Phyllopsora

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Phyllopsora
Phyllopsora furfuracea - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Phyllopsora furfuracea in Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve, Florida
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Ramalinaceae
Genus: Phyllopsora
Müll.Arg. (1894)
Type species
Phyllopsora breviuscula
(Nyl.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
Synonyms [1]
  • Triclinum Fée (1825) [2]
  • PsoromopsisNyl. (1869)
  • Physcidia sect. CallopisMüll.Arg. (1883)
  • Callopis(Müll.Arg.) Gyeln. (1933)
  • SquamacidiaBrako (1989) [3]

Phyllopsora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. [4]

Contents

The characteristics of a fossilized Phyllopsora, P. dominicana , found in Dominican amber, suggests that the main distinguishing features of the genus have remained unchanged for tens of millions of years. [5]

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1894, with Phyllopsora breviuscula assigned as the type species. [6]

In 2019, a proposal was made to conserve the name Phyllopsora against the earlier names Triclinum and Crocynia. [7] This was due to Phyllopsora including species that are the types of these earlier generic names, which would have priority. The proposal argued that conserving Phyllopsora would be the least disruptive option, as taking up Triclinum would require 56 new combinations, while Crocynia included many species now considered to belong to other genera. In 2024, the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi recommended conservation of Phyllopsora against Triclinum and Crocynia, with 80% of the committee voting in favour. [8]

Squamacidia was brought into synonymy with Triclinum as a direct result of typification work: Per Magnus Jørgensen lectotypified Triclinum cinchonarum with Fée's protologue figure and epitypified it with a specimen identified as Physcidia endococcina; Brako had earlier treated P. endococcina as a variety of Squamacidia janeirensis, the type species of Squamacidia. This ties T. cinchonarum to the same element that fixes Squamacidia, so Squamacidia falls under Triclinum, with cinchonarum the oldest available epithet. Subsequent phylogenetic work showed T. cinchonarum to be nested within Phyllopsora, which is why treating Triclinum under Phyllopsora also carries Squamacidia into Phyllopsora and motivated the 2019 conservation proposal. [7]

Description

The genus Phyllopsora is distinguished by its scale-like ( squamulose ) to almost leaf-like (foliose) body (thallus) that often has a distinct border (prothallus). Its reproductive structures, known as asci, have a unique feature: an amyloid dome and a narrow, cone-shaped central structure. The fruiting bodies (apothecia) of this genus are made up of highly gelatinized (jelly-like) fungal threads. These threads show no clear separation between the different structural layers of the apothecium, and this gelatinised texture is consistent throughout the central and marginal areas of the apothecium as well as in the supporting structures ( paraphyses ). The ascospores produced by Phyllopsora are small, with thin walls, and are typically not divided into separate compartments (rarely septate). [9]

Species

Phyllopsora isidiolyta Phyllopsora isidiolyta - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Phyllopsora isidiolyta
A: Phyllopsora africana; B: P. breviuscula C: P. buettneri Phyllopsora (10.3897-mycokeys.53.33425) Figure 2.jpg
A: Phyllopsora africana; B: P. breviuscula C: P. buettneri
Phyllopsora pyxinoides Crocynia pyxinoides - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Phyllopsora pyxinoides

As of December 2023, Species Fungorum accepts 48 species of Phyllopsora: [10]

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy: Phyllopsora Müll. Arg". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 5 October 2025.
  2. ↑ Fée, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire (1825). Essai sur les cryptogames des écorces exotiques officinales (in French). Paris: Firmin Didot père et fils. p. 146; plate 33.4.
  3. ↑ Brako, Lois (1989). "Reevaluation of the genus Phyllopsora with taxonomic notes and introduction of Squamacidia, gen. nov". Mycotaxon. 35 (1): 1–19.
  4. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
  5. 1 2 Rikkinen, Jouko; Poinar, George O. (2008). "A new species of Phyllopsora (Lecanorales, lichen-forming Ascomycota) from Dominican amber, with remarks on the fossil history of lichens". Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 (5): 1007–1011. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern004 . PMID   18319239.
  6. ↑ Müller, J. (1894). "Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in Latin). 2 (App. 1): 1–114.
  7. 1 2 Kistenich, Sonja; Ekman, Stefan; Bendiksby, Mika; Timdal, Einar (2019). "(2687) Proposal to conserve the name Phyllopsora against Triclinum and Crocynia (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)". Taxon. 68 (3): 590–592. doi:10.1002/tax.12075.
  8. ↑ May, Tom W. (2024). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 24". Taxon. 73 (2): 622–630. doi:10.1002/tax.13148.
  9. ↑ Brako, Lois (1991). Phyllopsora (Bacidiaceae). Flora Neotropica. Vol. 55. New York Botanical Garden Press. pp. 1–66. JSTOR   4393825.
  10. ↑ Species Fungorum. "Phyllopsora". Catalogue of Life . Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Kistenich, Sonja; Bendiksby, Mika; Ekman, Stefan; Cáceres, Marcela E. S.; Hernández M., Jesús E.; Timdal, Einar (2019). "Towards an integrative taxonomy of Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae)". The Lichenologist. 51 (4): 323–392. doi:10.1017/s0024282919000252.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Timdal, Einar (2008). "Studies on Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in Peru". The Lichenologist. 40 (4): 337–362. doi:10.1017/s0024282908007846.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Timdal, E.; Krog, H. (2001). "Further studies on African species of the lichen genus Phyllopsora (Lecanorales)". Mycotaxon. 77: 57–89.
  14. 1 2 Mishra, G.K.; Upreti, D.K.; Nayaka, S.; Haridas, B. (2011). "New taxa and new reports of Phyllopsora (lichenized Ascomycotina) from India". Mycotaxon. 115: 29–44. doi: 10.5248/115.29 .
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Elix, J.A. (2006). "Five new species of Phyllopsora (lichenized Ascomycota) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 59: 23–29.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Timdal, E. (2011). "The lichen genus Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in the West Indies". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 106: 319–351.
  17. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Upreti, D.K.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S.; Ingle, K. K.; Orlov, O.O.; Kondratiuk, A. S.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Woo, J.-J.; Hur, J.-S. (2020). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 10" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 62 (1–2): 69–108. doi:10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.6.
  18. 1 2 Elix, J.A. (2006). "Additional lichen records from Australia 56". Australasian Lichenology. 58: 4–13.
  19. ↑ Kondratyuk, S. Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J. P.; Upreti, D. K.; Mishra, G. K.; Haji Moniri, M.; Farkas, E.; Park, J. S.; Lee, B. G.; Liu, D.; Woo, J.-J.; Jayalal, R. G. U.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2016). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 5" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 58 (3–4): 319–396 [349]. doi:10.1556/ABot.58.2016.3-4.7.
  20. ↑ Kaasalainen, U.; Heinrichs, J.; Renner, M.A.M.; Hedenäs, L.; Schäfer-Verwimp, A.; Lee, G.E.; Ignatov, M.S.; Rikkinen, J.; Schmidt, A.R. (2017). "A Caribbean epiphyte community preserved in Miocene Dominican amber". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 321–331. doi:10.1017/S175569101700010X. hdl: 10138/234078 .
  21. 1 2 3 Kistenich, Sonja; Bendiksby, Mika; Vairappan, Charles S.; Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wijesundara, Siril; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Timdal, Einar (2019). "A regional study of the genus Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in Asia and Melanesia". MycoKeys (53): 23–72. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.53.33425 . PMC   6551344 . PMID   31191113.
  22. ↑ Coppins, B.J.; James, P.W. (1979). "New or interesting British lichens IV". The Lichenologist. 11 (2): 139–179. doi:10.1017/s0024282979000190.
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