Phyllopsora

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Phyllopsora
Phyllopsora furfuracea - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Phyllopsora furfuracea in Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve, Florida
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Ramalinaceae
Genus: Phyllopsora
Müll.Arg. (1894)
Type species
Phyllopsora breviuscula
(Nyl.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
Synonyms [1]
  • Callopis(Müll.Arg.) Gyeln. (1933)
  • Physcidia sect. CallopisMüll.Arg. (1883)
  • PsoromopsisNyl. (1869)
  • Triclinum Fée (1825)

Phyllopsora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. [2]

Contents

The characteristics of a fossilized Phyllopsora, P. dominicana , found in Dominican amber, suggests that the main distinguishing features of the genus have remained unchanged for tens of millions of years. [3]

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1894, with Phyllopsora breviuscula assigned as the type species. [4]

In 2019, a proposal was made to conserve the name Phyllopsora against the earlier names Triclinum and Crocynia. [5] This was due to Phyllopsora including species that are the types of these earlier generic names, which would have priority. The proposal argued that conserving Phyllopsora would be the least disruptive option, as taking up Triclinum would require 56 new combinations, while Crocynia included many species now considered to belong to other genera. In 2024, the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi recommended conservation of Phyllopsora against Triclinum and Crocynia, with 80% of the committee voting in favour. [6]

Description

The genus Phyllopsora is distinguished by its scale-like ( squamulose ) to almost leaf-like (foliose) body (thallus) that often has a distinct border (prothallus). Its reproductive structures, known as asci, have a unique feature: an amyloid dome and a narrow, cone-shaped central structure. The fruiting bodies (apothecia) of this genus are made up of highly gelatinized (jelly-like) fungal threads. These threads show no clear separation between the different structural layers of the apothecium, and this gelatinised texture is consistent throughout the central and marginal areas of the apothecium as well as in the supporting structures ( paraphyses ). The ascospores produced by Phyllopsora are small, with thin walls, and are typically not divided into separate compartments (rarely septate). [7]

Species

Phyllopsora isidiolyta Phyllopsora isidiolyta - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Phyllopsora isidiolyta
A: Phyllopsora africana; B: P. breviuscula C: P. buettneri Phyllopsora (10.3897-mycokeys.53.33425) Figure 2.jpg
A: Phyllopsora africana; B: P. breviuscula C: P. buettneri

As of December 2023, Species Fungorum accepts 48 species of Phyllopsora: [8]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecanorales</span> Order of fungi

The Lecanorales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The order contains 26 families, 269 genera, and 5695 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramalinaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Ramalinaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. The family name is synonymous with the name Bacidiaceae. Species of this family have a widespread distribution.

<i>Bacidina</i> Genus of lichens

Bacidina is a genus of lichens in the family Ramalinaceae. It was circumscribed by Czech lichenologist Antonín Vězda in 1990, with Bacidina phacodes assigned as the type species. Vězda included 11 species in Bacidina, which was originally classified in the Lecideaceae. These species had previously been placed in genus Bacidia.

<i>Bacidia</i> Genus of lichens

Bacidia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Giuseppe De Notaris in 1846.

<i>Ramalina</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Ramalina is a genus of greenish fruticose lichens that grow in the form of flattened, strap-like branches. Members of the genus are commonly called strap lichens or cartilage lichens. Apothecia are lecanorine.

Myelorrhiza is a genus of two Australian species of lichenized fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It was circumscribed in 1986 by Australian lichenologists Doug Verdon and John A. Elix. Myelorrhiza was originally classified in the family Cladoniaceae until Kistenich and colleagues, using molecular phylogenetic analysis, showed that it is more appropriately placed with the Ramalinaceae.

Rolfidium is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.

<i>Krogia</i> Genus of lichens

Krogia is a genus of corticolous lichens in the family Ramalinaceae. It occurs in tropical humid forests and rainforests. The genus was circumscribed by Norwegian lichenologist Einar Timdal in 2002, with Krogia coralloides assigned as the type species.

<i>Toniniopsis</i> Genus of lichens

Toniniopsis is a genus of crustose and squamulose lichens in the family Ramalinaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Swiss lichenologist Eduard Frey in 1926, with Toniniopsis obscura designated the type and only species. The genus name of Toniniopsis is in honour of Carlo Tonini (1803–1877), who was an Italian chemist and botanist (Lichenology), who worked in Verona and was a member and President of the Academy of Agriculture. As a result of molecular phylogenetic studies, several species, formerly classified in genus Bacidia, have been transferred to Toniniopsis.

<i>Toninia</i> Genus of lichens

Toninia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.

<i>Rhizocarpon</i> Genus of lichens in the family Rhizocarpaceae

Rhizocarpon is a genus of crustose, saxicolous, lecideoid lichens in the family Rhizocarpaceae. The genus is common in arctic-alpine environments, but also occurs throughout temperate, subtropical, and even tropical regions. They are commonly known as map lichens because of the prothallus forming border-like bands between colonies in some species, like the common map lichen.

<i>Megalaria</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Megalaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It contains 44 species of crustose lichens, the majority of which grow on bark.

Bibbya is a genus of fruticose lichens in the family Ramalinaceae.

Biatora oxneri is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. It is found in the Russian Far East and in South Korea.

Phyllopsora amazonica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. It is found in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil.

Phyllopsora concinna is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), squamulose (scaley) lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. Found in Central and South America, it was formally described as a new species in 2019 by lichenologists Sonja Kistenich and Einar Timdal. The lichen has a scaley, effuse (spread-out) thallus that is pale green with a well-developed, white prothallus. Apothecia occur rarely; they are brownish with a paler margin, measuring up to 1 mm in diameter. Ascospores are simple with a narrow ellipsoid to fusiform shape, and dimensions of 12.5–16·0 by 3.5–4.0 μm. Atranorin and parvifoliellin are major lichen products that occur in this species. The latter compound distinguishes it chemically from the morphologically similar species Phyllopsora cinchonarum, which instead contains lobaric acid. The botanical name concinna, refers to its "beautiful" appearance.

Phyllopsora neotinica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), squamulose (scaley) lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. Found in North, Central, and South America, it was formally described as a new species in 2019 by lichenologists Sonja Kistenich and Einar Timdal. It is similar to Phyllopsora chodatinica, but unlike that species, it contains argopsin and often zeorin, but it lacks chodatin. The species epithet neotinica is a contraction of "neotropical" and Phyllopsora chodatinica.

<i>Thalloidima</i> Genus of lichens

Thalloidima is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It has 13 species.

Crocynia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. It has five species. The genus is currently in taxonomic limbo because molecular studies have shown that Crocynia, which has nomenclatural priority over Phyllopsora, is phylogenetically nested within Phyllopsora. This has led to a proposal to conserve the name Phyllopsora over Crocynia to ensure nomenclatural stability and avoid taxonomic disarray.

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy: Phyllopsora Müll. Arg". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  2. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
  3. 1 2 Rikkinen, Jouko; Poinar, George O. (2008). "A new species of Phyllopsora (Lecanorales, lichen-forming Ascomycota) from Dominican amber, with remarks on the fossil history of lichens". Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 (5): 1007–1011. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern004 . PMID   18319239.
  4. ↑ Müller, J. (1894). "Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in Latin). 2 (App. 1): 1–114.
  5. ↑ Kistenich, Sonja; Ekman, Stefan; Bendiksby, Mika; Timdal, Einar (2019). "(2687) Proposal to conserve the name Phyllopsora against Triclinum and Crocynia (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)". Taxon. 68 (3): 590–592. doi:10.1002/tax.12075.
  6. ↑ May, Tom W. (2024). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 24". Taxon. 73 (2): 622–630. doi:10.1002/tax.13148.
  7. ↑ Brako, Lois (1991). Phyllopsora (Bacidiaceae). Flora Neotropica. Vol. 55. New York Botanical Garden Press. pp. 1–66. JSTOR   4393825.
  8. ↑ Species Fungorum. "Phyllopsora". Catalogue of Life . Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Kistenich, Sonja; Bendiksby, Mika; Ekman, Stefan; Cáceres, Marcela E. S.; Hernández M., Jesús E.; Timdal, Einar (2019). "Towards an integrative taxonomy of Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae)". The Lichenologist. 51 (4): 323–392. doi:10.1017/s0024282919000252.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Timdal, Einar (2008). "Studies on Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in Peru". The Lichenologist. 40 (4): 337–362. doi:10.1017/s0024282908007846.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Timdal, E.; Krog, H. (2001). "Further studies on African species of the lichen genus Phyllopsora (Lecanorales)". Mycotaxon. 77: 57–89.
  12. 1 2 Mishra, G.K.; Upreti, D.K.; Nayaka, S.; Haridas, B. (2011). "New taxa and new reports of Phyllopsora (lichenized Ascomycotina) from India". Mycotaxon. 115: 29–44. doi: 10.5248/115.29 .
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Elix, J.A. (2006). "Five new species of Phyllopsora (lichenized Ascomycota) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 59: 23–29.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Timdal, E. (2011). "The lichen genus Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in the West Indies". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 106: 319–351.
  15. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Upreti, D.K.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S.; Ingle, K. K.; Orlov, O.O.; Kondratiuk, A. S.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Woo, J.-J.; Hur, J.-S. (2020). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 10" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 62 (1–2): 69–108. doi:10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.6.
  16. 1 2 Elix, J.A. (2006). "Additional lichen records from Australia 56". Australasian Lichenology. 58: 4–13.
  17. ↑ Kondratyuk, S. Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J. P.; Upreti, D. K.; Mishra, G. K.; Haji Moniri, M.; Farkas, E.; Park, J. S.; Lee, B. G.; Liu, D.; Woo, J.-J.; Jayalal, R. G. U.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2016). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 5" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 58 (3–4): 319–396 [349]. doi:10.1556/ABot.58.2016.3-4.7.
  18. ↑ Kaasalainen, U.; Heinrichs, J.; Renner, M.A.M.; Hedenäs, L.; Schäfer-Verwimp, A.; Lee, G.E.; Ignatov, M.S.; Rikkinen, J.; Schmidt, A.R. (2017). "A Caribbean epiphyte community preserved in Miocene Dominican amber". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 321–331. doi:10.1017/S175569101700010X. hdl:10138/234078.
  19. 1 2 3 Kistenich, Sonja; Bendiksby, Mika; Vairappan, Charles S.; Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wijesundara, Siril; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Timdal, Einar (2019). "A regional study of the genus Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in Asia and Melanesia". MycoKeys (53): 23–72. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.53.33425 . PMC   6551344 . PMID   31191113.
  20. ↑ Coppins, B.J.; James, P.W. (1979). "New or interesting British lichens IV". The Lichenologist. 11 (2): 139–179. doi:10.1017/s0024282979000190.
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