Black-headed tailorbird

Last updated

Black-headed tailorbird
Black-headed Tailorbird.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Cisticolidae
Genus: Orthotomus
Species:
O. nigriceps
Binomial name
Orthotomus nigriceps
Tweeddale, 1878
Synonyms [2]
  • Orthomus nigrogularisHachisuka, 1943

The black-headed tailorbird (Orthotomus nigriceps), also known as the white-browed tailorbird, is a species of songbird in the cisticola family, Cisticolidae. First formally described by the Scottish ornithologist Arthur Hay in 1877, it is endemic to the southeastern Philippines, where it is found on the islands of Mindanao, Dinagat, and Siargao. It inhabits dense undergrowth in lowland forests at elevations of up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Black-headed tailorbirds show three distinct phenotypes, which correspond to different stages of maturity: adults have a 'black' phenotype, immature birds have a 'mottled' phenotype, and juveniles have a 'grey' phenotype. These phenotypes were previously incorrectly thought to be related to differences between the sexes or to represent different species.

Contents

The body mass ranges from 8–14 g (0.28–0.49 oz), with an average of 10.3 g (0.36 oz), and is roughly equal in both males and females. The average adult length is 12 cm (4.7 in). Adults have dull black heads, necks, throats, and chests with a prominent white supercilium, line beneath the eye, and chin patch. The lower breast and belly are dull grey, while the upperparts, flanks, and undertail coverts are olive-green, and the tail is darker olive-green. Immature birds have the chin, throat, and upper breast whitish with light grey and black mottling, as well as shorter tails. Juveniles have plain grey chins, throats, and upper breasts.

The species is elusive and most commonly seen in pairs in the undergrowth. It feeds on small invertebrates. Little is known of the species' breeding, but males with enlarged testicles have been seen in March, April, and May. The black-headed tailorbird is listed as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List despite its restricted range due to its presumed stable population. It is usually thought to be uncommon or rare, but this perception may be affected by its retiring nature. No threats to the species are known.

Taxonomy

A 2009 Philippine stamp feautring the Black-headed tailorbird Orthotomus nigriceps 2009 stamp of the Philippines.jpg
A 2009 Philippine stamp feautring the Black-headed tailorbird

The black-headed tailorbird was formally described in 1877 as Orthotomus nigriceps by the Scottish ornithologist Arthur Hay on the basis of a juvenile male specimen from Butuan on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. [3] [4] In 1943, the Japanese ornithologist Masauji Hachisuka described O. nigrogularis as a new species based on an adult male specimen collected from the eastern Gulf of Davao, Mindanao. This specimen differed from the type of the black-headed tailorbird in having an entirely black throat and upper breast. [5] O. nigrogularis was made a junior synonym of O. nigriceps in 1950 by the American ornithologist Sidney Dillon Ripley; Ripley referred to a 1947 paper by the German-American biologist Ernst Mayr, in which Mayr hypothesized that differences in throat color within the black-headed tailorbird could be attributed to sexual dimorphism. [4] [6] This became the conventional view for the next 70 years, despite Mayr's hypothesis having been made on the basis of a limited number of specimens. In 2022, the American ornithologist Matthew Halley studied a larger number of skins, showing the species was sexually monomorphic. Additionally, he found that specimens from the islands of Dinagat and Siargao differed from those from Mindanao in several characteristics, and described them as the subspecies O. n. luminosus. [2]

The name of the genus is derived from the Ancient Greek orthotomeō, meaning 'to cut straight'. The specific epithet comes from the Modern Latin niger, meaning 'black', and -ceps, meaning '-headed'. [7] Black-headed tailorbird is the official common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOU); [8] the species is also known as the white-browed tailorbird. [9]

The black-headed tailorbird currently has two subspecies recognized by the IOU, [8] which differ in the color of their bellies, flanks, and tails. [9]

The black-headed tailorbird is one of 13 species in the tailorbird genus Orthotomus. [8] It has historically sometimes been considered to be the same species as the yellow-breasted and white-eared tailorbirds due to similarities in their vocalisations; however, these three species are genetically distinct, although they form a superspecies. [10] According to a 2012 study of genetic data, the black-headed tailorbird is sister (most closely related) to the white-eared tailorbird, and these two species are further sister to the yellow-breasted tailorbird. [11]

Description

Black-headed tailorbirds are dark tailorbirds with a characteristic head pattern. [9] The body mass ranges from 8–14 g (0.28–0.49 oz), with an average of 10.3 g (0.36 oz), and is roughly equal in both males and females. Older sources erroneously state the mean body mass as being 7 g (0.25 oz). Birds from Mindanao have a lower average body mass, 10.1 g (0.36 oz), than birds from Dinagat and Siargao, who have an average body mass of 10.6 g (0.37 oz). [2] The average adult length is 12 cm (4.7 in). [9] In O. n. nigriceps, the average wing length is 48.3 mm (1.90 in), the mean bill length is 10.8 mm (0.43 in), and the average tail length is 46.3 mm (1.82 in). In O. n. luminosus, the average wing length is 50.8–51.8 mm (2.00–2.04 in), the mean bill length is 10.8–10.9 mm (0.43–0.43 in), and the average tail length is 45.8–46.0 mm (1.80–1.81 in). [2]

Black-headed tailorbirds show three distinct phenotypes, which correspond to different stages of maturity: adults have a 'black phenotype', immatures have a 'mottled phenotype', and juveniles have a 'grey phenotype'. [2] Adults have dull black heads, necks, throats, and chests with a prominent white supercilium, line beneath the eye, and chin patch, although the chin patch is inconsistent and can sometimes be absent. [9] Some adults have a small number of white feathers on the chin or abdomen retained from their immature plumage. [2] The black blends into dull grey on the lower breast and belly, the latter having faint whitish tips to the feathers. The upperparts, flanks, and undertail coverts are olive-green and the tail is darker olive-green. The feathers of the wings are blackish with green edges; the region around the carpals is yellow and the median and greater upperwing coverts have brighter yellowish edges. The iris is chestnut-brown, the legs are pale pink, and upper and lower mandibles of the bill are blackish and whitish, respectively. [9] Immature birds have the chin, throat, and upper breast whitish with light grey and black mottling, as well as a shorter tail with an average length of 38.5–41 mm (1.52–1.61 in). Juveniles have plain grey chins, throats, and upper breasts. [2]

The species can be told apart from the white-eared tailorbird by its white supercilium, the absence of a white ear-spot, and its paler legs. [9]

Vocalizations

The tailorbird's call is a series of lengthy, stuttering trills that slows as it flattens out. It is like the song of the yellow-breasted tailorbird, but has a more "metallic ringing quality". Other calls include an anxious, falling ssiirrrrpppppp and a ringing key-e ei, the second of which is similar to the long-tailed bush warbler's song. [9]

Distribution and habitat

The black-headed tailorbird is endemic to the southeastern Philippines, where it is found on the islands of Mindanao, Dinagat, and Siargao. On Mindanao, it is known from Agusan, Surigao, and eastern Davao. It inhabits dense undergrowth in lowland forests at elevations of up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and is non-migratory. [9] A 2021 study of avian biodiversity near Mount Pantaron in Bukidnon found that the black-headed tailorbird, like other Philippine endemics, was absent from agricultural ecosystems but present in nearby montane forests. This suggests that the species may avoid habitats affected by human activities. [12]

Ecology and conservation

The species is elusive and reclusive, most commonly being seen in pairs in the undergrowth and seldom in the open. It feeds on small invertebrates. Males with enlarged testicles have been seen in March, April, and May; nothing else is known of its breeding. [9]

The black-headed tailorbird is listed as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List despite its restricted range, due to its presumed stable population. [1] It is usually thought to be uncommon or rare, but this perception may be affected by its retiring nature. The species was reported as being "quite common" on Siargao and Dinagat in 1973. It inhabits the Mindanao and the Eastern Visayas Endemic Bird Area; no threats to the species are known. [9]

Notes

  1. ↑ The subspecific epithet luminosus is derived from the Latin word luminosus, meaning 'bright', and refers to the "bright ventral plumage" of the subspecies. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mourning warbler</span> Species of bird

The mourning warbler is a small songbird of the New World warbler family. Mourning warblers are native to eastern and central North America as well as some countries in Central America. They are neotropical migrants and tend to be found in dense second growth forests. They are under the Wood-warbler category, which consists of arboreal and terrestrial colorful passerines. Wood warblers are in the order Passeriformes, which are perching birds including more than half of all bird species, and the family Parulidae which also includes the Common Yellowthroat, Black and White Warbler, Nashville Warbler, ovenbird, and American Redstart. They are very similar to the MacGillivray's Warbler in appearance, especially in females and immature birds, but their breeding range does not overlap into the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilson's plover</span> Species of bird

Wilson's plover is a small bird of the family Charadriidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-throated warbler</span> Species of bird

The yellow-throated warbler is a small migratory songbird species in the New World warbler family (Parulidae) found in temperate North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harris's sparrow</span> Species of bird

Harris's sparrow is a large sparrow. Their breeding habitat is the north part of central Canada, making it Canada's only endemic breeding bird. In the winter they migrate to the Great Plains states of the United States, from southern South Dakota to central Texas. The common name of this species commemorates the American amateur ornithologist Edward Harris (1799–1863).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ash-throated antwren</span> Species of bird

The ash-throated antwren is a Vulnerable species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is endemic to Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Snoring rail</span> Species of bird

The snoring rail, also known as the Celebes rail or Platen's rail, is a large flightless rail and the only member of the genus Aramidopsis. The species is endemic to Indonesia, and it is found exclusively in dense vegetation in wet areas of Sulawesi and nearby Buton. The rail has grey underparts, a white chin, brown wings and a rufous patch on the hind-neck. The sexes are similar, but the female has a brighter neck patch and a differently coloured bill and iris. The typical call is the snoring: ee-orrrr sound that gives the bird its English name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Empress brilliant</span> Species of hummingbird

The empress brilliant is a species of hummingbird in the "brilliants", tribe Heliantheini in subfamily Lesbiinae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green-breasted mountaingem</span> Species of hummingbird

The green-breasted mountaingem or green-breasted mountain-gem is a species of hummingbird in tribe Lampornithini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Honduras and Nicaragua.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-eared tailorbird</span> Species of bird

The white-eared tailorbird is a species of bird formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage, it but now placed in the family Cisticolidae.It is found in the Philippine islands of Basilan and West Mindanao.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-breasted tailorbird</span> Species of bird

The yellow-breasted tailorbird is a species of passerine bird formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage, but now placed in the family Cisticolidae. This species is endemic to Philippines on the islands of Bohol, Samar and Leyte. It is known for its bright color relative to other tailorbirds with a yellow body and a striking black head with a white spot under its chin. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey-breasted crake</span> Species of bird

The grey-breasted crake is a species of bird in subfamily Rallinae of family Rallidae, the rails, gallinules, and coots. It is found in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, and every mainland South American country except Chile and Uruguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden-breasted fulvetta</span> Species of songbird

The golden-breasted fulvetta is a species of songbird found in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey-headed honeyeater</span> Species of bird

The grey-headed honeyeater is a species of bird in the family Meliphagidae. It is endemic to Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gould's toucanet</span> Species of bird

Gould's toucanet is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cambodian tailorbird</span> Species of bird

The Cambodian tailorbird is a species of bird endemic to Cambodia, likely confined to a single dense shrub habitat in the floodplain of the Mekong river. It was first discovered and recorded by scientists in 2009 in Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, during avian influenza checks. In 2013, it was determined to be a unique species and formally described. It is a very small bird, about 10 cm long, with an orange-red tuft on its head.

Taman Negeri Rompin or Rompin State Park is a state park located within Rompin District, in the state of Pahang, Malaysia. It spans an area of 31,797 hectares, consisting of lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, edaphic hill forest formation and rivers. The geological history of the park dates back at least 248 million years to the Permian-Carboniferous age, which the rock types include low grade metamorphics, igneous, granite and sedimentary sequence that has shaped the ecosystem within the protected area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Satin berrypecker</span> Species of bird

The satin berrypecker is a species of berrypecker in the family Melanocharitidae that was described in 2021. It is the only bird known to be endemic to the Bird's Neck in Western New Guinea, where it inhabits the Fakfak and Kumawa Mountains, two mountain ranges separated by 80 km of lowland rainforest. It inhabits mid-montane cloud forest with many ferns, mosses, and lichens and seems to prefer relatively open areas with sparser trees and more abundant tree ferns. It is known from elevations of 900 to 1,440 m in the Kumawa Mountains and 1,200 to 1,500 m in the Fakfak Mountains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meratus blue flycatcher</span> Species of bird

The Meratus blue flycatcher is a species of bird in the Old World flycatcher family, Muscicapidae. The species was described in 2021 by the Indonesian ornithologist Mohammed Irham and his colleagues, based on genetic, morphological, and vocal differences with other Cyornis flycatchers. It is endemic to the Meratus Mountains of Indonesian Borneo, where it has been recorded only from Mount Besar. It is most common at elevations between 900 and 1,300 m and inhabits montane rainforest, secondary forest, and rubber plantations. It is sexually dimorphic like other species in its genus; males have blue upperparts, iridescent blue patches on the forehead and shoulders, and orange-and-white underparts, while females have gray-brown heads and upperparts. They have a length of 15.7–16.0 cm (6.2–6.3 in); males weigh 18.5–19.75 g (0.653–0.697 oz) and females weigh 15.75–20.0 g (0.556–0.705 oz).

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2016). "Orthotomus nigriceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22715009A94436308. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22715009A94436308.en . Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Halley, Matthew R. (2 December 2022). "A new subspecies of Black-headed Tailorbird Orthotomus nigriceps (Cisticolidae) and clarification of age-related plumage sequences". Journal of Asian Ornithology. 38: 129–134.
  3. ↑ Hay, Arthur (1877). "Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines—No. III. On the collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in the island of Mindanao". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1877:May-Dec. (4): 828 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  4. 1 2 Ripley, Sydney Dillon (1950). "Comments on specimens in the Hachisuka Collection from the Philippine Islands". The Condor . 52 (4): 165. doi: 10.1093/condor/52.4.165a (inactive 22 April 2024) – via Oxford Academic.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
  5. ↑ Hachisuka, Masauji (1943). "Description of a new tailor-bird from the Philippine Islands". Japanese Journal of Ornithology. 11 (55): 525–528. doi:10.3838/jjo1915.11.525.
  6. ↑ Mayr, Ernst (1947). "Notes on tailorbirds (Orthotomus) from the Philippine Islands". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 37 (4): 140–141. ISSN   0043-0439 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  7. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 271, 285. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4 – via Internet Archive.
  8. 1 2 3 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (24 December 2023). "Grassbirds, Donacobius, tetrakas, cisticolas, allies". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Madge, Steve (24 October 2023). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.). "White-browed Tailorbird (Orthotomus nigriceps)" . Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.whbtai1.01.1 . Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  10. ↑ Madge, Steve (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.). "Yellow-breasted Tailorbird (Orthotomus samarensis)" . Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.yebtai1.01 . Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  11. ↑ Sheldon, Frederick H.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Taylor, Sabrina S.; McKay, Bailey; Lim, Haw Chuan; Rahman, Mustafa Abdul; Mays, Herman; Moyle, Robert G. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny and insular biogeography of the lowland tailorbirds of Southeast Asia (Cisticolidae: Orthotomus)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (1): 54–63. Bibcode:2012MolPE..65...54S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.023. PMID   22687636.
  12. ↑ S. Salolog, Mary Cor; C. Porquis, Heidi; G. Gracia, Jr, Arturo (15 October 2021). "Avian Diversity, Feeding Guilds and Conservation Status in Mt. Pantaron, San Fernando, Bukidnon, Philippines". Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation. 18. doi:10.51200/jtbc.v18i.3457. ISSN   2550-1909.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.