologist. 28 (3): 229–237. Bibcode:1996ThLic..28..229K. doi:10.1006/lich.1996.0020.
  36. 1 2 Hafellner, J. (1984). "Studien in Richtung einer natürlichen Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoracae und Lecideaceae". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia (in German). 79: 241–371.
  37. ↑ Timdal, Einar (2002). "Krogia coralloides, a new lichen genus and species from Mauritius". The Lichenologist. 34 (4): 293–296. Bibcode:2002ThLic..34..293T. doi:10.1006/lich.2002.0400.
  38. ↑ Massalongo, A. (1853). Alcuni generi di licheni nuovamente limitati e descritti (in Italian). pp. 1–44.
  39. ↑ Jatta, A. (1889). Monographia Lichenum Italiae Meridionalis.
  40. ↑ Orange, A. (2020). "Lithocalla (Ascomycota, Lecanorales), a new genus of leprose lichens containing usnic acid". The Lichenologist. 52 (6): 425–435. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000419.
  41. ↑ Kalb, K. 1990. Lichenes Neotropici. 11:451–475
  42. ↑ Rehm, H. (1889). Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora, Pilze – Ascomyceten (in German). Vol. 1.3. pp. 209–336.
  43. ↑ Verdon, Doug; Elix, John A. (1986). "Myelorrhiza, a new Australian lichen genus from North Queensland". Brunonia. 9 (2): 193–214. doi:10.1071/BRU9860193.
  44. ↑ Harris, D.C.; Selva, S.B.; Buck, W.R.; Guccion, J.G.; Nelson, J.; Schmitt, C. (1988). "Lichens of southern Maine collected on the 1987 Andrews Foray". Evansia. 5 (2): 26–32. doi: 10.5962/p.345872 .
  45. ↑ Rundel, P.W.; Bowler, P.A. (1978). "Niebla, a new generic name for Desmazieria (Ramalinaceae)". Mycotaxon. 6: 497–499.
  46. ↑ Müller, J. (1894). "Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in Latin). 2 (App. 1): 1–114.
  47. ↑ Tuckerman, E. (1862). "Observations on North American and other lichens. 2". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 5: 383–422. doi:10.2307/20021278. JSTOR   20021278.
  48. ↑ Jørgensen, Per M. (1993). "Pseudohepatica, a remarkable new lichen genus from Venezuela". The Bryologist. 96 (3): 435–438. doi:10.2307/3243874. JSTOR   3243874.
  49. ↑ Kukwa, M.; Kosecka, M.; Jabłońska, A.; Flakus, A.; Rodriguez-Flakus, P.; Guzow-Krzemińska, B. (2023). "Pseudolepraria, a new leprose genus revealed in Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Lecanorales) to accommodate Lepraria stephaniana". MycoKeys (96): 97–112. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.96.98029 . PMC   10210240 . PMID   37252052.
  50. ↑ Follmann, G.; Huneck, S. (1969). "Mitteilungen über Flechteninhaltsstoffe. LXI. Zur Chemotaxonomie der Flechtenfamilie Ramalinaceae". Willdenowia (in German). 5: 181–216.
  51. ↑ Moberg, R. (1986). "Rolfidium, a new lichen genus from Sri Lanka". The Lichenologist. 18 (4): 305–307. doi:10.1017/S0024282986000488.
  52. ↑ Körber, G.W. (1859). "Parerga lichenologica". Ergänzungen zum Systema lichenum Germaniae (in German). 1: 93.
  53. ↑ Cannon, P.; Coppins, B.; Aptroot, A.; Fryday, A.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J.; Yahr, R. (2024). Miscellaneous Lecanorales including Biatorella (Biatorellaceae), Carbonicola (Carbonicolaceae), Haematomma (Haematommataceae), Psilolechia (Psilolechiaceae), Ramboldia (Ramboldiaceae), Scoliciosporum (Scoliciosporaceae), and Adelolecia, Catinaria, Frutidella, Herteliana, Lithocalla, Myochroidea, Puttea and Schadonia (of uncertain position) (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 42. p. 19. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  54. ↑ Tulasne, L.-R. (1852). "Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire organographique et physiologique des Lichens". Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique. Série 3 (in French). 17: 118.
  55. ↑ Brako, Lois (1989). "Reevaluation of the genus Phyllopsora with taxonomic notes and introduction of Squamacidia, gen. nov". Mycotaxon. 35 (1): 1–19.
  56. ↑ Galloway, D.J.; Hafellner, J.; Elix, J.A. (2005). "Stirtoniella, a new genus for Catillaria kelica (Lecanorales: Ramalinaceae)" (PDF). The Lichenologist. 37 (3): 261–271. doi:10.1017/S002428290501501X.
  57. ↑ Farkas, E. (2023). "Foliicolous lichens of the Fiji Islands". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 65 (1–2): 87–111. doi:10.1556/034.65.2023.1-2.5.
  58. ↑ Kantvilas, Gintaras; Hafellner, Josef; Elix, John A. (1999). "Tasmidella, a new lichen genus from Tasmania, with a revised circumscription of the family Megalariaceae". The Lichenologist. 31 (3): 213–225. doi:10.1017/S0024282999000316.
  59. 1 2 Massalongo, A.B. (1852). Ricerche sull'autonomia dei licheni crostosi (in Italian). Verona: H.F.Münster. pp. 95, 107.
  60. ↑ Gyelnik, V. (1933). "Lichenes varii novi critique". Acta Pro Fauna et Flora Universati Bucuresti (in Latin). 1 (5–6): 3–10.
  61. ↑ Hafellner, J.; Vězda, A. (1992). "Tibellia, eine neue Gattung der Bacidiaceae mit byssoidem Thallis (lichenisierte Ascomycetes, Lecanorales)". Nova Hedwigia. 55: 183–193.
  62. ↑ Frey, Eduard (1926). "Flechten". Fortschritte in der Systematik, Floristik und Pflanzengeographie der Schweizerflora [Progress in the systematics, floristry and plant geography of the Swiss flora]. Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft = Bulletin de la Société Botanique Suisse (in German). Vol. 35. pp. 73–74.
  63. ↑ van den Boom, P.P.G.; Magain, N. (2020). "Three new lichen species from Macaronesia belonging in Ramalinaceae, with the description of a new genus". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (1): 167–175. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0011.
  64. ↑ "Record Details: Vermilacinia Spjut & Hale, Flechten Follmann, Contributions to Lichenology in Honour of Gerhard Follmann (Cologne): 345 (1995)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  65. ↑ Moberg, R. (1990). "Waynea, a new lichen genus in the Bacidiaceae From California". The Lichenologist. 22 (3): 249–252. doi:10.1017/S0024282990000275.
  66. ↑ Sparrius, L.; Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H.; Pérez-Vargas, I.; Matos, P.; Gerlach, A.; Vervoort, M. (11 February 2022). "Porto Santo Strap Lichen. Ramalina portosantana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 11 February 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  67. ↑ Sparrius, L.; Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H.; Pérez-Vargas, I.; Matos, P.; Gerlach, A.; Vervoort, M. (2 February 2023). "Prime Strap Lichen. Ramalina erosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2 February 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  68. ↑ Sparrius, L.; Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H.; Pérez-Vargas, I.; Matos, P.; Gerlach, A.; Vervoort, M. (2024). "Timdal's Strap Lichen. Ramalina timdaliana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  69. ↑ Sparrius, L.; Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H.; Pérez-Vargas, I.; Matos, P.; Gerlach, A.; Vervoort, M. (1 June 2022). "Mountain Strap Lichen. Ramalina confertula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1 June 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  70. ↑ Sparrius, L.; Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H.; Pérez-Vargas, I.; Matos, P.; Gerlach, A.; Vervoort, M. (12 February 2022). "James' Strap Lichen. Ramalina jamesii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 12 February 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  71. ↑ Sparrius, L.; Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H.; Pérez-Vargas, I.; Matos, P.; Gerlach, A.; Vervoort, M. (11 February 2022). "Mountain Garland Lichen. Ramalina nematodes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 11 February 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  72. ↑ Bungartz, F.; Parrinello, C. (10 February 2021). "Fragile Ramalina. Ramalina fragilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 10 February 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  73. ↑ Reese Næsborg, R. (9 July 2020). "Niebla ramosissima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 9 July 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  74. ↑ Fryday, A. (12 June 2020). "Lecania vermispora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 12 June 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  75. ↑ Moncada, B.; Simijaca, D.; Soto-Medina, E.; Coca, L.F.; Jaramillo, M. (26 November 2019). "Bacidia proposita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 26 November 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  76. ↑ Lendemer, J. (17 April 2022). "Surprise Lichen. Bacidia schweinitzii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 17 April 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  77. ↑ Reese Næsborg, R. (20 December 2021). "Lace Lichen. Ramalina menziesii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 20 December 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.