Bigfin squid

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Bigfin squid
LongArmSquid.jpg
A bigfin squid filmed in 2001,
possibly an adult Magnapinna sp.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Oegopsida
Superfamily: Chiroteuthoidea
Family: Magnapinnidae
Vecchione & Young, 1998
Genus: Magnapinna
Vecchione & Young, 1998 [1]
Type species
Magnapinna pacifica
Vecchione & Young, 1998
Species

Bigfin squids are a group of rarely seen cephalopods with a distinctive morphology. They are placed in the genus Magnapinna and family Magnapinnidae. [2] Although the family was described only from larval, paralarval, and juvenile specimens, numerous video observations of much larger squid with similar morphology are assumed to be adult specimens of the same family. [3]

Contents

The arms and tentacles of the squid are both extremely long, estimated at 4 to 8 m (13 to 26 ft). These appendages are held perpendicular to the body, creating "elbows". How the squid feeds is yet to be discovered. [4]

Magnapinna is thought to be the deepest-occurring squid genus, with sightings as deep as 6,212 metres (20,381 ft) below the surface, making it the only squid known to inhabit the hadal zone. [5] [6]

Taxonomy

Magnapinna is the sister group to Joubiniteuthis , another little-known deep-sea squid with an unusual body plan and long arms. Both Magnapinna and Joubiniteuthis are monotypic genera within their own families, Magnapinnidae and Joubiniteuthidae respectively. They are also closely related to the "whip-lash squid" in the families Chiroteuthidae and Mastigoteuthidae. [7]

Physical specimens

The first record of this family comes from a specimen ( Magnapinna talismani ) caught off the Azores on 10 August 1883. [8] Due to the damaged nature of the find, little information could be discerned, and it was classified as a mastigoteuthid, first as Chiroteuthopsis talismani [8] and later as Mastigoteuthis talismani. In 1956, a similar squid (Magnapinna sp. C) was caught in the South Atlantic, but little was thought of it at the time. The specimen was illustrated in Alister Hardy's The Open Sea (1956), where it was identified as Octopodoteuthis sicula. [9]

A juvenile Magnapinna talismani, the first known species from the family, with damaged arms Magnapinna talismani.jpg
A juvenile Magnapinna talismani , the first known species from the family, with damaged arms

During the 1980s, two additional immature specimens were found in the Atlantic (Magnapinna sp. A), and three more were found in the Pacific ( Magnapinna pacifica ). Researchers Michael Vecchione and Richard Young were the chief investigators of the finds, and eventually linked them to the two previous specimens, erecting the family Magnapinnidae in 1998, with Magnapinna pacifica as the type species. [10] Of particular interest was the very large fin size, up to 90% of the mantle length, that was responsible for the animals' common name.

A single specimen of a fifth species, Magnapinna sp. B, was collected in 2006. Magnapinna sp. A was described as Magnapinna atlantica in 2006. [11]

The genus was described from two juveniles and paralarva, none of which had developed the characteristic long arm tips. However, they did all have large fins, and were therefore named "magna pinna", meaning "big fin". [12]

Sightings

The presumed adult stage of Magnapinna is known only from video observations from submersibles, deep sea oil rig cameras, and remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs); no physical specimens have yet been collected, leaving their exact identity unknown. These individuals and the collected juvenile specimens share the large fins and the vermiform arm tips with no suckers, but the iconic elongated arm tips are known only from observed individuals. Although it has not been directly confirmed whether these squid are the same as the Magnapinna known from specimens, it is largely accepted that they are members of Magnapinnidae. [3] [13]

Although observations had been made over a decade earlier, adult bigfin squid only became known to science in 2001, when marine biology student Heather Holston sent footage of what she described as a "21-foot-long squid" to teuthologist Michael Vecchione. The footage had been recorded from an ROV in the Gulf of Mexico in January 2000 at the request of Holston's boyfriend Eric Leveton, who planned on showing it to her. Leveton was a structural engineer aboard the oil-drilling ship Millennium Explorer, who had happened to look into the ROV operation shack when the squid was observed by operators. Although Vecchione initially surmised from Holston's description that the footage might be the first video of a live giant squid (Architeuthis dux), he realized that the video itself portrayed a completely different squid that had no known identity. [14] [15] [16] [17]

My reaction was to jump out of my chair and start yelling profanities, because I knew it was something really different.

— Michael Vecchione, on the first sighting of an adult bigfin squid [15]

Further discussions with other cephalopod researchers found no leads on the identity of the squid, and it was thus dubbed the "mystery squid" for a portion of time. Analysis by Vecchione et al of previous footage from submersibles found other video records of bigfin squid, the earliest from 1988. Around the same time, new high-quality footage of a bigfin squid was also recorded off Hawaii by the ROV Tiburon. In December 2001, Vecchione et al published a paper collating these observations; this was also the first paper to identify them as potential members of the Magnapinnidae, which had been named by Vecchione from the juvenile specimens a few years earlier. [18] [15] [19] Independent of Vecchione's publication, Guerra et al published a paper the following year analyzing some of the early bigfin squid footage, and also identified them as potential adult magnapinnids. [20]

Anatomy

The specimens in the videos looked very distinct from all previously known squids. Uniquely among cephalopods, the arms and tentacles were of the same length and looked identical (similar to extinct belemnites). The appendages were also held perpendicular to the body, creating the appearance of strange "elbows". Most remarkable was the length of the elastic tentacles, which has been estimated at up to 15–20 times the mantle length. This trait is caused by filament coiling of the tentacles, a trait that is rare among similar species. [4] Estimates based on video evidence put the total length of the largest specimens at 8 m (25 ft) or more, with some estimates up to 12 m (40 ft). [21] Viewing close-ups of the body and head, it is apparent that the fins are extremely large, being proportionately nearly as big as those of bigfin squid larvae. While they do appear similar to the larvae, no specimens or samples of the adults have been taken. While their exact identity is unknown, all of the discovered specimens can be observed to have a beige color body, translucent fins, near-white tentacles, and dark eyes. [4] These species of squids are mainly identifiable by their long thin arms and specific colors. The squid also have a unique brachial crown that sets them aside from other known families. [10]

Feeding behaviour

Little is known about the feeding-behaviour of these squids. Scientists have speculated that the bigfin squid feeds by dragging their arms and tentacles along the seafloor and grabbing edible organisms from the floor. [22] Alternatively, they may simply use a trapping technique, waiting passively for prey such as zooplankton [12] to bump into their arms [22] (see Cephalopod intelligence). The diet of the bigfin squid is unknown. However, cephalopods are known to feed on crustaceans, jellyfish, and even other cephalopods. [23]

Observation timeline

The first visual record of an adult bigfin squid was in September 1988. The crew of the submersible Nautile encountered a bigfin squid off the coast of northern Brazil, 10°42.91′N40°53.43′W / 10.71517°N 40.89050°W / 10.71517; -40.89050 (Bigfin squid (first sighting 1988)) , at a depth of 4,735 metres (15,535 ft). In July 1992, the Nautile again encountered these creatures, observing two individuals during a dive off the coast of Ghana at 3°40′N2°30′W / 3.667°N 2.500°W / 3.667; -2.500 (Bigfin squid (sighting 1992)) , first at 3,010 metres (9,880 ft) depth, and then again at 2,950 metres (9,680 ft). Both were filmed and photographed. [20] In November 1998, the Japanese crewed submersible Shinkai 6500 filmed another bigfin squid in the Indian Ocean south of Mauritius, at 32°45′S57°13′E / 32.750°S 57.217°E / -32.750; 57.217 (Bigfin squid (sighting 1998)) and 2,340 metres (7,680 ft). [24]

Eric Leveton's video, which was later shared with Vecchione, was taken from the remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) of the oil-drilling ship Millennium Explorer in January 2000, at Mississippi Canyon in the Gulf of Mexico ( 28°37′N88°00′W / 28.617°N 88.000°W / 28.617; -88.000 (Bigfin squid (sighting 2000, Millennium Explorer)) ) at 2,195 metres (7,201 ft), and allowed for a size estimate. By comparison with the visible parts of the ROV, the squid was estimated to measure 7 metres (23 ft) with arms fully extended. [20] The Nautile filmed another Indian Ocean specimen at 19°32′S65°52′E / 19.533°S 65.867°E / -19.533; 65.867 (Bigfin squid (sighting 2000, Atalante)) and 2,576 metres (8,451 ft), in the area of Rodrigues Island, in May 2000. [20] In October 2000, the crewed submersible Alvin found another bigfin squid at 1,940 metres (6,360 ft) in Atwater Valley  [ d ], Gulf of Mexico ( 27°34.714′N88°30.59′W / 27.578567°N 88.50983°W / 27.578567; -88.50983 (Bigfin squid (sighting 2000, Alvin)) ).

These videos did not receive any media attention; most were brief and fairly blurry. In May 2001, approximately ten minutes of crisp footage of a bigfin squid were acquired by ROV Tiburon, causing a flurry of attention when released. [25] These were taken in the Pacific Ocean north of Oʻahu, Hawaii ( 21°54′N158°12′W / 21.900°N 158.200°W / 21.900; -158.200 (Bigfin squid (sighting 2001)) ), at 3,380 metres (11,090 ft). This video and the pre-2001 videos (which had not previously received much scientific attention) were documented by Vecchione et al in a paper that year, and some of the earlier footage was further analyzed by Guerra et al (2002). [18] [20]

On 11 November 2007, a bigfin squid was filmed off Perdido, a drilling-site owned by Shell Oil Company, located 200 statute miles or 320 km off Houston, Texas in the Gulf of Mexico. The ROV that filmed the squid had originally been sent to retrieve drilling equipment from the seabed, and encountered the squid floating near a well. After being circulated within the oil industry, the footage was shared with National Geographic News to have its identity determined, and was released to the public in 2008. This video received significant online attention in the years since its filming. [22] [26] [27]

A bigfin squid filmed by Okeanos Explorer in 2012 Magnapinna sp. - Expl8176.jpg
A bigfin squid filmed by Okeanos Explorer in 2012

Observations of bigfin squid were made in the Great Australian Bight during towed camera and remote operated vehicle surveys in 2015 and 2017 respectively. [4] In 2018, the first observations of a bigfin squid were made from the Southern Caribbean, off the coast of Colombia. [28]

In March 2021, during the expedition to document the wreck of the USS Johnston, the submersible DSV Limiting Factor recorded footage of a juvenile bigfin squid from the Philippine Trench at a depth of 6,212 metres (20,381 ft). This is the deepest observation of any squid, and rivalled only by some unidentified cirrate octopods from the same habitat as the deepest observation of any cephalopod. This makes Magnapinna the first squid known to inhabit the hadal zone. [5] [6]

On 9 November 2021, a video of a bigfin squid was captured at a ridge feature off the West Florida Escarpment by an ROV from the NOAAS Okeanos Explorer as part of the Windows to the Deep 2021 expedition. [29] [30] The squid was found at a depth of 2,385 m (7,825 ft), and its size is currently being measured using paired lasers. [31]

ROV SuBastian of Schmidt Ocean Institute observed a bigfin squid in close proximity to a black smoker-type hydrothermal vent on 4 April 2023, during the "In Search of Hydrothermal Lost Cities" expedition. The squid was seen at a depth of 1,931 m (6,335 ft). [32] [33] [34]

List

Date - Dates are given to the level of precision available from the source material - telemetry displayed is used for observations where an ROV video is the primary source

Observer - Corresponds either to the person who collected the specimen; the vessel the specimen was collected on, or the vessel that observed the specimen for video-only observations.

Location - Given in Latitude/Longitude when available, otherwise the general region is given. For ROV dives with navigation data available, a link to the corresponding dive track is given, unless a more precise location is specified by a secondary source. Some coordinates from commercial ROVs are specified via UTM rather than Latitude/Longitude.

Depth - Supplied based on precision available from collection method for physical specimens; otherwise telemetry from ROV observations is used.

#DateObserverLocationDepthCommentSourcesVideoCollectedCatalog #
1Aug 10, 1883Talisman Expedition34°46’N, 36°11’W3175mJuvenile or sub-adult, damaged during trawl and missing arms. Retrieved near the Azores. Designated "Chiroteuthopsis Talismani" [35] N/AYes MNHN-IM-1999-23523
2September 9th, 1924S. S. PickleCape Town240fmsMagnapinna sp. C. Collected during surveys by John Gilchrist off South Africa in 1924. Designated "Octopodoteuthopsis sp. A" by G. C. Robson [36] [37] [38] N/AYes BMNH 1924.9.9.48
3March 18th, 1954J. E. Fitch30°22’N, 129°45’WN/AFrom Alepisaurus ferox stomach caught by observer [39] N/AYesUSNM 885787
4May 2-3, 1961 R/V "Chain" 11°13’N, 29°54’W to 11°21’N,30°06’W0-125fmsCruise 17

R.H. Backus

[40] N/AYesMCZ Malacology 370373
5Jan 16, 1966R/V Anton Bruun-34.016666°, -84.966666°0-2900mMagnapinna pacifica [41] N/AYesMCZ Malacology 392887
61985-1987N/AOff Oahu0-300mUnknown larva, described as "big-fin" [42] N/AYes SBMNH 144791
7Sept 11th, 1988 Nautile 10°42.9'N, 40°53.4'W4735m Vermanaute expedition, RV Nadir supporting

[43]

Magnapinna Archive NoN/A
8July 1992 Nautile 3°40'N, 2°30'W3010m Equanaute expedition, RV Nadir supporting

[43]

N/ANoN/A
9July 1992 Nautile 3°40'N, 2°30'W2950m Equanaute expedition, RV Nadir supporting, possibly same individual from 9

[43]

N/ANoN/A
10April 23, 1995 David Starr Jordan 33°49'N, 121°51'W0-200mCruise 9505, Station 24

[39]

N/AYes USNM 885786
11September 16th, 1995N/A27°09'N, 86°07'W N/AM. atlantica holotype

[37]

N/AYes USNM 1086800
12June 21st, 1997 Discovery 37°14'N, 32°18'W N/ACaptured at Discovery station 13198 #7

[37]

N/AYes BNMH 20060134
13November 1, 1998 DSV Shinkai 6500 32°45'S,57°1'E 2340mShinkai 6500 Dive 460

Cruise YK98-08 MODE'98 Leg4 - Atlantis II Fracture Zone -

[44]

JAMSTEC J-EDI NoN/A
14January 2000Commercial ROV28°37'N,88°00'W 2195mROV operating from Millenium Explorer

[44] [45]

Smithsonian Youtube NoN/A
15May 2000 Nautile 19°32'S, 65°52'E 2576m Gimnaut expedition, RV Atalante supporting

[43]

N/ANoN/A
16October 2000 DSV Alvin 27°34.7'N,88°30.6'W 1940m RV Atlantis supporting DSV Alvin, WHOI cruise AT3-58

[43] [46]

Smithsonian Youtube Smithsonian Youtube NoN/A
17May 16th, 2001Tiburon21.9°N, 158.2° W 3380m RV Western Flyer supporting ROV Tiburon Hawaii Cruise

[43] [47]

MBARI Youtube NoN/A
18September 4th, 2001 Kaikō ROV 19.13000, -155.09720 [48] 2586mKAIKO Dive 208 Cruise KR01-12_leg2 [49] JAMSTEC J-EDI NoN/A
19September 13th, 2001 Kaikō ROV 19.83670, -154.54330 [48] 3890mKAIKO Dive 215 Cruise KR01-12_leg2 [50] JAMSTEC J-EDI NoN/A
20November 26th, 2003Hercules 826°10'48"N, 94°37'23"W 2750mDiscoverer Deep Seas supporting ROV Hercules 8 [51] Magnapinna Archive NoN/A
21December 29th, 2003Hercules 826°15'N, 94°40'W 3050mDiscoverer Deep Seas supporting ROV Hercules 8 [52] N/ANoN/A
22July 11th, 2004R/V G.O. Sars42°8'N, 29°3'W N/ABergen Museum

MAR-ECO cruise super station 46, local station 374

 [37] N/AYesZMBN 77634
23May, 2006R/V R.S Carney2928-2489m 26°05'00"N, 94°36'30"WBadly damaged adult male [53] N/AYes FMNH 308253
24May 30th, 2006 DSV Alvin 2739m 26°10'51"N, 94°37'22"W RV Atlantis AT15-03 Dive 4195, subadult male [53] N/AYes FMNH 308252
25November 2007 RV Polarstern 3°13'N,15°00'W 1000-2000mCruise ANT XXIV-4 [54] N/AYesN/A
26November 11th, 2007Commercial ROVN9485524.76, E1017934.76 (26°07'39.0"N 94°53'51.7"W) converted from UTM 2500m Shell Perdido, Alaminos Canyon Block 857 [55] [56] Magnapinna Archive NoN/A
27January 16th, 2009Triton XLS-22Alaminos Canyon Block 258 2453mTXLS-22 from support vessel DMT Emerald Unpublished SERPENT Project Magnapinna Archive NoN/A
28June 8th, 2009Commercial ROVN1026271.0, E9486831.5 2593m"Eastern Array Installation" Unpublished SERPENT Project Magnapinna Archive NoN/A
29Feb 25th, 2011M/V Meg SkansiONSAP Station B246N 200-600mCollected by MOC10 net sampling during M/V Meg Skansi cruise MS6 as part of DEEPEND-RESTORE [57] [57] N/AYesN/A
30Sep 15th, 2011M/V Meg SkansiONSAP Station SE5D 200-600mCollected by MOC10 net sampling during M/V Meg Skansi cruise MS8 as part of DEEPEND-RESTORE [57] [57] N/AYesN/A
31April 27th, 2012Little HerculesSee dive track 1961mNOAA Okeanos Explorer EX2012 Leg3 Dive 13 [58] ROV View Camera Platform View NoN/A
33July 10th, 2013Commercial ROVWalker Ridge 95 1578.4mUnpublished Serpent Project Magnapinna Archive NoN/A
34July 29th, 2013Commercial ROVMississippi Canyon block 525 1784mUnpublished Serpent Project Magnapinna Archive NoN/A
37November 14th, 2013Oceaneering Millenium #5726.13 N 94.88 W 2388mOCS Study BOEM 2020-022 [59] : 18 N/ANoN/A
38June 12th, 2014Oceaneering Millenium #11528.15 N 87.60 W 2278mOCS Study BOEM 2020-022 [59] : 38-39 N/ANoN/A
39April 23rd, 2014Abyssal Lander-37.2200 S -179.7740 W 4708mRV Thomas G. Thompson TN309, HADES [60] N/ANoN/A
40June 27th, 2014 ROV Hercules 28:43.2808 N 088:06.5962 W 1687mNautilus Expedition NA043 [61] [ failed verification ] Unexpected Biology in the Gulf of Mexico NoN/A
41November 2nd, 2014Oceaneering Millenium #11528.59 N 87.84 W 2317mOCS Study BOEM 2020-022 [59] : 36-37 N/ANoN/A
42November 15th, 2015Towed Camera-34.432, 129.987 2178mRV Investigator [62] Supplemental Video 1 NoN/A
43November 16th, 2015Towed Camera-34.377, 129.985 2110mRV Investigator [62] Supplemental Video 2 NoN/A
44January 19, 2016 ROV Victor 3664m Pourquoi Pas? [63] : fig197  Magnapinna Archive NoN/A
45February 14th, 2017Commercial ROV9°12'25.732"N, 76°49'55.091"W 1884mOld Purple Angel Well [64] Magnapinna Archive NoN/A
46March 24th, 2017FCV 3000 work-class ROV-35.049, 130.905 3060mREM Etive [62] Supplemental Video 3 NoN/A
47March 25th, 2017FCV 3000 work-class ROV-35.049, 130.902 3002mREM Etive [62] Supplemental Video 4 NoN/A
48March 25th, 2017FCV 3000 work-class ROV-35.050, 130.904 3056mREM Etive [62] Supplemental Video 5 NoN/A
49April 14th, 2017Commercial ROV9°25'59.282"N, 76°44'54.110"W 2294.20mGorgon 1 Well [64] N/ANoN/A
50June 3rd, 2018N/A30.0255, -19.758333 100-200mPelagic trawl [65] N/AYesICMC000146
51September 3rd, 2019 ROV SuBastian 1092mROV SuBastian Dive 295, Necker Ridge: Bridge or Barrier [66] Dive 295 - 6:58:03 NoN/A
52January 28th, 2020 ROV SuBastian 3000mROV SuBastian Dive 312, The Great Australian Deep-sea Coral and Canyon Adventure [67] Dive 312 - 2:00:36 NoN/A
53March 2021 DSV Limiting Factor Philippine Trench 6212m [68] [60] See inline video NoN/A
54December 2021 ROPOS Central Indian Ocean 3000mINDEX 2021, supporting RV Pelagia [69] [70] ROV ROPOS NoN/A
55November 9th, 2021Deep DiscovererSee dive track Dive 10, Windows to the Deep 2:56:25 [71] Highlight NoN/A
58April 4th, 2023 ROV SuBastian Puy Des Folles Seamount 1931mROV SuBastian Dive 501, In Search of Lost Hydrothermal Cities [72] Dive 501 - 9:33:44 NoN/A
60September 2024 DSV Bakunawa Tonga Trench - Pacific Ocean 3300m Tonga Trench Expedition [73] Inkfish Expeditions NoN/A

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "Magnapinna Vecchione & Young 1998 - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  3. 1 2 Vecchione, Michael; Young, Richard E. (29 August 2016). "Magnapinna". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Osterhage, Deborah; MacIntosh, Hugh; Althaus, Franziska; Ross, Andrew (11 November 2020). "Multiple observations of Bigfin Squid (Magnapinna sp.) in the Great Australian Bight reveal distribution patterns, morphological characteristics, and rarely seen behaviour". PLOS ONE. 15 (11): e0241066. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541066O. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241066 . PMC   7657483 . PMID   33175888.
  5. 1 2 Jamieson, Alan J.; Vecchione, Michael (2 December 2021). "Hadal cephalopods: first squid observation (Oegopsida, Magnapinnidae, Magnapinna sp.) and new records of finned octopods (Cirrata) at depths > 6000 m in the Philippine Trench" . Marine Biology. 169 (1): 11. doi:10.1007/s00227-021-03993-x. ISSN   1432-1793. S2CID   244857743.
  6. 1 2 Specktor, Brandon (18 January 2022). "World's deepest-dwelling squid spotted 20,000 feet under the sea". livescience.com. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  7. ↑ Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Ángel; Taite, Morag; Vecchione, Michael; Villanueva, Roger; Louise, Allcock. "A phylogenomic look into the systematics of oceanic squids". academic.oup.com. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab069 . hdl: 10261/267184 . Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  8. 1 2 Fischer, H.; Joubin, L. (1906). "Céphalopodes". Expéditions scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman (in French). Vol. 7. pp. 313–353. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  9. ↑ Hardy, Alister Clavering (1956). The Open Sea: Its Natural History. Vol. 1. The World of Plankton. London: Collins. p. 290, fig. 96c. OCLC   2680212.
  10. 1 2 Vecchione & Young 1998, pp. 429–437. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFVecchioneYoung1998 (help)
  11. ↑ Vecchione, M.; Young, R. E. (2006). "The squid family Magnapinnidae (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Atlantic Ocean, with a description of a new species". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 119 (3): 365–372. doi:10.2988/0006-324X(2006)119[365:TSFMMC]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   85820632 . Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  12. 1 2 Hanlon, Roger T.; Allcock, Louise; Vecchione, Michael (2018). Octopus, squid & cuttlefish: the worldwide illustrated guide to cephalopods. Brighton. ISBN   978-1-78240-570-2. OCLC   1064625063.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  14. ↑ Institution, Smithsonian. "Cephalopod video: Magnapinna sp". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  15. 1 2 3 Young, Lauren J. "Untangling The Long-Armed Mystery Of The Bigfin Squid". Science Friday. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  16. ↑ Ruane, Michael E. (27 December 2001). "Science Going to Great Depths". The Washington Post .
  17. ↑ Magazine, Smithsonian. "Get to Know the Scientist Discovering Deep-Sea Squids". www.smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  18. 1 2 Vecchione, M.; Young, R. E.; Guerra, A.; Lindsay, D. J.; Clague, D. A.; Bernhard, J. M.; Sager, W. W.; Gonzalez, A. F.; Rocha, F.J.; Segonzac, M. (2001). "Worldwide observations of remarkable deep-sea squids". Science . 294 (5551): 2505–2506. doi:10.1126/science.294.5551.2505. hdl: 10261/53756 . PMID   11752567.
  19. ↑ "'Mystery' squid delights scientists". 21 December 2001. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Guerra, A.; González, A. F.; Rocha, F.; Segonzac, M.; Gracia, J. (2002). "Observations from submersibles of rare long-arm bathypelagic squids". Sarsia: North Atlantic Marine Science. 87 (2): 189–192. doi:10.1080/003648202320205274. S2CID   83981846.
  21. ↑ Bolstad, Kat (6 May 2003). "Deep-Sea Cephalopods: An Introduction and Overview". The Octopus News Magazine Online.
  22. 1 2 3 Hearn, Kelly (24 November 2008). "Alien-like Squid With "Elbows" Filmed at Drilling Site". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008.
  23. ↑ "Bigfin Squid (Magnapinna pacifica)". dimensions.com. NOAA. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  24. ↑ Vecchione, M.; Young, R. E.; Guerra, A.; Lindsay, D. J.; Clague, D. A.; Bernhard, J. M.; Sager, W. W.; Gonzalez, A. F.; Rocha, F. J.; Segonzac, M. (21 December 2001). "Worldwide Observations of Remarkable Deep-Sea Squids". Science. 294 (5551): 2505. doi:10.1126/science.294.5551.2505. hdl: 10261/53756 . ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   11752567.
  25. ↑ "'Mystery' squid delights scientists". BBC News. 21 December 2001.
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  27. ↑ Shell Perdido Oil Rig Camera Captures Strange Deep Sea Creature. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017– via YouTube.
  28. ↑ Guerrero-Kommritz, Jurgen; Cantera, Jaime; Puentes, Vladimir; Leon, Jorge (5 April 2018). "First observations of the bigfin squid Magnapinna sp. in the Colombian Southern Caribbean". Biodiversity Data Journal. 6 (6): e24170. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.6.e24170 . ISSN   1314-2828. PMC   5948231 . PMID   29765263.
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